上海交通大学：《美国公共政策制定 Public Policy-making in the U.S.》课程教学资源（作业展示）American government shut down.doc_大学文库

American government shut down 张宽5130209352 Background (1)In law The United States Constitution requires government budget should be approved in bills by the congress.Though,some departments founction as the Federal Reserve System are self-bouded,this means they won't suffer the shutdown.However,some departments completely depending on the fund provide by country will suffer a lot if the spending isn't approved.They will shut down. (2)In politics As we all known,America has two party.Only in a few cases,both the senate and the house of representatives are in the charge of one party.Usually,the senate and the house are powered by different party.However,the president will be elected between the two party,and he has the power to form a cabnet which consists minister of some important departments.This means the party in power will in charge of the state.But the opposition party won't accept every policy raised by the ruling party.This time,the 2013 America government shutdown is not the exception. (3)In process The budget process has three main phases,each of which is related to the others: 1.Formulation of the President's Budget; The president should work together with the Office of Management and Budget(OMB)and other Federal agencies to establish a new budget for the budget and next four years and next nine years. 2.Action by the Congress; Once the budget proposals are handed on to the Congress,the Congress will check,approve, modify,and also diapprove it.It also can change the level of the budget proposals,what's more, add some programs not included in the president's proposals. 3.Execution of enacted budget laws. Every government department should use the money strictly according the budget which has been made in to the law.However,it is often that the government departments find the budget isn't enough for use.Then,the Congress will enact a supple-mental appropriation.Also the President has the right to propose to raise or rescind the budget approved by the Congress.But it need to approved by the Congress..【l】 (4)In convention The legislation which fixes government spending is called appropriations legislation.For a long time,Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government-wide spending,often passing "Continuing resolutions(CR)"to extend existing spending law at or near current levels,and"omnibus"bills that combine many appropriations bills into one.Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress.【2】 development course

American government shut down 张宽 5130209352 Background (1)In law The United States Constitution requires government budget should be approved in bills by the congress. Though ,some departments founction as the Federal Reserve System are self-bouded,this means they won’t suffer the shutdown. However, some departments completely depending on the fund provide by country will suffer a lot if the spending isn’t approved. They will shut down. (2) In politics As we all known,America has two party. Only in a few cases, both the senate and the house of representatives are in the charge of one party. Usually, the senate and the house are powered by different party. However, the president will be elected between the two party, and he has the power to form a cabnet which consists minister of some important departments. This means the party in power will in charge of the state. But the opposition party won’t accept every policy raised by the ruling party. This time, the 2013 America government shutdown is not the exception. (3) In process The budget process has three main phases, each of which is related to the others: 1. Formulation of the President’s Budget; The president should work together with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and other Federal agencies to establish a new budget for the budget and next four years and next nine years. 2. Action by the Congress; Once the budget proposals are handed on to the Congress, the Congress will check, approve, modify, and also diapprove it. It also can change the level of the budget proposals, what’s more, add some programs not included in the president’s proposals. 3. Execution of enacted budget laws. Every government department should use the money strictly according the budget which has been made in to the law. However, it is often that the government departments find the budget isn’t enough for use. Then, the Congress will enact a supple-mental appropriation. Also the President has the right to propose to raise or rescind the budget approved by the Congress. But it need to approved by the Congress. 【1】 (4) In convention The legislation which fixes government spending is called appropriations legislation. For a long time, Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government-wide spending, often passing "Continuing resolutions (CR)" to extend existing spending law at or near current levels, and "omnibus" bills that combine many appropriations bills into one. Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress.【2】 development course

