ll. Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression 11.0 Defining grammatical Metaphor A. The systemic not on of grammatical metaphor(Halliday 1985: 341f; Halliday 1994: 340f) Metaphorical variation is lexicogrammatical rather than simply lexical (Halliday 1994: 341) Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression"(Halliday 1985, 1994 hallid ay matthiessen 2004: 586 B. Lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor: Two perspectives of metaphor(Halliday, 1985: 342 9Ls e.g.(1)A flood of protests poured in following the announcement. I=A large tity of Seen from below Seen from above a moving mass a moving mass of many people [ protested flood a large number a flood lof protests [of protests C. The essence of grammatical metaphor LG2→M2 denotative ning LGI/LG2=variants in ley realization(congruent vS. metaphorical) MI / M2 =variants in contextual meaning(congruent vS. metaphorical) A. Classification of grammatical metaphor () Halliday(1985,1994) D)Ideational metaphors a) Metaphors of transitivity (b) Nominalization 2)Interpersonal metaphors (a) Metaphors of modalit (b)Metaphors of mood B. Halliday Matthiessen(1999: 246-248 1) Nominalization(types 1-4, 11) 2)Adjectivization(types 5-7) 3)Verbalization(types 8-9, 12) 4)Prepositionalization(type 10) 5)Miscellaneous transcategorization(type 13) L Nominalization Type 1: unstable> instability: quick(ly)>speed Type 2: transform transformation; will/ going to> prospect; can/could
1 11. Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression 11.0 Defining Grammatical Metaphor A. The systemic not on of grammatical metaphor (Halliday 1985: 341f; Halliday 1994: 340f) “Metaphorical variation is lexicogrammatical rather than simply lexical.” (Halliday 1994: 341) “Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression” (Halliday 1985, 1994; Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 586f) B. Lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor: Two perspectives of metaphor (Halliday, 1985: 342) e.g. (1) A flood of protests poured in following the announcement. [=A large quantity of … came in.] Seen from below Seen from above a moving mass a moving mass of ‘many people [protested] of water feeling or rhetoric flood a large number a flood [of protests] [of protests] C. The essence of grammatical metaphor LG1 → M1 m LG2 → M2 m = denotative meaning LG1/ LG2 = variants in lexicogrammatical realization (congruent vs. metaphorical) M1 / M2 = variants in contextual meaning (congruent vs. metaphorical) A. Classification of grammatical metaphor (i) Halliday (1985, 1994) 1) Ideational metaphors (a) Metaphors of transitivity (b) Nominalization 2) Interpersonal metaphors (a) Metaphors of modality (b) Metaphors of mood B. Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 246-248) 1) Nominalization (types 1-4, 11) 2) Adjectivization (types 5-7) 3) Verbalization (types 8-9, 12) 4) Prepositionalization (type 10) 5) Miscellaneous transcategorization (type 13) I. Nominalization Type 1: unstable → instability; quick(ly) → speed Type 2: transform → transformation; will / going to → prospect; can / could →
Type 3: with >accompaniment(dust is) on the surface surface dust Type 4: so> cause, proof: if- condition Type 11: the fact phe enomenon IL. Adjectivization Type 5: poverty increases> increasing poverty; was /used to >previous, begin to) initial Tvpe6:with→ SuDe Type7:beoe→ II. Verbalization Type 8: (be) about concern;(put)in a house , house Iype9:hen→0low;so→ cause;amnd÷ complement Type 12: x/>/x occurs/exists, /x> have, take, do /x/(e.g. impact have an impact) T. Prepositionalization Type 10: when > in times, if (it snows)> under/in(snowy) condition V Miscellaneous transcategorization Type 13 ithe government / decided the decision of by the go government ' s decision; government(al) decision 1i)(de cided) hastily hasty (decision);(argued for a long time lengthy (argument):(announced) yesterday > yesterday s announcement; (departed) for the airport> departure) for the airport(Halliday Matthiessen 2004: 246-248) C.Mmi(1992:406-417 1)Ideational metaphor (b)Logical metaphor 2)Interpersonal metaphor 3)Tex 11.1 Lexicogrmmar and semantics A. In the course of unfolding of texts, lexicogrammatical selections create logogenetic patterns at all ranks B. Lexicogrammar has evolved textual resources for creating cohesive links that have the ability to transcend matical units and indicate semantic relationships the unfold ing of texts a text is thus a unit of meaning- more precisely, a unit in the flow of meaning that is al ways taking place at the instance pole of the cline of instantiation Text as a tri-functional construct( see Fig. 10-1 on p. 589) 11.2 Semantic domains 11.2.1 Expansion (see Table 10-3 "Synoptic summary of expansion,on pp.598-600) 11.2.2 Projection(see Table 10-5"Manifestation of expansion and projection at clause rank" " on p604; Table 10-6"Projection, modal assessment and appraisal"on pp608612)
