《热力学 Thermodynamics（I）》课程教学资源：阅读书籍文献_Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics（8th Ed）.pdf_大学文库

How to Use This Book Effectively This book is organized by chapters and sections within chapters.For a listing of contents,see pp.vii-xiv.Fundamental concepts and associated equations within each section lay the foundation for applications of engineering thermodynamics provided in solved examples,end-of-chapter problems and exercises,and accompanying discussions Boxed material within sections of the book allows you to explore selected topics in greater depth,as in the boxed discussion of properties and nonproperties on p.10. Contemporary issues related to thermodynamics are introduced throughout the text with three unique features:ENERGY& ENVIRONMENT discussions explore issues related to energy resource use and the environment,as in the discussion of hybrid vehicles on p.41.BIOCONNECTIONS tie topics to applications in bioengineering and biomedicine,as in the discussion of control volumes of living things and their organs on p.7. Horizonslink subject matter to emerging technologies and thought-provoking issues,as in the discussion of nanotechnology on p.15. Other core features of this book that facilitate your study and contribute to your understanding include: Examples Numerous annotated solved examples are provided that feature the solution methodology presented in Sec.1.9 and illustrated in Example 1.1.We encourage you to study these examples,including the accompanying comments. Each solved example concludes with a list of the Skills Developed in solving the example and a Quick Quiz that allows an immediate check of understanding. Less formal examples are given throughout the text.They open with D FoR EXAMPL and close with4.These examples also should be studied. Exercises Each chapter has a set of discussion questions under the heading EXERCISES:THINGS ENGINEERS THINK ABOUT that may be done on an individual or small-group basis.They allow you to gain a deeper understanding of the text material and think critically. Every chapter has a set of questions in a section calledHKN UNDERSANDIN that provide opportunity for individual or small group self-testing of the fundamental ideas presented in the chapter.Included are a variety of exercises,such as matching. fill-in-the-blank,short answer,and true-and-false questions. A large number of end-of-chapter problems also are provided under the heading PROBLEMS:DEVELOPING ENGINEERING SKILLS. The problems are sequenced to coordinate with the subject matter and are listed in increasing order of difficulty.The problems are also classified under headings to expedite the process of selecting review problems to solve.Answers to selected problems are provided on the student companion website that accompanies this book at www.wiley.com/college/moran. Because one purpose of this book is to help you prepare to use thermodynamics in engineering practice,design considerations related to thermodynamics are included.Every chapter has a set of problems under the heading DESIGN OPEN ENDED PROBLEMS:EXPLORING ENGINEERING PRACTICE that provide opportunities for practicing creativ- ity,formulating and solving design and open-ended problems,using the Internet and library resources to find relevant informa- tion,making engineering judgments,and developing communications skills.See,for example,problem 1.10 D on p.36. Further Study Aids Each chapter opens with an introduction giving the engineering context,stating the chapter objective,and listing the learning outcomes. Each chapter concludes with aCHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUDE that provides a point of departure to study for examinations. For easy reference,each chapter also concludes with lists of KEY ENGINEERING CONCEPTS and D KEY EQUATIONS. Important terms are listed in the margins and coordinated with the text material at those locations. Important equations are set off by a color screen.as for Eq.1.8. TAKE NOTE...in the margin provides just-in-time information that illuminates the current discussion,as on p.8,or refines our problem-solving methodology,as on p.12 and p.22. A in the margin identifies an animation that reinforces the text presentation at that point.Animations can be viewed by going to the student companion website for this book.See TAKE NOTE...on p.8 for further detail about accessing animations. in the margin denotes end-of-chapter problems where the use of appropriate computer software is recommended. For quick reference,conversion factors and important constants are provided on the next page. A list of symbols is provided on the inside back cover

How to Use This Book Effectively This book is organized by chapters and sections within chapters. For a listing of contents, see pp. vii–xiv. Fundamental concepts and associated equations within each section lay the foundation for applications of engineering thermodynamics provided in solved examples, end-of-chapter problems and exercises, and accompanying discussions. Boxed material within sections of the book allows you to explore selected topics in greater depth, as in the boxed discussion of properties and nonproperties on p. 10. Contemporary issues related to thermodynamics are introduced throughout the text with three unique features: ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT discussions explore issues related to energy resource use and the environment, as in the discussion of hybrid vehicles on p. 41. BIOCONNECTIONS tie topics to applications in bioengineering and biomedicine, as in the discussion of control volumes of living things and their organs on p. 7. Horizons link subject matter to emerging technologies