(1)Republicans'2010 congressional victory This American government shutdown can be retrospected to the Republicans'2010 congressional victory.The Republican,getting strengthened by the emergence if the Tea Party,finally won back the majority of the seats in the House of Representatives from the democrats.[3]At the time,the jacobinical Repblicans as long as some conservative activists and Tea Party-affiliated politicians, eagered to shut down the government in order to force congressional Democrats and the President to agree to deep cuts in spending and abolish the Obamacare,which had been made into law only a few months earlier.However,the Democrats still in charge of the senate and this cause a serious divarication in both the power and political view.The Republicans hold the view that they must threaten the Democrats by forcing a government shutdown,however,most Democrats and majorty of independent are in favor of reach an compromise.The Democrats propagandized it that if the government shut down,most of the families in the America will suffer a lot from it.But the Republicans confirmed that the American government shutdown won't do much harm to the civilian of the America.They also argued that the reason why the Democrats put on this false propaganda was just to avoid the some policies being abolished.From this we can see an American government shutdown's early shape has already emerged (2)Worsen situation In January 2013,Republican Sen.John Cornyn of Texas wrote that "It may be necessary to partially shut down the government in order to secure the long-term fiscal well being of our country,rather than plod along the path of Greece,Italy and Spain."4]When the Republicans known that the President Obama will go on the second term of his"Obamacare",a group of the conservative activists led by former Reagan administration Attorney General Ed Meese(who is also an emeritus fellow of the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation)[5],began to schedule the plans to stop funding the Affordable Care Act 6]because they think this plan will push American government into debt abyss.What they think was to persuade the whole House of Representatives to stop funding the whole government agencies so that the Democrats must give in,and they will finally accept the result that the Obamacare will be abolished.In this case,the Republicans will win the struggle of the rights finally. In July and August 2013,Sen.Mike Lee,together with fellow Senators which belong to Tea Party Ted Cruz of Texas,【7】Marco Rubio of Florida,【8】and Rand Paul of Kentucky,【9】persuaded their colleagues in the Senate to be in favor of the letter written by Lee calling for stopping funding the Obamacare.The letter was eventually signed by 19 senators,although 5 of the co-signatories later withdrew their support [10]. Freshman Rep.Mark Meadows of North Carolina do the same thing that in the House of Representatives 80 House member sign their name on the open letter.The New York Daily News wrote that it was Meadows'letter that had put the federal government on the road to Shutdown 【11】. The conservative groups use the media to put pressure on the pressure Congressional Republicans who had doubted the strategy into supporting it.And soon it almost become the common view that "We are simply calling to fund the entire government except for the Obamacare."[12]for most of the Republicans of House of Rpresentives.And it seems that if the Democrats will not give up the Obamacare,the government will shut down without doubt. (3)On the verge ofAmerican government shutdown While the Congress failed to reach compromise by the end of September 2013 on the budget for

(1) Republicans' 2010 congressional victory This American government shutdown can be retrospected to the Republicans' 2010 congressional victory. The Republican, getting strengthened by the emergence if the Tea Party,finally won back the majority of the seats in the House of Representatives from the democrats. 【3】At the time, the jacobinical Repblicans as long as some conservative activists and Tea Party-affiliated politicians, eagered to shut down the government in order to force congressional Democrats and the President to agree to deep cuts in spending and abolish the Obamacare, which had been made into law only a few months earlier. However, the Democrats still in charge of the senate and this cause a serious divarication in both the power and political view. The Republicans hold the view that they must threaten the Democrats by forcing a government shutdown, however, most Democrats and majorty of independent are in favor of reach an compromise. The Democrats propagandized it that if the government shut down, most of the families in the America will suffer a lot from it. But the Republicans confirmed that the American government shutdown won’t do much harm to the civilian of the America. They also argued that the reason why the Democrats put on this false propaganda was just to avoid the some policies being abolished. From this we can see an American government shutdown’s early shape has already emerged. (2) Worsen situation In January 2013, Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas wrote that "It may be necessary to partially shut down the government in order to secure the long-term fiscal well being of our country, rather than plod along the path of Greece, Italy and Spain." 