天津职业大学文本 Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia_眼屈光学.pdf_大学文库

Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia Alan Mulvihill, Aoife MacCann, Ian Flitcroft, Michael O’Keefe Abstract Aim—To examine outcome among children with refractive accommodative esotropia. Methods—Children with accommodative esotropia associated with hyperopia were included in the study. The features studied were ocular alignment, amblyopia, and the response to treatment, binocular single vision, requirement for surgery, and the change in refraction with age. Results—103 children with refractive accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean follow up was 4.5 years (range 2–9.5 years). 41 children (39.8%) were fully accommodative (no manifest deviation with full hyperopic correction). The remaining 62 children (60.2%) were partially accommodative. At presentation 61.2% of children were amblyopic in one eye decreasing to 15.5% at the most recent examination. Stereopsis was demonstrated in 89.3% of children at the most recent examination. Mean cycloplegic refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) remained stable throughout the follow up period. The mean change in refraction per year was 0.005 dioptres (D) in right eyes (95% CL −0.0098 to 0.02) and 0.001 D in left eyes (95% CL −0.018 to 0.021). No patients were able to discard their glasses and maintain alignment. Conclusions—Most children with refractive accommodative esotropia have an excellent outcome in terms of visual acuity and binocular single vision. Current management strategies for this condition result in a marked reduction in the prevalence of amblyopia compared with the prevalence at presentation. The degree of hyperopia, however, remains unchanged with poor prospects for discontinuing glasses wear. The possibility that long term full time glasses wear impedes emmetropisation must be considered. It is also conceivable, however, that these children may behave diVerently with normal and be predestined to remain hyperopic. (Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:746–749) Refractive accommodative esotropia is one of the most common forms of childhood strabismus and is managed in similar fashion by most paediatric ophthalmologists. This management consists, in brief, of careful assessment of visual acuity, measurement of the deviation, cycloplegic refraction, and examination of the fundus. Glasses are prescribed according to the degree of hyperopia and if any amblyopia is present this is also treated. Surgical correction is reserved for those cases where the esotropia is significantly undercorrected despite full time glasses wear or following decompensation of a previously controlled deviation.1 Some ophthalmologists, however, advocate surgical intervention at an early stage for this condition.2 This study was conducted to assess the eYcacy of conventional management of refractive accommodative esotropia. Specifically, the following questions were addressed. What are the functional outcomes in terms of binocular function, visual acuity, and cosmesis? Did children who presented with or developed amblyopia during follow up respond to standard treatment with patching or atropinisation? Do children with accommodative esotropia “grow out of their glasses”. Subjects and methods Children with refractive accommodative esotropia attending a paediatric ophthalmology clinic between July and September 1996 were identified. When children with convergence excess type accommodative esotropia and those with less than 24 months of follow up were excluded, 103 cases remained. Any children with additional problems such as macular scarring or optic nerve hypoplasia were excluded from the study. All children included in the study had a reduction in the size of their esotropia on cover testing with appropriate refractive correction. Those children who showed no manifest deviation on cover testing were deemed to be fully accommodative while those with residual manifest deviation in their glasses were deemed partially accommodative. All of the children were examined by an orthoptist and an ophthalmologist to evaluate their current status and the case notes were reviewed. The following features were assessed and recorded along with findings at previous visits. Ocular alignment The deviation with and without glasses was measured by prism cover test in all cases and with the synoptophore where possible. Binocular vision Testing for binocular single vision was conducted with the Wirt test in all children. Many children were also examined with the Frisbee and TNO tests as well as the synoptophore. Testing for suppression was conducted using the 20 dioptre base out prism test in all cases and with Bagolini lenses where cooperation was adequate. Visual acuity Best corrected visual acuity was measured using the Snellen chart where possible. Otherwise an age appropriate method such as forced 746 Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:746–749 The Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland A Mulvihill A MacCann I Flitcroft M O’Keefe Correspondence to: Mr M O’Keefe, Eye Department, The Children’s Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland mokeefe@materprivate.ie Accepted for publication 28 January 2000 Downloaded from bjo.bmjjournals.com on 2 December 2005