and thought-provoking issues, as in the discussion of nanotechnology on p. 15. Other core features of this book that facilitate your study and contribute to your understanding include: Examples c Numerous annotated solved examples are provided that feature the solution methodology presented in Sec. 1.9 and illustrated in Example 1.1. We encourage you to study these examples, including the accompanying comments. c Each solved example concludes with a list of the Skills Developed in solving the example and a Quick Quiz that allows an immediate check of understanding. c Less formal examples are given throughout the text. They open with c FOR EXAMPLE and close with b b b b b. These examples also should be studied. Exercises c Each chapter has a set of discussion questions under the heading c EXERCISES: THINGS ENGINEERS THINK ABOUT that may be done on an individual or small -group basis. They allow you to gain a deeper understanding of the text material and think critically. c Every chapter has a set of questions in a section called c CHECKING UNDERSTANDING that provide opportunity for individual or small group self-testing of the fundamental ideas presented in the chapter. Included are a variety of exercises, such as matching, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, and true-and-false questions. c A large number of end -of -chapter problems also are provided under the heading c PROBLEMS: DEVELOPING ENGINEERING SKILLS . The problems are sequenced to coordinate with the subject matter and are listed in increasing order of difficulty. The problems are also classified under headings to expedite the process of selecting review problems to solve. Answers to selected problems are provided on the student companion website that accompanies this book at www.wiley.com/college/moran. c Because one purpose of this book is to help you prepare to use thermodynamics in engineering practice, design considerations related to thermodynamics are included. Every chapter has a set of problems under the heading c DESIGN & OPEN ENDED PROBLEMS: EXPLORING ENGINEERING PRACTICE that provide opportunities for practicing creativity, formulating and solving design and open-ended problems, using the Internet and library resources to find relevant information, making engineering judgments, and developing communications skills. See, for example, problem 1.10 D on p. 36. Further Study Aids c Each chapter opens with an introduction giving the engineering context, stating the chapter objective, and listing the learning outcomes. c Each chapter concludes with a c CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE that provides a point of departure to study for examinations. c For easy reference, each chapter also concludes with lists of c KEY ENGINEERING CONCEPTS and c KEY EQUATIONS . c Important terms are listed in the margins and coordinated with the text material at those locations. c Important equations are set off by a color screen, as for Eq. 1.8. c TAKE NOTE... in the margin provides just-in-time information that illuminates the current discussion, as on p. 8, or refines our problem-solving methodology, as on p. 12 and p. 22. c in the margin identifies an animation that reinforces the text presentation at that point. Animations can be viewed by going to the student companion website for this book. See TAKE NOTE... on p. 8 for further detail about accessing animations. c in the margin denotes end -of -chapter problems where the use of appropriate computer software is recommended. c For quick reference, conversion factors and important constants are provided on the next page. c A list of symbols is provided on the inside back cover

Publisher Don Fowley Executive Editor Linda Ratts Editorial Assistant Hope Ellis Marketing Manager Christopher Ruel Design Director Harry Nolan Senior Content Manager Kevin Holm Senior Production Editor Tim Lindner Senior Designer Madelyn Lesure Senior Product Designer Jenny Welter Content Editor Wendy Ashenberg Photo Editor Kathleen Pepper Production Management Services Aptara,Inc. Cover Photos:globe DNY59 /iStockphoto,left to right:shaunl/iStockphoto,digitalskillet/ iStockphoto,SelectStock/iStockphoto,Mcelroyart/iStockphoto,Aldo Murillo/iStockphoto. technotr/iStockphoto.digitalskillet/iStockphoto.Shironosov/iStockphoto.MichaelSvoboda/ iStockphoto,gchutka/iStockphoto,davidf/iStockphoto,kupicoo/iStockphoto.next999/ iStockphoto,Spine:Estate of Stephen Laurence Strathdee/iStockphoto exxorian/iStockphoto This book was typeset in 10/12 Times Ten Roman at Aptara,Inc.and printed and bound by Courier/ Kendallville.The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. Founded in 1807 John Wiley Sons.Inc.has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years,helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work.In 2008,we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative.a global effort to address the environmental,social,economic,and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact,paper specifications and procurement,ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors,and community and charitable support.For more information,please visit our website:www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield-harvesting of its timberlands.Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth This book is printed on acid-free paper.oo Copyright 2014,2011,2008,2004,2000,1996,1993,1988 by John Wiley Sons,Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying recording,scanning or otherwise,except as permit- ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)646- 8600.Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department. John Wiley Sons,Inc.,111 River Street,Hoboken,NJ 07030-5774,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only.for use in their courses during the next academic year.These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party.Upon completion of the review period,please return the evaluation copy to Wiley.Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go returnlabel.Outside of the United States,please contact your local representative. ISBN 978-1-118-41293-0 ISBN 978-1-118-82044-5 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