【4】When the Republicans known that the President Obama will go on the second term of his “Obamacare”, a group of the conservative activists led by former Reagan administration Attorney General Ed Meese (who is also an emeritus fellow of the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation) 【5】, began to schedule the plans to stop funding the Affordable Care Act【6】because they think this plan will push American government into debt abyss. What they think was to persuade the whole House of Representatives to stop funding the whole government agencies so that the Democrats must give in, and they will finally accept the result that the Obamacare will be abolished. In this case, the Republicans will win the struggle of the rights finally. In July and August 2013, Sen. Mike Lee, together with fellow Senators which belong to Tea Party Ted Cruz of Texas【, 7】Marco Rubio of Florida,【8】and Rand Paul of Kentucky,【9】persuaded their colleagues in the Senate to be in favor of the letter written by Lee calling for stopping funding the Obamacare. The letter was eventually signed by 19 senators, although 5 of the co-signatories later withdrew their support【10】. Freshman Rep. Mark Meadows of North Carolina do the same thing that in the House of Representatives 80 House member sign their name on the open letter. The New York Daily News wrote that it was Meadows' letter that had put the federal government on the road to Shutdown 【11】. The conservative groups use the media to put pressure on the pressure Congressional Republicans who had doubted the strategy into supporting it. And soon it almost become the common view that "We are simply calling to fund the entire government except for the Obamacare."【12】for most of the Republicans of House of Rpresentives. And it seems that if the Democrats will not give up the Obamacare, the government will shut down without doubt. (3) On the verge of American government shutdown While the Congress failed to reach compromise by the end of September 2013 on the budget for

the fiscal year beginning October 1,members of Senate proposed to a resolution to continue funding the government at sequestration levels through December 2013 as a stop-gap measure,to allow more time to negotiate over final funding levels for the full fiscal year [13].However,the Republicans held firmly that the Democrats must renounce the Obamacare in return for the resolution.It seems that the Republicans get the run upon the Democrats.In an interview with Fox news host Sean Hannity,Bachmann said that she believes there has been"strong unity"between conservatives on almost every budget vote.Bachmann said:"This is about the happiest I've seen members in a long time,because we see we are starting to win this dialogue on a national level." [14]But the President Obama along with other Democrats can accept any other condition but never abandon the Obamacare.The president Obama even threatened that he will veto every proposal containing the word about defunding the Obamacare.The American government shutdown was already on the way. (4)American government shutdown A new rule of the continuing resolution which had taken the senate's opnions into cosideration was approved by the House October 1,2013,at 1:10 AM(legislative day September 30).However, the Republicans tried to take strateges not to vote for it so that the rule can never be the real rule. On October 12,2013,Maryland Rep.Chris Van Hollen brought the bill directly to the floor and made a parliamentary inquiry,and required that the chair explain that the rule previously agreed for the bill had changed the Standing Rules so that no House member could move to consider a vote on the appropriations bill,except for the Republican Majority Leader or his designee.[15] As soon as the shutdown had begun on October 1.30 Republicans or more in the House put pressure on the House Speaker John Boehner continually to make him unable to permit a vote on any funding resolution which doesn't contain the important condition that the Obamacare must be abolished or at leasr be delayed.[16]But the Democrats didn't give up,they joined togethet to try to pass an pass a clean continuing resolution without amendments to defund the Obamacare while the House Speaker just refused to bring it to vote as long as it doesn't abandon the Obamacare.In this period,we can see clearly that the conflict has intensified. On October 11,Senator Susan Collins(R-ME)put on a proposal to rise the debt ceiling up and end the shutdown.However,Democrats in the Senate rejected this proposal because it would make locked sequestration budget cuts into law for the next six months.Democratic senators wanted to negotiate an end to sequestration before then.[17] In August 2013,the Treasury informed Congress that in late September,the U.S.would begin to default on its debts unless a new debt ceiling approved before October 17.[18]On October 2, President Obama explicitly connected the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue,stating that he would not reopen budget negotiations until Republicans agreed to passage of a bill raising the debt limit.The Republicans gradually lose their hope in threatenning the Democrats to abandon the Obamacare,in their eyes,the scale of popular will become leanning to the Democrats. It seems most of the citizen were not in favor of the government shutdown.They began to shrink. (5)End of the American government shutdown The Republicans didn't get any substantial progress on the meeting with President Obama and House Republicans(including Boehner,Cantor,and House Budget Committee chair and former vice-presidential nominee Paul Ryan)on Octorber 10.They began to tacked on their caveat. Senators Schumer and Alexander came to an agreement on the 11th and scheduled a meeting between Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and McConnell for the following day.[19)By the