choice preferential looking, Kay’s pictures or Sheridan-Gardiner linear or single letters was employed. A record was made of the number of amblyopic eyes, an interocular diVerence of two or more Snellen lines or equivalent. Cycloplegic refraction All children attending the department undergo cycloplegic refraction at least once a year. We prescribe the full cycloplegic correction (corrected for working distance). Refraction was repeated at the most recent clinic visit and the fundus examined. Results The mean age at presentation was 4.2 years/ 50.4 months (range 14–102 months, median 49 months). The mean follow up was 4.5 years/54 months (range 24–114 months, median 52 months). OCULAR ALIGNMENT Forty one children (39.8%) were fully accommodative. The mean deviation without glasses was 28.7 prism dioptres (pd) for near vision and 23.2 pd for distance vision (Table 1). The remaining 62 children (60.2%) were partially accommodative and all had a significant reduction in the angle of deviation with glasses. Four patients (3.9%) had decompensation of a previously controlled deviation requiring surgical correction. Only one child with a fully accommodative esotropia decompensated (2.4%) while three with partially accommodative deviations decompensated (4.8%). BINOCULAR VISION Stereopsis was demonstrated in 92 (89.3%) of children with the Wirt or other stereotests at the most recent examination. The exact number of children with binocular vision at presentation is uncertain owing to the diYculty in determining binocularity in young, uncooperative children. Eleven children (10.7%) demonstrated no evidence of binocular function. All children with fully accommodative deviations had binocular vision. Thirty seven out of 41 (90.2%) of these children had stereopsis of 100 seconds of arc or better. The four remaining children had between 100 and 400 seconds of arc. Among the 62 children with partially accommodative deviations 51 (82.3%) had binocular vision while 11 (17.7%) did not. Of the 51 children with binocular vision only 22 (43.1%) had stereopsis of 100 seconds of arc or better, 14 (27.5%) were between 100 and 400 seconds of arc, and 15 (29.4%) had only gross stereopsis (1500 seconds of arc). All three patients who decompensated requiring surgery were non-binocular. All children with partially accommodative esotropia had a significant reduction in the angle of deviation for both near and distance vision with their hyperopic correction. Those children who demonstrated binocular vision had a mean reduction in the near deviation of 23.5 pd (75.8%); children without detectable binocular function showed a mean reduction in the near deviation of 19.8 pd (67.1%) (Table 1). When the final stereopsis was compared with age of presentation and age at which motor alignment was achieved it was found that higher levels of stereopsis were found in those children who presented later. This finding was common for both full and partially accommodative esotropes. Children who had a final stereopsis of 100 seconds of arc or better presented at a mean age of 55.3 months and were aligned at a mean age of 61.4 months. Children who had a final stereopsis between 100–400 seconds of arc or better presented at a mean age of 45.6 months and were aligned at a mean age of 54.7 months. Children who had a final stereopsis of less than 400 seconds of arc (including non-binocular patients) presented at a mean age of 42.9 months and were aligned at a mean age of 53.3 months. VISUAL ACUITY/AMBLYOPIA Strabismic and or anisometropic amblyopia developed in 63 children (61.2%). Anisometropia was significantly more likely to be present in amblyopic children (80%) than the group as a whole (57%), p = 0.017. Treatment with either occlusion and or atropine penalisation was attempted in all cases of amblyopia. At the most recent examination only 15.5% of the total (16 children) had vision of 6/12 or worse in their amblyopic eye. In other words, 47 out of 63 children (74.6%) had a maintained visual improvement in their amblyopic eye. Of 18 children with no binocular vision, 16 (88.9%) were amblyopic in one eye at the time of presentation. At the most recent examination six (33.3%) of the non-binocular children remained amblyopic. In 91.1% of cases amblyopia was present at the initial visit while in the remaining 8.9% it developed after treatment with glasses had begun. REFRACTION All cycloplegic refractions that had been performed on each child were recorded. The mean refraction for right and left eyes was calculated. The mean cycloplegic refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) plotted against age shows that refraction remained remarkably stable during the follow up period (Fig 1). The mean change in refraction per year was 0.005 D in right eyes (95% confidence limits (CL) −0.0098 to 0.02) and 0.001 D in left eyes (95% CL −0.018 to 0.021). Most eyes showed no change in their refraction and those that did change did so by only a minute degree in nearly Table 1 Reduction in mean angle of deviation with glasses Fully accommodative Partly accommodative/BV* Partly accommodative/no BV* Near 28.7 31 29.5 Distance 23.2 24.8 22.7 Near with glasses 0 7.5 9.7 Distance with glasses 0 4.9 5.3 All figures in prism dioptres (base out). BV = binocular vision. Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia 747 Downloaded from bjo.bmjjournals.com on 2 December 2005

Downloaded frum bjo.bmjoums's.com on 2 December 2006 T4 hl成Caw线gaW 中leertanlegetir是g alignment A very high proportion of our parients (89.3%)had demomatrable binoculu function which compares well with oher stud- ies whene up to 90%achievr RSV As nur results were achieved with an operation rate of omly 3.9%we find no evid:nee tu upport Gobin's caim that 0%of children with refractive scoomnmodative esotropia may Dot Loft eve have HSV preoperatiely and that fro is restored in many ot these children within 1 week of aurgery." 4 10 12 We forand that higher grade xtrmeipeis is associatod with later proentation and moter nw}ahouiy the mnar rgra的专dtm alignment.Thr firdling sugpestx hetter brrne- Ekep presentation.Higber grode binocular vision is al cases (Fig 2).The overall picture was one of associated with late presentation rather than early detecticn and treatment stahility in the decnec of hypenpa. None of our patients was able to completely discard the出hs5 s aod maln:hs5t山ctor四 Amblyopia therapy was sceessful at attaining ent all of山he1ie a maintained in visual acuiry to hettrr than ni(l2 in 74.6%nf capes with a mh- Discussion 线otial reductio0口mblyopia from612%to OCLLAR ALIGNMENT 15.5%ut last follow up.The valoe of Decompensation ot a fally accommodative amblopis thersgy has recently heen ques- ostrop may necur evrn in the presence nf tioned since its etficacy hos never been cooclu apparemtly good binocuar viaion.Our findn sevely prowed in clinical trials."It is our experi- that surpery is nepesary in aceve eculs enee theit mast xmmhlyorrie chalren heneft unment in on步a wery small proportion (2.1%)od cases of fully accommodative refrac- visually fromn treatment with patching and or tw cooerom agrees with previnus stpdic.Vin atpin深malisstion- Noorden and Avilla found that only one cut of 30 parlents (3.3%)sbowed functional deterio raon requiring surgery.'The only exception The relation betwten hyperope and esetrope is well described.A number of articles hawe to this lies with devitoc which develop before 12 moeths of age where apreaimately documenred incremng hyperopis betore the 501%nf initixlly fally cnrrerri devistinne late decompensate and nced surgery."In our study f14 re heem hs heen shown that childnn becm:kss months so we cannot verify this finding Some hoperopic or more myopic after 7 oe 8 years of wathors however advocmte surgery as the treat 22. ment of choice in fully accommodative a population of sccoemedative otropi.?Our finding pomncur with Von caop线，Raah"observed from the age of7a reduction in hyperopie of 0.18 D per year compared with 0.22 D per year in nermal aer our indicatioms fur perfoeming wurgery on these children mpenpie childnen,Othrr shachies have indi- S就d that esotropes may bch:ne different山y"n Several shdies have pmowided some evi. ICNOCLLLAR VISION While the value of stereopsis in eve- dence that wearing glasses may hindet rydy life man be in quexinn.the prexenee of emmetropisation Our findings lend sup binocular sinde vision (BSV)with fusion port to the theory that hyperopic glasses wear in esotropes impedes emmetrepisation.In con- u5L,鱼uyo过partial spectacle c0t6 tion in byperopie chikiren faled to demunstrate sny ■Aght impact un."Fall, as given to chikren in our sudy.render&chil- dren uptically emmetropic whereas rurtial por- rection still leaves the eye opucaly boperopic. Theoretically,ools tall hyperopic correction would therefore be expected to completely inhibit emmetropisation."There Is a growing body or evdence suggesting enironmental influenex in the devdlepmene of refractive 0 ■ errors in human."It has been demonstrated in a rampe of speciex induding primates that in Chuange in ractiun IDyuel the presence of a blurred rutinal image cye Linasr magrrasdan ops outh is altered resulting白重shift toward山 w2 oeran ey se won chaut作ner新hodlowtier mopia.""In addition,primates can display n理O的h粒备天形chatae it ngn compensaory ocalar retractive changes in