Publisher Don Fowley Executive Editor Linda Ratts Editorial Assistant Hope Ellis Marketing Manager Christopher Ruel Design Director Harry Nolan Senior Content Manager Kevin Holm Senior Production Editor Tim Lindner Senior Designer Madelyn Lesure Senior Product Designer Jenny Welter Content Editor Wendy Ashenberg Photo Editor Kathleen Pepper Production Management Services Aptara®, Inc. Cover Photos: globe © DNY59 /iStockphoto, left to right: © shaunl/iStockphoto, © digitalskillet/ iStockphoto, © SelectStock/iStockphoto, © Mcelroyart/iStockphoto, © Aldo Murillo/iStockphoto, © technotr/iStockphoto, © digitalskillet/iStockphoto, © Shironosov/iStockphoto, © MichaelSvoboda/ iStockphoto, © gchutka/iStockphoto, © davidf/iStockphoto, © kupicoo/iStockphoto, © next999/ iStockphoto, Spine: © Estate of Stephen Laurence Strathdee/iStockphoto exxorian/iStockphoto This book was typeset in 10/12 Times Ten Roman at Aptara®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/ Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield-harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ` Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1993, 1988 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646- 8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/ returnlabel. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. ISBN 978-1-118-41293-0 ISBN 978-1-118-82044-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A Textbook for the 21st Century The eighth edition also features a crisp new interior In the twenty-first century,engineering thermodynam- design aimed at helping students ics plays a central role in developing improved ways to better understand and apply the subject matter,and provide and use energy,while mitigating the serious human health and environmental consequences accom- fully appreciate the relevance of the topics to engi- panying energy-including air and water pollution and neering practice and to society. global climate change.Applications in bioengineering, biomedical systems,and nanotechnology also continue to emerge.This book provides the tools needed by spe- Other Core Features cialists working in all such fields.For non-specialists, This edition also provides,inside the front cover under this book provides background for making decisions the heading How to Use This Book Effectively,an updated about technology related to thermodynamics-on the roadmap to core features of this text that make it so job and as informed citizens. effective for student learning.To fully understand all of Engineers in the twenty-first century need a solid set the many features we have built into the book,be sure of analytical and problem-solving skills as the founda- to see this important element. tion for tackling important societal issues relating to In this edition,several enhancements to improve stu- engineering thermodynamics.The eighth edition devel- dent learning have been introduced or upgraded: ops these skills and significantly expands our coverage The p-h diagrams for two refrigerants:CO2(R-744) of their applications to provide and R-410A are included as Figs.A-10 and A-11, current context for the study of thermodynamic respectively,in the appendix.The ability to locate principles. states on property diagrams is an important skill that is used selectively in end-of-chapter problems. relevant background to make the subject mean- ingful for meeting the challenges of the decades Animations are offered at key subject matter loca- tions to improve student learning.When viewing ahead. the animations,students will develop deeper .significant material related to existing technologies understanding by visualizing key processes and in light of new challenges. phenomena. In the eighth edition,we build on the core features Special text elements feature important illustra- that have made the text the global leader in engineering tions of engineering thermodynamics applied to thermodynamics education.We are known for our clear our environment,society,and world: and concise explanations grounded in the fundamen- New ENERGY ENVIRONMENT presenta- tals,pioneering pedagogy for effective learning,and tions explore topics related to energy resource use relevant,up-to-date applications.Through the creativity and environmental issues in engineering. and experience of our author team,and based on excel- lent feedback from instructors and students,we con- Updated BIOCONNECTIONS discussions tie tinue to enhance what has become the leading text in textbook topics to contemporary applications in the field. biomedicine and bioengineering. Additional Horizons features have been included that link subject matter to thought- New in the Eighth Edition provoking 21st century issues and emerging In a major departure from all other texts intended for technologies. the same student population,in this edition we have Suggestions for additional reading and sources for introduced 700 new end-of-chapter problems under the topical content presented in these elements provided heading,CHECKING UNDERSTANDING.The new prob- on request. lems provide opportunities for student self-testing of fundamentals and to serve instructors as easily graded End-of-Chapter problems in each of the four homework,quiz,and exam problems.Included are a modes:conceptual,checking understanding,skill variety of exercises,such as matching,fill-in- building,and design have been extensively revised the-blank,short answer,and true-and-false. and hundreds of new problems added. 讲

