Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Metabolism Waste products Nutrients for Biosynthesis Energy Enexg时auce
Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Metabolism
Chapter outline 6.1 Nutrient requirements 6.2 Nutritional types of microorganisms 6.3 Uptake of nutrients by the cell 6.3 Culture Media 6.4 An Overview of Metabolism 6.5 Fermentation:The Embden-Meyerhof Pathway 6.6 Respiration and Electron Transport 6.7 The Balance Sheet of Aerobic Respiration and Energy Storage 6.8 An Overview of Alternate Modes of Energy Generation 6.9 Biosynthesis of Monomers 6.10 Nitrogen fixation
6.1 Nutrient requirements 6.2 Nutritional types of microorganisms 6.3 Uptake of nutrients by the cell 6.3 Culture Media 6.4 An Overview of Metabolism 6.5 Fermentation: The Embden-Meyerhof Pathway 6.6 Respiration and Electron Transport 6.7 The Balance Sheet of Aerobic Respiration and Energy Storage 6.8 An Overview of Alternate Modes of Energy Generation 6.9 Biosynthesis of Monomers 6.10 Nitrogen fixation Chapter outline
Concepts ● Microorganisms require about 10 elements in large quantities, in part because they are used to construct carbohydrates, lipids,proteins,and nucleic acids.Several other elements are needed in very small amount and are parts of enzymes and cofactors. All microorganisms can be placed in one of a few nutritional categories on the bases of their requirements for carbon, energy and hydrogen atoms or electrons. Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable plasma membranes through passive diffusion. They must be transported by one of three major mechanisms involving the use of membrane carrier proteins
Concepts Microorganisms require about 10 elements in large quantities, in part because they are used to construct carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Several other elements are needed in very small amount and are parts of enzymes and cofactors. All microorganisms can be placed in one of a few nutritional categories on the bases of their requirements for carbon, energy and hydrogen atoms or electrons. Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable plasma membranes through passive diffusion. They must be transported by one of three major mechanisms involving the use of membrane carrier proteins
6.1 Nutrient requirements concepts: Microorganisms require about ten elements in large quantities,because they are used to construct carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,and nucleic acids Several other elements are needed in very small amounts and are parts of enzymes and cofactors
Microorganisms require about ten elements in large quantities, because they are used to construct carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Several other elements are needed in very small amounts and are parts of enzymes and cofactors. Concepts: 6.1 Nutrient requirements
Macronutrients 95%or more of cell dry weight is made up of a few major elements:carbon,oxygen,hydrogen, nitrogen,sulfur,phosphorus,potassium, calcium,magnesium and iron. The first six C,H,O,N,P and S)are components of carbohydrates,lipids,proteins and nucleic acids
Macronutrients • 95% or more of cell dry weight is made up of a few major elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. • The first six ( C, H, O, N, P and S) are components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Trace Elements Microbes require very small amounts of other mineral elements,such as iron,copper, molybdenum,and zinc;these are referred to as trace elements.Most are essential for activity of certain enzymes,usually as cofactors
Trace Elements Microbes require very small amounts of other mineral elements, such as iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc; these are referred to as trace elements. Most are essential for activity of certain enzymes, usually as cofactors
Growth Factors (1)Amino acids (2)Purines and pyrimidines, (3)Vitamins Amino acids for protein synthesis Purines and pyrimidines for nucleic acid synthesis. Vitamins are small organic molecules that usually make up all or part enzyme cofactors,and only very small amounts are required for growth
Growth Factors Amino acids for protein synthesis Purines and pyrimidines for nucleic acid synthesis. Vitamins are small organic molecules that usually make up all or part enzyme cofactors, and only very small amounts are required for growth. (1)Amino acids (2) Purines and pyrimidines, (3) Vitamins
6.2 Nutritional types of microorganisms Major nutritional Sources of energy, Representative type hydrogen/electrons, microorganisms and carbon Photoautotroph Light energy,inorganic Algae,Purple and (Photolithotroph) hydrogen/electron(H/e)donor, green bacteria, CO2 carbon source Cyanobacteria Photoheterotroph Light energy,inorganic H/e Purple nonsulfur (Photoorganotroph) donor, bacteria, Organic carbon source Green sulfur bacteria Chemoautotroph Chemical energy source Sulfur-oxdizing (Chemolithotroph) (inorganic),Inorganic H/e bacteria,Hydrogen donor,CO2carbon source bacteria, Nitrifying bacteria Chemoheterotroph Chemical energy source Most bacteria,fungi, (Chenoorganotroph) (organic),Organic H/e donor, protozoa Organic carbon source
Major nutritional type Sources of energy, hydrogen/electrons, and carbon Representative microorganisms Photoautotroph (Photolithotroph) Light energy, inorganic hydrogen/electron(H/e- ) donor, CO2 carbon source Algae, Purple and green bacteria, Cyanobacteria Photoheterotroph (Photoorganotroph) Light energy, inorganic H/edonor, Organic carbon source Purple nonsulfur bacteria, Green sulfur bacteria Chemoautotroph (Chemolithotroph) Chemical energy source (inorganic), Inorganic H/edonor, CO2 carbon source Sulfur-oxdizing bacteria, Hydrogen bacteria, Nitrifying bacteria Chemoheterotroph (Chenoorganotroph) Chemical energy source (organic), Organic H/e- donor, Organic carbon source Most bacteria, fungi, protozoa 6.2 Nutritional types of microorganisms
Photoautotroph Algae,Cyanobacteria CO2+H2O Light +Chlorophyll(CH2O)+O2 Purple and green bacteria CO2+2H2S Light +bacteriochlorophyll(CH2O+H2O+2S Photoheterotroph Purple nonsulfur bacteria(Rhodospirillum) CO2+2CH3CHOHCH3 Light +bacteriochlorophyll (CH2O) H2O+2CH3COCH3
Algae, Cyanobacteria CO2 + H2O Light + Chlorophyll （CH2O） +O2 Purple and green bacteria CO2 + 2H2S Light + bacteriochlorophyll（CH2O） + H2O + 2S Purple nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillum) CO2 + 2CH3CHOHCH3 Light + bacteriochlorophyll（CH2O） + H2O + 2CH3COCH3 Photoautotroph Photoheterotroph
Properties of microbial photosynthetic systems Property Cyanobacteria Green and purple Purple nonsulfur bacteria bacteria Photo-pigment Chlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll O2 production Yes No No Electron donors H2O H2,H2S,S H2,H2S,S Carbon source C02 C02 Organic /CO2 Primary products of ATP NADPH ATP ATP energy conversion
Property Cyanobacteria Green and purple bacteria Purple nonsulfur bacteria Photo - pigment Chlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll O2 production Yes No No Electron donors H2O H2, H2S, S H2, H2S, S Carbon source CO2 CO2 Organic / CO2 Primary products of energy conversion ATP + NADPH ATP ATP Properties of microbial photosynthetic systems