《社会科学研究方法》课程教学资源：SPSS Software_PASW Statistics 17（SPSS 17）Part 1：Descriptive Statistics

PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17) Part 1:Descriptive Statistics INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY,LOS ANGELES Version 1.1 Winter 2010 Table of Contents Intr0 ductic0n… 2 Downloading the Data Files.......... 2 Starting PASW Statistics....... 2 The PASW Statistics Window... 3 Data View.… Variable View........ .4 Creating a Data File........ Defining Variables........... .4 Data Entry.… 6 Descriptive Statistics......... 7 Frequency Analysis 7 Crosstabs......... .9 Data Manipulation...... 10 Select Cases...... 10 Splitting a File. .12 Find and Replace 13 Reporting......... 14 Appendix… 15 For additional handouts,visit http://www.calstatela.edu/handouts

For additional handouts, visit http://www.calstatela.edu/handouts. PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17) Part 1: Descriptive Statistics INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES Version 1.1 Winter 2010 Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................2 Downloading the Data Files ..........................................................................................................2 Starting PASW Statistics ...............................................................................................................2 The PASW Statistics Window.......................................................................................................3 Data View....................................................................................................................................3 Variable View .............................................................................................................................4 Creating a Data File .......................................................................................................................4 Defining Variables ......................................................................................................................4 Data Entry ...................................................................................................................................6 Descriptive Statistics ......................................................................................................................7 Frequency Analysis .....................................................................................................................7 Crosstabs .....................................................................................................................................9 Data Manipulation .......................................................................................................................10 Select Cases ...............................................................................................................................10 Splitting a File ...........................................................................................................................12 Find and Replace .......................................................................................................................13 Reporting ......................................................................................................................................14 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................15

Introduction PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software.This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys,tests,observations,etc.It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions,including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data.Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis.These include 1)descriptive statistics,such as frequencies,central tendency,plots,charts,and lists;and 2)sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures,such as analysis of variance(ANOVA),factor analysis, cluster analysis,and categorical data analysis.PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research,though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout(Descriptive Statistics)introduces basic skills necessary to run PASW Statistics.It includes how to create a data file and run descriptive statistics.It is especially tailored to answer three research questions formulated in the sample survey questionnaire,eventually giving users an overview of how PASW Statistics can be used for survey research.The three research questions formulated in the sample survey are as follows: 1.What kind of computer do people prefer to own? 2.What color do people prefer for their computer? 3.Is computer color preference different between genders? Downloading the Data Files This handout includes sample data files that can be used for hands-on practice.The data files are stored in a self-extracting archive.The archive must be downloaded and executed in order to extract the data files. The data files used with this handout are available for download at http://www.calstatela.edu/its/training/datafiles/pasw17p1.exe. Instructions on how to download and extract the data files are available at http://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/download.php. Starting PASW Statistics The following steps are for starting PASW 因PASW Statistics17.D Statistics 17 using the computers in the tlke to o ? Run the tuorisl Open Access Labs(OALs).The steps for Iype in data starting the program at home or on other computers may be slightly different. 1 re n guryng Databe Waard To start PASW Statistics 17: ⊙g0 1.Click the Start button,point to All More Fes CDocuertsndStingg DeaktopSPSS17Part C:Doouents and Setngsnngl Desitop/SPS517_3_ Programs,point to Course Work COocuents and Setngsrngl Deskop/SPSS17_3_d DCC17Datdicareen.A point to SPSS Inc,point to PASW Open encther type oft Te Statistics 17,and select PASW Statistics 17.The PASW Statistics 17 dialog box opens(see Figure 1). 2.Click the Cancel button to create a new data file. Figure 1-PASW Statistics 17 Dialog Box PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17).Part 1 2

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 2 Introduction PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software. This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include 1) descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and 2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout (Descriptive Statistics) introduces basic skills necessary to run PASW Statistics. It includes how to create a data file and run descriptive statistics. It is especially tailored to answer three research questions formulated in the sample survey questionnaire, eventually giving users an overview of how PASW Statistics can be used for survey research. The three research questions formulated in the sample survey are as follows: 1. What kind of computer do people prefer to own? 2. What color do people prefer for their computer? 3. Is computer color preference different between genders? Downloading the Data Files This handout includes sample data files that can be used for hands-on practice. The data files are stored in a self-extracting archive. The archive must be downloaded and executed in order to extract the data files.  The data files used with this handout are available for download at http://www.calstatela.edu/its/training/datafiles/pasw17p1.exe.  Instructions on how to download and extract the data files are available at http://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/download.php. