第五章Chapter5 中国对世界科学技术的贡献 China's Contribution to the World's Science and Technology
第五章 Chapter 5 中国对世界科学技术的贡献 China’s Contribution to the World’s Science and Technology
内容提要Essentials 1.中国古代造纸术和印刷术 Papermaking and Printing Technology of Ancient China 2.中国的丝绸和陶瓷 The Silk and Porcelain of China 3.独特的中医学 The Unique Traditional Chinese Medicine 4.中国古代的数学和天文学成就 Achievements of Mathematics and Astronomy in Ancient China
内容提要 Essentials 1. 中国古代造纸术和印刷术 Papermaking and Printing Technology of Ancient China 2. 中国的丝绸和陶瓷 The Silk and Porcelain of China 3. 独特的中医学 The Unique Traditional Chinese Medicine 4. 中国古代的数学和天文学成就 Achievements of Mathematics and Astronomy in Ancient China
中国古代造纸术和印刷术 Papermaking and Printing Technology of Ancient China
中国古代造纸术和印刷术 Papermaking and Printing Technology of Ancient China
读前思考Pre-reading Questions 1.我们现在可以轻松地利用电脑等电子设备阅读学习，可是你知 道古代的中国人主要是通过什么方式获取知识的吗？中国的造 纸术和印刷术是如何传播到国外的呢？ Nowadays,we can read and learn conveniently with electronic equipment like the computers.Do you know with which method could ancient Chinese people acquire information and knowledge?How did Chinese papermaking and printing technology spread abroad? 2.中国造纸术和印刷术在世界文明的发展和中外文化的传播交流 中有什么样的意义？ What is the significance of Chinese papermaking and printing in the development of world's civilization and communication of Chinese and foreign cultures
读前思考 Pre-reading Questions 1. 我们现在可以轻松地利用电脑等电子设备阅读学习，可是你知 道古代的中国人主要是通过什么方式获取知识的吗？中国的造 纸术和印刷术是如何传播到国外的呢？ Nowadays, we can read and learn conveniently with electronic equipment like the computers. Do you know with which method could ancient Chinese people acquire information and knowledge? How did Chinese papermaking and printing technology spread abroad? 2. 中国造纸术和印刷术在世界文明的发展和中外文化的传播交流 中有什么样的意义？ What is the significance of Chinese papermaking and printing in the development of world’s civilization and communication of Chinese and foreign cultures
中国古代的造纸术 Papermaking Technology in Ancient China >最晚在西汉时，中国已出现了纸。 > By the Western Han Dynasty the Chinese had invented paper. 但当时纸张还没有被广泛使用.人们 主要还是在竹简或木简上写字，然后用绳子 穿起来，叫做“册”，“册”就变成书的量词。 Paper was reserved only for the wealthiest members of society then.Ordinary people continued to use wood or bamboo strips. Such strips would be threaded together with string.One bundle of these strips was known as a ce. 竹简 Bamboo slips used for writing on
最晚在西汉时，中国已出现了纸。 By the Western Han Dynasty the Chinese had invented paper. 但当时纸张还没有被广泛使用. 人们 主要还是在竹简或木简上写字，然后用绳子 穿起来，叫做“册” , “册”就变成书的量词。 Paper was reserved only for the wealthiest members of society then.Ordinary people continued to use wood or bamboo strips. Such strips would be threaded together with string. One bundle of these strips was known as a ce. 竹简 Bamboo slips used for writing on 中国古代的造纸术 Papermaking Technology in Ancient China
> 东汉人蔡伦（约61一121）改进了造纸工艺，纸得以大量生产，并被广泛使用。 > It fell to Cai Lun (61?-121)to finally 漢代造紙工藝流程圖 invent a version of paper we would ②洗滌 ⑧浸灰水 recognize today using crushed ①切麻 hemp and tree bark. ⑤春搗 @打獎 ④蒸煮 ⑧曬紙 ①抄衹 ⑨揭紙 蔡伦像 Portrait of Cai Lun The process of papermaking technology of Han Dynasty
东汉人蔡伦（约61—121）改进了造纸工艺，纸得以大量生产，并被 广泛使用。 It fell to Cai Lun (61?–121) to finally invent a version of paper we would recognize today using crushed hemp and tree bark. 蔡伦像 Portrait of Cai Lun The process of papermaking technology of Han Dynasty
> 公元3至4世纪，纸基本取代了帛、简，成为中国最主要的书写材料，极大地 促进了文化的传播。 > By the 3rd to 4th centuries,paper had almost completely superseded silk, wood and bamboo as the writing medium of choice,having a major impact on the spread of culture and ideas. > 公元6至10世纪的隋唐五代时期，随着雕版印刷术的流行，纸的种类增加了， 各种纸制品普遍应用于生活中。 > The Sui and Tang dynasties of the 6th-10th centuries witnessed an increase in the types of paper being produced. > 11世纪以后，纸除了用来写字、绘画和 印书以外，还被用来印制纸币。 > After the 11th century paper became 宋代的纸币 increasingly more commonly used for “交子” Jiaozi,the paper printing paper money currency used in the Song Dynasty
公元3至4世纪，纸基本取代了帛、简，成为中国最主要的书写材料，极大地 促进了文化的传播。 By the 3rd to 4th centuries, paper had almost completely superseded silk, wood and bamboo as the writing medium of choice, having a major impact on the spread of culture and ideas. 公元6至10世纪的隋唐五代时期，随着雕版印刷术的流行，纸的种类增加了， 各种纸制品普遍应用于生活中。 The Sui and Tang dynasties of the 6th–10th centuries witnessed an increase in the types of paper being produced. 11世纪以后，纸除了用来写字、绘画和 印书以外，还被用来印制纸币。 After the 11th century paper became increasingly more commonly used for printing paper money. 宋代的纸币—— “交子” Jiaozi, the paper currency used in the Song Dynasty
> 造纸术在公元7世纪经朝鲜传入日本，8世纪中期经中亚的撒 马尔罕传到阿拉伯。后由阿拉伯传入了欧洲 By the 7th century the Japanese had received papermaking technology from China via Korea,as had the Arabs via Central Asia during the 8th century.With the continual flow of technology westward from the Arab world it was not long before this technology reached Europe. > 公元12世纪，造纸业在欧洲迅速发展起来。到16世纪，纟 纸张 己在全欧洲流行，取代了传统的羊皮纸。 In the 12th century both Spain and France had established papermaking factories and with that the technology soon caught on across Europe.By the 16th century paper was in widespread use throughout Europe and had replaced parchment as the common medium of writing
造纸术在公元7世纪经朝鲜传入日本，8世纪中期经中亚的撒 马尔罕传到阿拉伯。后由阿拉伯传入了欧洲。 By the 7th century the Japanese had received papermaking technology from China via Korea, as had the Arabs via Central Asia during the 8th century.With the continual flow of technology westward from the Arab world it was not long before this technology reached Europe. 公元12世纪，造纸业在欧洲迅速发展起来。到16世纪，纸张 已在全欧洲流行，取代了传统的羊皮纸。 In the 12th century both Spain and France had established papermaking factories and with that the technology soon caught on across Europe.By the 16th century paper was in widespread use throughout Europe and had replaced parchment as the common medium of writing
印刷术的发明和传播 The Invention and Spread of Printing Technology >中国古代印刷术的发展分为雕版印刷阶段和活字印刷阶段。 > The history of the development of Chinese printing can be divided into two parts,that of wood block printing and that of movable type printing. 令雕版印刷术的发明距今有1300多年的历史。 Wood block printing was invented 1 300 years ago. 唐代佛教十分繁荣，用雕版印刷术刻印了大量的佛经、佛像和宗教画。 中国发现最早的雕板木刻印刷物为甘肃敦煌的《金刚经》。 During the Tang Dynasty the Budddhist religion gained new heights ofpopularity, not least because of the use of printing to mass produce Buddhist classics and holy icons.The earliest surviving printed text in China was the Dunhuang Diamond Sutra
印刷术的发明和传播 The Invention and Spread of Printing Technology 中国古代印刷术的发展分为雕版印刷阶段和活字印刷阶段。 The history of the development of Chinese printing can be divided into two parts, that of wood block printing and that of movable type printing. 雕版印刷术的发明距今有1300多年的历史。 Wood block printing was invented 1 300 years ago. 唐代佛教十分繁荣，用雕版印刷术刻印了大量的佛经、佛像和宗教画。 中国发现最早的雕板木刻印刷物为甘肃敦煌的《金刚经》。 During the Tang Dynasty the Budddhist religion gained new heights ofpopularity, not least because of the use of printing to mass produce Buddhist classics and holy icons.The earliest surviving printed text in China was the Dunhuang Diamond Sutra
此丘泉千二百五十人俱本時世尊食時著永持 和是我開一時佛在会衛国秋樹給秘獨國與大 金刷般若波羅蜜經 永徐灾金 中国发现最早的雕版木刻印刷物 甘肃敦煌的《金刚经》 The earliest wooden printing material in China:block printing Diamond 奉街空除凡会刚 奉詩黄随求金附 衛雅啊 Sutra found in Dunhuang,Gansu 婆婆 Province 网懿班狼露回南 鼓薄的翻南三鳅底 特利到要摩龙下：佛也时额聪 衣静换翰酯范二支回次哆 本乾羅 無婚净光經 督次下亲二五俱品交晚 日本发现的刻印于公元770年的 《陀罗尼经》
中国发现最早的雕版木刻印刷物—— 甘肃敦煌的《金刚经》 The earliest wooden printing material in China: block printing Diamond Sutra found in Dunhuang, Gansu Province. 日本发现的刻印于公元770年的 《陀罗尼经》