A Textbook for the 21st Century In the twenty-first century, engineering thermodynamics plays a central role in developing improved ways to provide and use energy, while mitigating the serious human health and environmental consequences accompanying energy—including air and water pollution and global climate change. Applications in bioengineering, biomedical systems, and nanotechnology also continue to emerge. This book provides the tools needed by specialists working in all such fields. For non-specialists, this book provides background for making decisions about technology related to thermodynamics—on the job and as informed citizens. Engineers in the twenty-first century need a solid set of analytical and problem-solving skills as the foundation for tackling important societal issues relating to engineering thermodynamics. The eighth edition develops these skills and significantly expands our coverage of their applications to provide • current context for the study of thermodynamic principles. • relevant background to make the subject meaningful for meeting the challenges of the decades ahead. • significant material related to existing technologies in light of new challenges. In the eighth edition, we build on the core features that have made the text the global leader in engineering thermodynamics education. We are known for our clear and concise explanations grounded in the fundamentals, pioneering pedagogy for effective learning, and relevant, up-to-date applications. Through the creativity and experience of our author team, and based on excellent feedback from instructors and students, we continue to enhance what has become the leading text in the field. New in the Eighth Edition In a major departure from all other texts intended for the same student population, in this edition we have introduced 700 new end-of-chapter problems under the heading, c CHECKING UNDERSTANDING . The new problems provide opportunities for student self-testing of fundamentals and to serve instructors as easily graded homework, quiz, and exam problems. Included are a variety of exercises, such as matching, fill-inthe-blank, short answer, and true-and-false. The eighth edition also features a crisp new interior design aimed at helping students • better understand and apply the subject matter, and • fully appreciate the relevance of the topics to engineering practice and to society. Other Core Features This edition also provides, inside the front cover under the heading How to Use This Book Effectively, an updated roadmap to core features of this text that make it so effective for student learning. To fully understand all of the many features we have built into the book, be sure to see this important element. In this edition, several enhancements to improve student learning have been introduced or upgraded: • The p–h diagrams for two refrigerants: CO2 (R-744) and R-410A are included as Figs. A-10 and A-11, respectively, in the appendix. The ability to locate states on property diagrams is an important skill that is used selectively in end-of-chapter problems. • Animations are offered at key subject matter locations to improve student learning. When viewing the animations, students will develop deeper understanding by visualizing key processes and phenomena. • Special text elements feature important illustrations of engineering thermodynamics applied to our environment, society, and world: • New ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT presentations explore topics related to energy resource use and environmental issues in engineering. • Updated BIOCONNECTIONS discussions tie textbook topics to contemporary applications in biomedicine and bioengineering. • Additional Horizons features have been included that link subject matter to thoughtprovoking 21st century issues and emerging technologies. Suggestions for additional reading and sources for topical content presented in these elements provided on request. • End-of-Chapter problems in each of the four modes: conceptual, checking understanding, skill building, and design have been extensively revised and hundreds of new problems added. iii Preface

iv Preface New and revised class-tested material contributes o sample syllabi on semester and quarter bases. to student learning and instructor effectiveness: o errata for both the text and problems. Significant new content explores how thermody- namics contributes to meet the challenges of the o chapter summary information,including Key 21st century. Terms and Key Equations. Key aspects of fundamentals and applications o chapter learning outcomes. within the text have been enhanced. o correlation guides to ease transition between In response to instructor and student needs,class- editions of this text and for switching to this tested changes that contribute to a more just-in- edition from another book. time presentation have been introduced: o text Preface. .TAKE NOTE...entries in the margins are expanded throughout the textbook to improve student Student Companion Site:Helps students learn learning.For example,see p.8. the subject matter with resources including Boxed material allows students and instructors o Steam Table Process Overview-new in this to explore topics in greater depth.For example, edition. see p.109. o animations. Margin terms throughout aid in navigating