2 possibility, potential; try to → attempt; want to → desire Type 3: with → accompaniment; (dust is) on the surface → surface dust Type 4: so → cause, proof; if → condition Type 11: the fact → phenomenon II. Adjectivization Type 5: poverty increases → increasing poverty; was / used to → previous; begin to→ initial Type 6: with → accompanying; marks are on the surface → superficial marks Type 7: before → previous; so → resultant III. Verbalization Type 8: (be) about → concern; (put) in a house → house Type 9: then → follow; so → cause; and → complement Type 12: [x] → [x] occurs / exists; [x] → have, take, do [x] (e.g. impact → have an impact) IV. Prepositionalization Type 10: when → in times; if (it snows) → under / in (snowy) conditions V. Miscellaneous transcategorization Type 13: i) the government [decided] → the decision of / by the government; the government’s decision; government(al) decision ii) (decided) hastily → hasty (decision); (argued) for a long time → lengthy (argument); (announced) yesterday → yesterday’s announcement; (departed) for the airport → (departure) for the airport (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 246-248) C. Martin (1992: 406-417) 1) Ideational metaphor (a) Experiential metaphor (b) Logical metaphor 2) Interpersonal metaphor 3) Textual metaphor 11.1 Lexicogrmmar and semantics A. In the course of unfolding of texts, lexicogrammatical selections create logogenetic patterns at all ranks. B. Lexicogrammar has evolved textual resources for creating cohesive links that have the ability to transcend grammatical units and indicate semantic relationships in the unfolding of texts. A text is thus a unit of meaning – more precisely, a unit in the flow of meaning that is always taking place at the instance pole of the cline of instantiation. Text as a tri-functional construct (see Fig. 10-1 on p.589) 11.2 Semantic domains 11.2.1 Expansion (see Table 10-3 “Synoptic summary of expansion” on pp.598-600) 11.2.2 Projection (see Table 10-5 “Manifestation of expansion and projection at clause rank” on p.604; Table 10-6 “Projection, modal assessment and appraisal” on pp.608-612)
11.3 Modality 11.3. 1 Metaphorical expansion of modality A. System of types of modality(see Fig. 10-5 on p. 618) B. Expressions of probability(see Table 10-7 on p. 615) 11.3.2 A further account of modality A. The relation of modality to polarity and mood(see Fig. 10-6 on p 619) B System of types of orientation in modality(see Fig 10-7 on p619) C. Three types of modality(see Table 10-9 on p. 620) 11.4 Interpersonal metaphor: metaphors of mood 11.4.1 Expansion of meaning potential: interpersonal projection 11.4.2 Metaphorical realizations of propositions and proposals 11.5 Ideational metaphors 11.5.1 Introductory example(see Fig. 10-11 Congruent and metaphorical wordings combined"on p 639) 11.5.2 Re-mapping between semantic and lexicogrammar 10-5.3 Textual and interpersonal considerations 11.5. 4 Types of ideational metaphor (i Sequence(see Fig. 10-14 Conruent mode of realization and metaphorical mode involving downgrad ing (1)Severe wave erosion of the former Redondo beach waterfront led to construction of the breakwater and creation of the King Harbor Marina (ii) Figure: The incongruent realization of the figure may retain the clause as the domain of realization, but downgrade all the figure as a metaphorical nominal group or part of the figure as a metaphorical nominal group. For example (2)A considerable redevelopment and intensification of land use is occ particularly construction of apartments, hotels, and motels (ii) Element: When the realization of a whole figure is downgraded through metaphor from clause to nominal group, its element will accord ingly downgraded: the process is nominalized and serve as Thing, the other elements of the figure are ded further step, as words serving as Classifier, Epithet or post-Deictic. For example ()severe wave erosion of the former Redondo beach waterfront (4)the growing loss of pilots 11.5.5 Spoken and Typically, written language becomes complex by being lexically dense: it packs a large number of lexical items into each clause, whereas spoken language becomes complex by being grammatically intricate: it builds up elaborate clause complexes out of parataxis and hypotaxis 11.5.6 Ideational metaphors and nominalization Nominalization is the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor. By this device, processes(congruently worded as verbs)and properties (congruently worded as adjectives) are reworded metaphorically as nouns; instead of functioning in the clause, as Process or Attribute, they function as Thing in the nominal group