all cases (Fig 2). The overall picture was one of stability in the degree of hyperopia. None of our patients was able to completely discard their glasses and maintain satisfactory alignment all of the time. Discussion OCULAR ALIGNMENT Decompensation of a fully accommodative esotropia may occur even in the presence of apparently good binocular vision. Our finding that surgery is necessary to achieve ocular alignment in only a very small proportion (2.4%) of cases of fully accommodative refractive esotropia agrees with previous studies. Von Noorden and Avilla found that only one out of 30 patients (3.3%) showed functional deterioration requiring surgery.3 The only exception to this lies with deviations which develop before 12 months of age where approximately 50% of initially fully corrected deviations later decompensate and need surgery.4 In our study no children presented before the age of 14 months so we cannot verify this finding. Some authors however advocate surgery as the treatment of choice in fully accommodative esotropia.2 5 Our findings concur with Von Noorden and Avilla and we see no reason to alter our indications for performing surgery on these children. BINOCULAR VISION While the functional value of stereopsis in everyday life may be in question,6 the presence of binocular single vision (BSV) with fusion undoubtedly contributes to maintaining alignment.7 A very high proportion of our patients (89.3%) had demonstrable binocular function which compares well with other studies where up to 90% achieve BSV.8 As our results were achieved with an operation rate of only 3.9% we find no evidence to support Gobin’s claim that 50% of children with refractive accommodative esotropia may not have BSV preoperatively and that fusion is restored in many of these children within 1 week of surgery.9 We found that higher grade stereopsis is associated with later presentation and motor alignment. This finding suggests better binocular vision outcome is determined before presentation. Higher grade binocular vision is associated with late presentation rather than early detection and treatment. VISUAL ACUITY Amblyopia therapy was successful at attaining a maintained improvement in visual acuity to better than 6/12 in 74.6% of cases with a substantial reduction in amblyopia from 61.2% to 15.5% at last follow up. The value of amblyopia therapy has recently been questioned since its eYcacy has never been conclusively proved in clinical trials.10 It is our experience that most amblyopic children benefit visually from treatment with patching and or atropine penalisation. CYCLOPLEGIC REFRACTION The relation between hyperopia and esotropia is well described. A number of articles have documented increasing hyperopia before the onset of esotropia.11 12 It has also been shown that hyperopia changes slowly in esotropic children given their full glasses correction.13 It has been shown that children become less hyperopic or more myopic after 7 or 8 years of age.14–16 In a population of accommodative esotropes, Raab17 observed from the age of 7 a reduction in hyperopia of 0.18 D per year compared with 0.22 D per year in normal hyperopic children. Other studies have indicated that esotropes may behave diVerently.11 12 Several studies have provided some evidence that wearing glasses may hinder emmetropisation.4 18–20 Our findings lend support to the theory that hyperopic glasses wear in esotropes impedes emmetropisation. In contrast, a study of partial spectacle correction in hyperopic children failed to demonstrate any impact on emmetropisation.21 Full correction, as given to children in our study, renders children optically emmetropic whereas partial correction still leaves the eye optically hyperopic. Theoretically, only full hyperopic correction would therefore be expected to completely inhibit emmetropisation.22 There is a growing body of evidence suggesting environmental influences in the development of refractive errors in humans.23–26 It has been demonstrated in a range of species including primates that in the presence of a blurred retinal image eye growth is altered resulting in a shift towards myopia.27 28 In addition, primates can display compensatory ocular refractive changes in Figure 1 Graph showing the mean refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) of right and left eyes versus age (years). Mean refraction remains stable throughout the follow up period. 7 6 4 5 3 2 0 1 4 6 8 10 12 Age (years) Refraction (sph equiv (D)) 0 2 Right eye Left eye Figure 2 Histogram of the mean change in refraction per year. This demonstrates that most eyes show little or no change in refraction. 70 60 40 50 30 20 0 10 0.7 to > 0.9 0.9 0.3 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.7 0.1 to 0.3 —0.3 to —0.1 —0.1 to 0.1 Change in refraction (D/year) Linear regression slope No of eyes —0.5 to —0.3 —0.7 to —0.5 —0.9 to —0.7 < —0.9 Right Left 748 Mulvihill, MacCann, Flitcroft, et al Downloaded from bjo.bmjjournals.com on 2 December 2005

response to rearing with spectacle lenses.29 It is therefore quite conceivable that eliminating retinal blur in hyperopic humans with appropriate lenses removes the stimulus for the myopic shift towards emmetropia. In view of this growing body of experimental data, the potential impact of glasses on ocular growth in clinical settings merits further study. Conclusions The great diYculty in evaluating the eYcacy or otherwise of any form of strabismus therapy is the very long follow up period necessary in order to evaluate it accurately. This study clearly shows favourable outcome of treatment in refractive accommodative esotropia albeit with variable duration of follow up. We conclude that glasses remain the treatment of choice in accommodative esodeviations.2 30 We do however feel that more consideration should be given to the long term eVects of wearing the full hyperopic correction as the degree of hyperopia remains unchanged with poor prospects for discontinuing glasses wear. The possibility that long term glasses wear impedes emmetropisation must be considered. It is also conceivable, however, that these children may behave diVerently from normal and be predestined to remain hyperopic. 