the fiscal year beginning October 1,members of Senate proposed to a resolution to continue funding the government at sequestration levels through December 2013 as a stop-gap measure, to allow more time to negotiate over final funding levels for the full fiscal year【13】. However,the Republicans held firmly that the Democrats must renounce the Obamacare in return for the resolution. It seems that the Republicans get the run upon the Democrats. In an interview with Fox news host Sean Hannity, Bachmann said that she believes there has been "strong unity" between conservatives on almost every budget vote. Bachmann said: "This is about the happiest I've seen members in a long time, because we see we are starting to win this dialogue on a national level." 【14】 But the President Obama along with other Democrats can accept any other condition but never abandon the Obamacare. The president Obama even threatened that he will veto every proposal containing the word about defunding the Obamacare. The American government shutdown was already on the way. (4) American government shutdown A new rule of the continuing resolution which had taken the senate’s opnions into cosideration was approved by the House October 1, 2013, at 1:10 AM (legislative day September 30). However, the Republicans tried to take strateges not to vote for it so that the rule can never be the real rule. On October 12, 2013, Maryland Rep. Chris Van Hollen brought the bill directly to the floor and made a parliamentary inquiry, and required that the chair explain that the rule previously agreed for the bill had changed the Standing Rules so that no House member could move to consider a vote on the appropriations bill, except for the Republican Majority Leader or his designee. 【15】 As soon as the shutdown had begun on October 1, 30 Republicans or more in the House put pressure on the House Speaker John Boehner continually to make him unable to permit a vote on any funding resolution which doesn’t contain the important condition that the Obamacare must be abolished or at leasr be delayed.【16】But the Democrats didn't give up, they joined togethet to try to pass an pass a clean continuing resolution without amendments to defund the Obamacare while the House Speaker just refused to bring it to vote as long as it doesn't abandon the Obamacare. In this period, we can see clearly that the conflict has intensified. On October 11, Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) put on a proposal to rise the debt ceiling up and end the shutdown. However, Democrats in the Senate rejected this proposal because it would make locked sequestration budget cuts into law for the next six months. Democratic senators wanted to negotiate an end to sequestration before then. 【17】 In August 2013, the Treasury informed Congress that in late September, the U.S. would begin to default on its debts unless a new debt ceiling approved before October 17. 【18】 On October 2, President Obama explicitly connected the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue, stating that he would not reopen budget negotiations until Republicans agreed to passage of a bill raising the debt limit. The Republicans gradually lose their hope in threatenning the Democrats to abandon the Obamacare, in their eyes, the scale of popular will become leanning to the Democrats. It seems most of the citizen were not in favor of the government shutdown. They began to shrink. (5) End of the American government shutdown The Republicans didn't get any substantial progress on the meeting with President Obama and House Republicans(including Boehner, Cantor, and House Budget Committee chair and former vice-presidential nominee Paul Ryan) on Octorber 10. They began to tacked on their caveat. Senators Schumer and Alexander came to an agreement on the 11th and scheduled a meeting between Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and McConnell for the following day. 【19】By the

