Chapter 2 Blood Teachering Hours 4 hours Intensive Teaching:Components,properties and functions of blood;the stages of blood coagulation Nodifor student:Mechanism ofblood coagulation Seaction1 Components and properties of blood 1.Components of blood (1)Plasma:Proteins;Water:Na+:K+;Ca2+;Mg2+... (2)Blood cells:Red blood cells;White blood cells;Platelets Hematocrit:The volume ofred blood cells as a percentage of centrifuged whole blood. The difference between plasmaand serum:There is no fibrinogen in serum. 2.Physical and Chemical properties of blood (1)Specific gravity:depending on hematocrit and protein composition. Whole:1.05~1.06 plasma:1.025~1.035 red blood cells:1.090 (2)Viscosity:related to the hematocrit and protein composition ofblood. (3)Osmotic Pressure: The osmotic pressure ofa solution depends on the number of solute particles in the solution,not on there chemical composition and size. Plasma osmotic pressure: Crystalloid osmotic pressure:pressure generated by all crystal substances, particularly electrolytes.Colloid osmotic pressure:pressure generated by
Chapter 2 Blood Teachering Hours ：4 hours Intensive Teaching：Components, properties and functions of blood; the stages of blood coagulation Nodi for student： Mechanism of blood coagulation Seaction1 Components and properties of blood 1. Components of blood (1)Plasma：Proteins;Water;Na+;K+;Ca2+;Mg2+… (2)Blood cells: Red blood cells; White blood cells; Platelets Hematocrit: The volume of red blood cells as a percentage of centrifuged whole blood. The difference between plasma and serum：There is no fibrinogen in serum. 2. Physical and Chemical properties of blood (1)Specific gravity: depending on hematocrit and protein composition. Whole: 1.05~1.06 plasma: 1.025~1.035 red blood cells: 1.090 (2) Viscosity: related to the hematocrit and protein composition of blood. (3)Osmotic Pressure: The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the number of solute particles in the solution, not on there chemical composition and size. Plasma osmotic pressure: Crystalloid osmotic pressure: pressure generated by all crystal substances, particularly electrolytes. Colloid osmotic pressure: pressure generated by
plasma proteins,particularly albumin.Approximately 25mmHg,but important in maintaining fluid balance (4)Plasma pH Normal range:7.35~7.45 Buffer system: Buffer pair in red blood cells:KHb/HHb:KHb-O2/HHb-O2 Buffer pair in plasma:NaHCO3/H2CO3 Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 3.Functions of blood 1)Transport 2)buffer function 3)regulation ofbody temperature 4)Physiological hoemostasis and protection against foreign substances and organisms Seaction2 Plasma Composition ofplasma and its physiological role 1.Proteins (1)Albumins:60~80%of plasma proteins.produce in liver;most important in maintance of osmotic pressure. (2)Globulins:(a、β、Y) Important for transport of materials through the blood;participate in immunoreaction;produce in liver except y-globulins which are immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes. (3)Fibrinogen:Important in clotting;produce in liver. 2.Lipids
plasma proteins, particularly albumin. Approximately 25mmHg, but important in maintaining fluid balance. (4)Plasma pH Normal range: 7.35~7.45 Buffer system: Buffer pair in red blood cells: KHb/HHb; KHb-O2/HHb-O2 Buffer pair in plasma: NaHCO3/H2CO3;Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 3. Functions of blood 1) Transport 2) buffer function 3) regulation of body temperature 4) Physiological hoemostasis and protection against foreign substances and organisms. Seaction2 Plasma Composition of plasma and its physiological role 1. Proteins (1) Albumins: 60~80% of plasma proteins.produce in liver; most important in maintance of osmotic pressure. (2) Globulins:（α、β、γ） Important for transport of materials through the blood; participate in immunoreaction; produce in liver exceptγ-globulins which are immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes. (3)Fibrinogen: Important in clotting; produce in liver. 2 .Lipids
3.Glucose 4.Inorganic constituents:Nat;K+;Ca2+;Mg2+;Cl Seaction3 Physiology of blood cells 1.Physioloby ofred blood cells The mature red blood cell is a non-nucleated,round biconcave discs having a mean diameter of about 7.8 micrometers,with a average concentration of 4~6x1012/L for human beings.The physiological characteristics of erythrocytes include membrane permeability,plastical deformability,suspension stability,and osmotic fragility.The functions of erythrocytes are the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the buffering of pH.Production of normal erythrocytes requires protein,iron,folic acid, and vitamin B12. (1)Physical and Chemical properties ofred blood cells The mature red blood cell is a non-nucleated,round biconcave discs having a mean diameter of about 7.8 micrometers,with a average concentration of 4~6x1012/L for human beings. (2)physiological characteristics 1 suspensionstability Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR):the distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in an hour. ②osmotic fragility The susceptility of a red blood cell to break apart when expose to saline solutions of a lower osmotic pressure than that ofthe human cellular fluid