sub- ject matter. o answers to selected problems. o errata for both the text and problems Supplements o chapter summary information,including Key Terms The following supplements are available with the text: and Key Equations. Outstanding Instructor and Student companion web sites (visit www.wiley.com/college/moran) o chapter learning outcomes. that greatly enhance teaching and learning: o chapter-by-chapter summary of Special Features as Instructor Companion Site:Assists instructors in listed in the Instructor Companion Site. delivering an effective course with resources o text Preface. including Interactive Thermodynamics:IT software is avail- o a new Steam Table Process Overview to assist able as a stand-alone product or with the textbook. students in mastering the use of the steam IT is a highly-valuable learning tool that allows tables for retrieving data. students to develop engineering models,perform o animations-with just-in-time labels in the margins. "what-if analyses,and examine principles in more detail to enhance their learning.Brief tutorials of o chapter-by-chapter summary of Special Fea- /7 are included within the text and the use of /7 tures,including is illustrated within selected solved examples. "the subject of each solved example Skillful use of tables and property diagrams is pre- the topics of all ENERGY ENVIRONMENT. requisite for the effective use of software to BIOCONNECTIONS,and Horizons retrieve thermodynamic property data.The latest features. version of IT provides data for CO2(R-744)and the themes of the DESIGN OPEN R-410A using as its source Mini REFPROP by permission of the National Institute of Standards ENDED PROBLEMS and Technology (NIST). o a complete solution manual that is easy to navigate. WileyPLUS is an online set of instructional,prac- o solutions to computer-based problems for use tice,and course management resources,including the full text,for students and instructors with both IT:Interactive Thermodynamics as well as EES:Engineering Equation Solver. Visit www.wiley.com/college/moran or contact your o image galleries with text images available in local Wiley representative for information on the various helpful electronic formats. above-mentioned supplements

iv Preface • New and revised class-tested material contributes to student learning and instructor effectiveness: • Significant new content explores how thermodynamics contributes to meet the challenges of the 21st century. • Key aspects of fundamentals and applications within the text have been enhanced. • In response to instructor and student needs, classtested changes that contribute to a more just-intime presentation have been introduced: • TAKE NOTE... entries in the margins are expanded throughout the textbook to improve student learning. For example, see p. 8. • Boxed material allows students and instructors to explore topics in greater depth. For example, see p. 109. • Margin terms throughout aid in navigating subject matter. Supplements The following supplements are available with the text: • Outstanding Instructor and Student companion web sites (visit www.wiley.com/college/moran) that greatly enhance teaching and learning: • Instructor Companion Site: Assists instructors in delivering an effective course with resources including a new Steam Table Process Overview to assist students in mastering the use of the steam tables for retrieving data. animations—with just-in-time labels in the margins. chapter-by-chapter summary of Special Features, including the subject of each solved example, the topics of all ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT, BIOCONNECTIONS, and Horizons features, the themes of the DESIGN & OPEN ENDED PROBLEMS a complete solution manual that is easy to navigate. solutions to computer-based problems for use with both IT: Interactive Thermodynamics as well as EES: Engineering Equation Solver. image galleries with text images available in various helpful electronic formats. sample syllabi on semester and quarter bases. errata for both the text and problems. chapter summary information, including Key Terms and Key Equations. chapter learning outcomes. correlation guides to ease transition between editions of this text and for switching to this edition from another book. text Preface. • Student Companion Site: Helps students learn the subject matter with resources including Steam Table Process Overview—new in this edition. animations. answers to selected problems. errata for both the text and problems. chapter summary information, including Key Terms and Key Equations. chapter learning outcomes. chapter-by-chapter summary of Special Features as listed in the Instructor Companion Site. text Preface. • Interactive Thermodynamics: IT software is available as a stand-alone product or with the textbook. IT is a highly-valuable learning tool that allows students to develop engineering models, perform “what-if” analyses, and examine principles in more detail to enhance their learning. Brief tutorials of IT are included within the text and the use of IT is illustrated within selected solved examples. • Skillful use of tables and property diagrams is prerequisite for the effective use of software to retrieve thermodynamic property data. The latest version of IT provides data for CO2 (R-744) and R-410A using as its source Mini REFPROP by permission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). • WileyPLUS is an online set of instructional, practice, and course management resources, including the full text, for students and instructors. Visit www.wiley.com/college/moran or contact your local Wiley representative for information on the above-mentioned supplements.