3 11.3 Modality 11.3.1 Metaphorical expansion of modality A. System of types of modality (see Fig. 10-5 on p.618) B. Expressions of probability (see Table 10-7 on p.615) 11.3.2 A further account of modality A. The relation of modality to polarity and mood (see Fig. 10-6 on p.619) B. System of types of orientation in modality (see Fig.10-7 on p.619) C. Three types of modality (see Table 10-9 on p.620) 11.4 Interpersonal metaphor: metaphors of mood 11.4.1 Expansion of meaning potential: interpersonal projection 11.4.2 Metaphorical realizations of propositions and proposals 11.5 Ideational metaphors 11.5.1 Introductory example (see Fig. 10-11 “Congruent and metaphorical wordings combined” on p.639) 11.5.2 Re-mapping between semantic and lexicogrammar 10-5.3 Textual and interpersonal considerations 11.5.4 Types of ideational metaphor (i) Sequence (see Fig. 10-14 “Conruent mode of realization and metaphorical mode involving ‘downgrading”) (1) Severe wave erosion of the former Redondo Beach waterfront led to construction of the breakwater and creation of the King Harbor Marina. (ii) Figure: The incongruent realization of the figure may retain the clause as the domain of realization, but downgrade all the figure as a metaphorical nominal group, or part of the figure as a metaphorical nominal group. For example: (2) A considerable redevelopment and intensification of land use is occurring, particularly construction of apartments, hotels, and motels. (iii) Element: When the realization of a whole figure is downgraded through metaphor from clause to nominal group, its element will accordingly downgraded: the process is nominalized and serve as Thing, the other elements of the figure are realized either as downgraded groups / phrases serving as Qualifier or Deictic, or by a further step, as words serving as Classifier, Epithet or post-Deictic. For example, (3) severe wave erosion of the former Redondo Beach waterfront (4) the growing loss of pilots 11.5.5 Spoken and written language Typically, written language becomes complex by being lexically dense: it packs a large number of lexical items into each clause, whereas spoken language becomes complex by being grammatically intricate: it builds up elaborate clause complexes out of parataxis and hypotaxis. 11.5.6 Ideational metaphors and nominalization Nominalization is the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor. By this device, processes (congruently worded as verbs) and properties (congruently worded as adjectives) are reworded metaphorically as nouns; instead of functioning in the clause, as Process or Attribute, they function as Thing in the nominal group
11.6 Grammatical metaphor and cognition 11.6.1 Semogenesis, congruity and grammatical metaphor A. Semogenetic priority of the congruent mode Compared with the corresponding metaphorical variants, the congruent mode evolved earlier in the language (phy logenesis): it is learned earlier by children (ontogenesis); and it typically comes earlier in the text (logogenesis ). (Halliday Matthiessen 1999: 235) C metaphorical 11.6.2 Prototypicality, congruity and grammatical metaphor 11.6.3 Prototypicality and the dynamic nature of grammatical metaphor GM2 GM6 GM5-GM1- CF GM3-GM7 GMAA GM8 11.6.4 Grammatical metaphor, deviation, and foregrounding A Prominence and foregrounding Foregrounding is prominence that is motivated. (Mukarovsky 1978[1932D (1) How is prominence motivated to render foregrounding in the text? (2)How is motivated prominence perceived by the interlocutors as an effective means of foreground ing? And what is the cognitive effect of foregrounding in the ()How can we differentiate motivated and unmotivated prominence in doing stylistic analysis? B. Types of prominence a)Deviation: departure from a norm b) Deflection: departure from some expected pattern of frequency, i.e C Grammatical metaphor as a means offoregrounding 11.7 Grammatical metaphor and semogenesis
4 11.6 Grammatical metaphor and cognition 11.6.1 Semogenesis, congruity and grammatical metaphor A. Semogenetic priority of the congruent mode Compared with the corresponding metaphorical variants, the congruent mode “evolved earlier in the language (phylogenesis); it is learned earlier by children (ontogenesis); and it typically comes earlier in the text (logogenesis).” (Halliday & Matthiessen 1999: 235) Congruent metaphorical 11.6.2 Prototypicality, congruity and grammatical metaphor Congruent Metaphorical 11.6.3 Prototypicality and the dynamic nature of grammatical metaphor 11.6.4 Grammatical metaphor, deviation, and foregrounding A. Prominence and foregrounding “Foregrounding is prominence that is motivated.” (Mukařovskỳ 1978[1932]) Questions: (1) How is prominence motivated to render foregrounding in the text? (2) How is motivated prominence perceived by the interlocutors as an effective means of foregrounding? And what is the cognitive effect of foregrounding in the understanding of a text? (3) How can we differentiate motivated and unmotivated prominence in doing stylistic analysis? B. Types of prominence a) Deviation: departure from a norm b) Deflection: departure from some expected pattern of frequency, i.e. over-regularity C. Grammatical metaphor as a means of foregrounding 11.7 Grammatical metaphor and semogenesis
Providing Phylogenesis environment Logogenesis Providing materials
5 Providing Phylogenesis environment Ontogenesis Logogenesis Providing materials