3.Glucose 4. Inorganic constituents:Na+;K+;Ca2+;Mg2+;ClSeaction3 Physiology of blood cells 1. Physioloby of red blood cells The mature red blood cell is a non-nucleated, round biconcave discs having a mean diameter of about 7.8 micrometers, with a average concentration of 4~6×1012/L for human beings. The physiological characteristics of erythrocytes include membrane permeability, plastical deformability, suspension stability, and osmotic fragility. The functions of erythrocytes are the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the buffering of pH. Production of normal erythrocytes requires protein, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12. (1) Physical and Chemical properties of red blood cells The mature red blood cell is a non-nucleated, round biconcave discs having a mean diameter of about 7.8 micrometers, with a average concentration of 4~6×1012/L for human beings. (2) physiological characteristics ① suspension stability Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): the distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in an hour. ② osmotic fragility The susceptility of a red blood cell to break apart when expose to saline solutions of a lower osmotic pressure than that of the human cellular fluid
3 plastical deformability (3)Functions: i)Transport O2 and CO2 i)）Buffering (4)Production ofred blood cell i)Produced in the bone marrow ii)Protein,iron,folic acid,and vitamin B12 are essential for red blood cell formation iii)The hormone erythropoietin(EPO),which is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen supply,stimulates red blood cells differentiation and production by the bone marrow.Andorgen stimulate red blood cells production. iv)Red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen and liver. 2 Physioloby of white blood cells (1)Types of white blood cells:neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils,monocytes, lymphocytes. (2)Function:phagocytosis and immunity 3 Platelets Without nucleus,but can secrete a variety of substances.Average lifespan: 7~14days;play an important role in hemostasis. Physiological properties of platelets: (1)Adhesion:platelets adhere to the vessel wall at the site of injury. (2)Aggregation:platelets adhere to one another
③ plastical deformability (3) Functions: i) Transport O2 and CO2 ii) Buffering (4)Production of red blood cell i) Produced in the bone marrow ii) Protein, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 are essential for red blood cell formation iii) The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen supply, stimulates red blood cells differentiation and production by the bone marrow. Andorgen stimulate red blood cells production. iv) Red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen and liver. 2 Physioloby of white blood cells (1) Types of white blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. (2)Function: phagocytosis and immunity 3 Platelets Without nucleus, but can secrete a variety of substances.Average lifespan: 7~14days;play an important role in hemostasis. Physiological properties of platelets: (1)Adhesion: platelets adhere to the vessel wall at the site of injury. (2)Aggregation: platelets adhere to one another
(3)Release:PF3,PF6,etc Seaction4 Hemostasis and Blood coagulation 1.Hemostasis:Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding from an injured blood vessel is arrested or reduced. The stoppage of bleeding is known as hemostasis whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured,hemostasis is achieved by several mechanisms:(1)vascular spasm,(2) formation of a platelet plug,and (3)formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation. 2.Blood coagulation (clotting):Blood coagulation is the transformation of blood into a solid gel termed a clot or thrombus. The clotting cascade occurs in three stages: Dclotting factor X activated and form complex 2prothrombin coverted into thrombin 3fibrinogen coverted into fibrin 3.Anticoagulants (1)Antithrombin III (2)Heparin:interfering primary with the action of thrombin after combing with antithrombin III. 4.Fibrinolysis Seaction5 Blood Group Agglutination would occur in the circulatory system following blood transfusion, if two incompatible types of blood came into contact.The cause of agglutination is an
(3)Release: PF3, PF6, etc. Seaction4 Hemostasis and Blood coagulation 1. Hemostasis: Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding from an injured blood vessel is arrested or reduced. The stoppage of bleeding is known as hemostasis whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured, hemostasis is achieved by several mechanisms: (1) vascular spasm, (2) formation of a platelet plug, and (3) formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation. 2. Blood coagulation (clotting): Blood coagulation is the transformation of blood into a solid gel termed a clot or thrombus. The clotting cascade occurs in three stages: ①clotting factor X activated and form complex ②prothrombin coverted into thrombin ③fibrinogen coverted into fibrin 3. Anticoagulants (1) Antithrombin III (2) Heparin: interfering primary with the action of thrombin after combing with antithrombin III. 4.Fibrinolysis Seaction5 Blood Group Agglutination would occur in the circulatory system following blood transfusion, if two incompatible types of blood came into contact. The cause of agglutination is an
antigen-antibody reaction.The erythrocyte membrane includes specific glycolipids which are called agglutinogens.The specific antibodies that react with these agglutinogens of the erythrocyte membrane are dissolved in the plasma and called agglutinins. Blood groups antigen antibody A A Anti-B B B Anti-A AB A and B neither 0 neither Anti-A and anti-B
antigen-antibody reaction. The erythrocyte membrane includes specific glycolipids which are called agglutinogens. The specific antibodies that react with these agglutinogens of the erythrocyte membrane are dissolved in the plasma and called agglutinins. Blood groups antigen antibody A A Anti-B B B Anti-A AB A and B neither O neither Anti-A and anti-B