DAcknowledgments We thank the many users of our previous Davyda Hammond,Germanna Angela Shih,California Polytechnic editions,located at hundreds of universi- Community College State University Pomona ties and colleges in the United States. Kelly O.Homan,Missouri University Gary L.Solbrekken,University of Canada,and world-wide,who continue of Science and Technology-Rolla Missouri to contribute to the development of our Andrew Kean,California Polytechnic Clement C.Tang,University of text through their comments and con- State University,San Luis Obispo North Dakota structive criticism. Jan Kleissl,University of California. Constantine Tarawneh,University of The following colleagues have assisted San Diego Texas Pan American in the development of this edition.We Deify Law,Baylor University Evgeny Timofeev,McGill University greatly appreciate their contributions: Xiaohua Li,University of North Elisa Toulson,Michigan State Texas University Hisham A.Abdel-Aal,University of Randall D.Manteufel,University of V.Ismet Ugursal,Dalhousie North Carolina Charlotte Texas at San Antonio University Alexis Abramson,Case Western Michael Martin,Louisiana State Joseph Wang,University of Reserve University University California-San Diego Edward Anderson,Texas Tech Alex Moutsoglou,South Dakota Kevin Wanklyn,Kansas State University State University University Jason Armstrong,University of Sameer Naik,Purdue University K.Max Zhang,Cornell University Buffalo Jay M.Ochterbeck,Clemson Euiwon Bae,Purdue University University The views expressed in this text are H.Ed.Bargar,University of Alaska Jason Olfert,University of Alberta those of the authors and do not neces- Amy Betz,Kansas State University Juan Ordonez,Florida State sarily reflect those of individual contrib. John Biddle,California Polytechnic University utors listed,The Ohio State University. State University,Pomona Tayhas Palmore,Brown University lowa State University,Rochester Insti- Jim Braun,Purdue University Arne Pearlstein,University of Illinois. tute of Technology,the United States Robert Brown,lowa State University Urbana-Champaign Military Academy,the Department of Marcello Canova,The Ohio State Laurent Pilon,University of the Army,or the Department of Defense. University California,Los Angeles We also acknowledge the efforts of Bruce Carroll,University of Florida Michele Putko,University of many individuals in the John Wiley and Gary L.Catchen,The Pennsylvania Massachusetts Lowell Sons,Inc.,organization who have con- State University Albert Ratner,The University of tributed their talents and energy to this Cho Lik Chan,University of Iowa edition.We applaud their professional- Arizona John Reisel,University of Wisconsin- ism and commitment. John Cipolla,Northeastern Milwaukee We continue to be extremely gratified University Michael Renfro,University of by the reception this book has enjoyed Matthew Clarke,University of Connecticut over the years.With this edition we have Calgary Michael Reynolds,University of made the text more effective for teach- Stephen Crown,University of Texas Arkansas ing the subject of engineering thermody- Pan American Donald E.Richards,Rose-Hulman namics and have greatly enhanced the Ram Devireddy,Louisiana State Institute of Technology relevance of the subject matter for stu- University Robert Richards,Washington State dents who will shape the 21st century.As Jon F.Edd,Vanderbilt University University always,we welcome your comments, Gloria Elliott,University of North Edward Roberts,University of criticisms,and suggestions. Carolina Charlotte Calgary P.J.Florio.New Jersey Institute of David Salac,University at Buffalo Michael J.Moran Technology SUNY moran.4@osu.edu Steven Frankel,Purdue University Brian Sangeorzan,Oakland Howard N.Shapiro Stephen Gent,South Dakota State University hshapiro513@gmail.com University Alexei V.Saveliev,North Carolina Nick Glumac,University of Illinois, State University Daisie D.Boettner Urbana-Champaign Enrico Sciubba,University of BoettnerD@aol.com Jay Gore,Purdue University Roma-Sapienza Margaret B.Bailey Nanak S.Grewal,University of Dusan P.Sekulic,University of Margaret.Bailey@rit.edu North Dakota Kentucky John Haglund,University of Texas Benjamin D.Shaw,University of at Austin California-Davis Vi