evening of the October 14,Reid and McConnell had likewise reached an agreement.On October 16,Reid and McConnell advanced their proposal,which would fund the government through January 15 at sequestration levels and suspend the debt limit until February 7.The bill passed 81 to 18,with support from all of the Democrats in the Senate and 27 of the Republicans.Eighteen Republicans voted to oppose it..【20】 Though the Republicans push hard to cut the Obamacare from the rule,however,they can't make it.It seems that the Democrats have already have the initiative in hands.In spite of the weaking of the Obamacare.it still researved in the resolution. Effects of the shutdown Opinion surveys conducted after the shutdown had begun showed wide dissatisfaction with the performance of government leaders,especially with members of Congress.More Americans blamed congressional Republicans for the shutdown than blamed congressional Democrats or the President. In domestic.American government shutdown make the GDP of the U.S drop slightly,also,it will be harmful for its domestic tourism as well as the business.And it may decresae the sense of security of the citizens because as a citizen,they will always wants the government to be stable. In abroad,it gives every country in the world a warning that public expenditure should be prudently controlled.Also,they are not in favour of this unproper way of solving the internal affairs which had already kidnapped the other country. In addition,according to the NBC/Wall Street Journal poll,Republican efforts to defund or delay the Affordable Care Act through a government shutdown had caused an increase in popular approval of the law,from 31%,just before the shutdown,to 38%.[21] Reference 【I】reference:BUDGET CONCEPTS AND BUDGET PROCESS”-The White House http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/concepts.pdf 【2】Wiki.”United States federal government shutdown of20l3"”paragraph7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States federal_government_shutdown_of 2013 [3 reference:"Republicans Win House Majority,Make Senate Gains in Wave Election" Published November 02.2010 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/11/02/poll-closing-key-east-coast-races-balance-po wer-line/ [4]Cornyn,John(January 4,2013)."Obama must engage Congress".Houston Chronicle. [5]"Edwin Meese".The Heritage Foundation.Retrieved October 11,2013. [6]Stolberg,Sheryl Gay;McIntyre,Mike(October 5,2013)."A federal budget crisis months in the planning".The New York Times.Retrieved October 11,2013. [7]McLaughlin,Seth(August 7,2013)."Mitt Romney warns against government shutdown to defund Obamacare".The Washington Times. [8]Rowley,James(August 22,2013)."Defunding of Health Law Backed by 80 House Republicans".Bloomberg.Retrieved October 10,2013. 【9】The same as【7】

evening of the October 14, Reid and McConnell had likewise reached an agreement. On October 16, Reid and McConnell advanced their proposal, which would fund the government through January 15 at sequestration levels and suspend the debt limit until February 7. The bill passed 81 to 18, with support from all of the Democrats in the Senate and 27 of the Republicans. Eighteen Republicans voted to oppose it. 【20】 Though the Republicans push hard to cut the Obamacare from the rule, however, they can’t make it. It seems that the Democrats have already have the initiative in hands. In spite of the weaking of the Obamacare, it still researved in the resolution. Effects of the shutdown Opinion surveys conducted after the shutdown had begun showed wide dissatisfaction with the performance of government leaders, especially with members of Congress. More Americans blamed congressional Republicans for the shutdown than blamed congressional Democrats or the President. In domestic,American government shutdown make the GDP of the U.S drop slightly, also, it will be harmful for its domestic tourism as well as the business. And it may decresae the sense of security of the citizens because as a citizen, they will always wants the government to be stable. In abroad, it gives every country in the world a warning that public expenditure should be prudently controlled. Also, they are not in favour of this unproper way of solving the internal affairs which had already kidnapped the other country. In addition, according to the NBC/Wall Street Journal poll, Republican efforts to defund or delay the Affordable Care Act through a government shutdown had caused an increase in popular approval of the law, from 31%, just before the shutdown, to 38%.【21】 Reference 【1】reference:”BUDGET CONCEPTS AND BUDGET PROCESS” - The White House http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/concepts.pdf 【2】Wiki.” United States federal government shutdown of 2013” paragraph 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013 【 3 】 reference:”Republicans Win House Majority, Make Senate Gains in Wave Election” Published November 02, 2010 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/11/02/poll-closing-key-east-coast-races-balance-po wer-line/ 【4】Cornyn, John (January 4, 2013). "Obama must engage Congress". Houston Chronicle. 【5】"Edwin Meese". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved October 11, 2013. 【6】Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; McIntyre, Mike (October 5, 2013). "A federal budget crisis months in the planning". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2013. 【7】McLaughlin, Seth (August 7, 2013). "Mitt Romney warns against government shutdown to defund Obamacare". The Washington Times. 【8】Rowley, James (August 22, 2013). "Defunding of Health Law Backed by 80 House Republicans".Bloomberg. Retrieved October 10, 2013. 【9】The same as 【7】