1 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Basic and clinical science course. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1993;6:255–64. 2 Gobin MH. The surgical correction of accommodative esotropia. In: Tilson G, ed. Advances in amblyopia and strabismus. Transactions of the VII th international orthoptic congress. Nuremberg, Germany: Fahner Verlag, 1991: 105–9. 3 Von-Noorden GK, Avilla CW. Refractive accommodative esotropia: a surgical problem? Int Ophthalmol 1992;16:45– 8. 4 Baker JD, Parks MM. Early-onset accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:11–18. 5 Gobin MH, Bierlagh JJM. Simultaneous horizontal and cyclovertical strabismus surgery. In: Monographs in Ophthalmology 1994;15:76–88. 6 Fielder AR, Moseley MJ. Does stereopsis matter in humans? Eye 1996;109:233–8. 7 Wilson ME, Bluestein EC, Parks MM. Binocularity in accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:233–6. 8 Wick B. Accommodative esotropia: eYcacy of therapy. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;58:562–6. 9 Gobin MH. Binocular vision after surgical correction of accommodative esotropia [La vision binoculaire apres correction churgicale du strabisme accommodatif]. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophtalmol 1985;96:95–7. 10 Moseley MJ, Fielder AR. Occlusion therapy for childhood amblyopia: current concepts in treatment evaluation. In: Vital-Durand F, Atkinson J, Braddick OJ, eds. Infant vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996:383–99. 11 Abrahamsson M, Fabian G, Sjostrand J. Refraction in children developing convergent or divergent strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:723–7. 12 Ingram RM, Gill LE, Goldacre MJ. Emmetropisation and accommodation in hypermetropic children before they show signs of a squint—a preliminary analysis. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1994;253:41–56. 13 Paris V, Andris C, Moutschen A. Benefits of total hypermetropia correction in patients with strabismus [Bienfaits de la correction hypermetropique totale chez les patients strabiques]. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1995;259: 143–53. 14 Brown EVL. Net average yearly changes in refraction of atropinized eyes from birth to beyond midlife. Arch Ophthalmol 1938;19:719–34. 15 Slataper FJ. Age norms of refraction and vision. Arch Ophthalmol 1950;43:466–81. 16 Mantyjarvi MI. Changes of refraction in school children. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:790–2. 17 Raab EL. Hypermetropia in accommodative esodeviation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984;21:64–8. 18 Ingram RM, Arnold PE, Dally S, et al. Emmetropisation, squint, and reduced visual acuity after treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:414–6. 19 Dobson V, Sebris SL, Carlson MR. Do glasses prevent emmetropisation in strabismic infants? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27(ARVO suppl):2. 20 Repka MX, Wellish K, Wisnicki HJ, et al. Changes in refractive error of 94 spectacle treated patients with acquired accommodative esotropia. Binoc Vis 1989;4:15–21. 21 Atkinson J, Braddick O, Bobier B, et al. Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening. Eye 1996;10(part 2):189–98. 22 Flitcroft DI. A model of the contribution of oculomotor and optical factors to emmetropization and myopia. Vis Res 1998;19:2869–79. 23 Tay MT, Au Eong KG, Ng CY, et al. Myopia and educational attainment in 421,116 young Singaporean males. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1992;21:785–91. 24 Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK. Education and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J 1993; 34:489–92. 25 Morgan RW, Speakman JS, Grimshaw SE. Inuit myopia: an environmentally induced “epidemic”? Can Med Assoc J 1975;112:575–7. 26 Zylbermann R, Landau D, Berson D. The influence of study habits on myopia in Jewish teenagers. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:319–22. 27 Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977;266:66–8. 28 Hoyt CS, Stone RD, Fromer C, et al. Monocular axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure in human infants. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;91:197–200. 29 Hung LF, Crawford MLJ, Smith EL. Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys. Nat Med 1995;1:761–5. 30 Jampolsky A, Von-Noorden GK, Spiritus M. Unnecessary surgery in fully refractive accommodative esotropia. Int Ophthalmol 1992;16:129–30. Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia 749 Downloaded from bjo.bmjjournals.com on 2 December 2005

天津职业大学 文本 Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia_眼屈光学

天津职业大学文本 Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia_眼屈光学