We thank the many users of our previous editions, located at hundreds of universities and colleges in the United States, Canada, and world-wide, who continue to contribute to the development of our text through their comments and constructive criticism. The following colleagues have assisted in the development of this edition. We greatly appreciate their contributions: Hisham A. Abdel-Aal, University of North Carolina Charlotte Alexis Abramson, Case Western Reserve University Edward Anderson, Texas Tech University Jason Armstrong, University of Buffalo Euiwon Bae, Purdue University H. Ed. Bargar, University of Alaska Amy Betz, Kansas State University John Biddle, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona Jim Braun, Purdue University Robert Brown, Iowa State University Marcello Canova, The Ohio State University Bruce Carroll, University of Florida Gary L. Catchen, The Pennsylvania State University Cho Lik Chan, University of Arizona John Cipolla, Northeastern University Matthew Clarke, University of Calgary Stephen Crown, University of Texas Pan American Ram Devireddy, Louisiana State University Jon F. Edd, Vanderbilt University Gloria Elliott, University of North Carolina Charlotte P. J. Florio, New Jersey Institute of Technology Steven Frankel, Purdue University Stephen Gent, South Dakota State University Nick Glumac, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Jay Gore, Purdue University Nanak S. Grewal, University of North Dakota John Haglund, University of Texas at Austin Davyda Hammond, Germanna Community College Kelly O. Homan, Missouri University of Science and Technology-Rolla Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Jan Kleissl, University of California, San Diego Deify Law, Baylor University Xiaohua Li, University of North Texas Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas at San Antonio Michael Martin, Louisiana State University Alex Moutsoglou, South Dakota State University Sameer Naik, Purdue University Jay M. Ochterbeck, Clemson University Jason Olfert, University of Alberta Juan Ordonez, Florida State University Tayhas Palmore, Brown University Arne Pearlstein, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Laurent Pilon, University of California, Los Angeles Michele Putko, University of Massachusetts Lowell Albert Ratner, The University of Iowa John Reisel, University of WisconsinMilwaukee Michael Renfro, University of Connecticut Michael Reynolds, University of Arkansas Donald E. Richards, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Robert Richards, Washington State University Edward Roberts, University of Calgary David Salac, University at Buffalo SUNY Brian Sangeorzan, Oakland University Alexei V. Saveliev, North Carolina State University Enrico Sciubba, University of Roma- Sapienza Dusan P. Sekulic, University of Kentucky Benjamin D. Shaw, University of California-Davis Angela Shih, California Polytechnic State University Pomona Gary L. Solbrekken, University of Missouri Clement C. Tang, University of North Dakota Constantine Tarawneh, University of Texas Pan American Evgeny Timofeev, McGill University Elisa Toulson, Michigan State University V. Ismet Ugursal, Dalhousie University Joseph Wang, University of California—San Diego Kevin Wanklyn, Kansas State University K. Max Zhang, Cornell University The views expressed in this text are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of individual contributors listed, The Ohio State University, Iowa State University, Rochester Institute of Technology, the United States Military Academy, the Department of the Army, or the Department of Defense. We also acknowledge the efforts of many individuals in the John Wiley and Sons, Inc., organization who have contributed their talents and energy to this edition. We applaud their professionalism and commitment. We continue to be extremely gratified by the reception this book has enjoyed over the years. With this edition we have made the text more effective for teaching the subject of engineering thermodynamics and have greatly enhanced the relevance of the subject matter for students who will shape the 21st century. As always, we welcome your comments, criticisms, and suggestions. Michael J. Moran moran.4@osu.edu Howard N. Shapiro hshapiro513@gmail.com Daisie D. Boettner BoettnerD@aol.com Margaret B. Bailey Margaret.Bailey@rit.edu vi Acknowledgments

Contents 中0.0年自g9里中中甲08g中0。年年9g8年g中。0年”。年有4中 Getting Started:Introductory 2.1.2 Potential Energy 42 Concepts and Definitions 3 2.1.3 Units for Energy 43 1.1 Using Thermodynamics 4 2.1.4 Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 43 1.2 Defining Systems 4 2.1.5 Closing Comment 44 1.2.1 Closed Systems 6 2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 44 1.2.2 Control Volumes 6 2.2.1 Sign Convention and Notation 45 1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary 7 2.2.2 Power 46 1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 8 2.2.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression Work 47 1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics 8 2.2.4 Expansion or Compression Work in Actual Processes 48 1.3.2 Property,State,and Process 9 2.2.5 Expansion or Compression Work in 1.3-3 Extensive and Intensive Properties 9 Quasiequilibrium Processes 48 1.3.4 Equilibrium 10 2.2.6 Further Examples of Work 52 1.4 Measuring Mass,Length,Time, 2.2.7 Further Examples of Work in and Force 11 Quasiequilibrium Processes 53 1.4.1 SI Units 11 2.2.8 Generalized Forces and Displacements 54 1.4.2 English Engineering Units 12 2.3 Broadening Our Understanding 1.5 Specific Volume 13 of Energy 55 1.6 Pressure 14 2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat 56 1.6.1 Pressure Measurement 15 2.4.1 Sign Convention,Notation,and 1.6.2 Buoyancy 16 Heat Transfer Rate 56 1.6.3 Pressure Units 17 2.4.2 Heat Transfer Modes 57 2.4.3 Closing Comments 59 1.7 Temperature 18 1.7.1 Thermometers 19 2.5 Energy Accounting:Energy Balance for Closed Systems 6o 1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 20 2.5.1 Important Aspects of the Energy Balance 62 1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 21 2.5.2 Using the Energy Balance:Processes of Closed Systems 64 1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis 22 2.5-3 Using the Energy Rate Balance: 1.8.1 Design 23 Steady-State Operation 68 1.8.2 Analysis 23 2.5.4 Using the Energy Rate Balance: 1.9 Methodology for Solving Transient Operation 70 Thermodynamics Problems 24 2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 72 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 26 2.6.1 Cycle Energy Balance 73 2.6.2 Power Cycles 73 2 Energy and the First Law 2.6.3 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 74 of Thermodynamics 39 2.7 Energy Storage 76 2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts 2.7.1 Overview 76 of Energy 40 2.7.2 Storage Technologies 76 2.1.1 Work and Kinetic Energy 40 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 78 vii

1 Getting Started: Introductory Concepts and Definitions 3 1.1 Using Thermodynamics 4 1.2 Defi ning Systems 4 1.2.1 Closed Systems 6 1.2.2 Control Volumes 6 1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary 7 1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 8 1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics 8 1.3.2 Property, State, and Process 9 1.3.3 Extensive and Intensive Properties 9 1.3.4 Equilibrium 10 1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force 11 1.4.1 SI Units 11 1.4.2 English Engineering Units 12 1.5 Specifi c Volume 13 1.6 Pressure 14 1.6.1 Pressure Measurement 15 1.6.2 Buoyancy 16 1.6.3 Pressure Units 17 1.7 Temperature 18 1.7.1 Thermometers 19 1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 20 1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 21 1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis 22 1.8.1 Design 23 1.8.2 Analysis 23 1.9 Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems 24 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 26 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 39 2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 40 2.1.1 Work and Kinetic Energy 40 2.1.2 Potential Energy 42 2.1.3 Units for Energy 43 2.1.4 Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 43 2.1.5 Closing Comment 44 2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 44 2.2.1 Sign Convention and Notation 45 2.2.2 Power 46 2.2.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression Work 47 2.2.4 Expansion or Compression Work in Actual Processes 48 2.2.5 Expansion or Compression Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 48 2.2.6 Further Examples of Work 52 2.2.7 Further Examples of Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 53 2.2.8 Generalized Forces and Displacements 54 2.3 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy 55 2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat 56 2.4.1 Sign Convention, Notation, and Heat Transfer Rate 56 2.4.2 Heat Transfer Modes 57 2.4.3 Closing Comments 59 2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 60 2.5.1 Important Aspects of the Energy Balance 62 2.5.2 Using the Energy Balance: Processes of Closed Systems 64 2.5.3 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Steady-State Operation 68 2.5.4 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Transient Operation 70 2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 72 2.6.1 Cycle Energy Balance 73 2.6.2 Power Cycles 73 2.6.3 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 74 2.7 Energy Storage 76 2.7.1 Overview 76 2.7.2 Storage Technologies 76 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 78 vii Contents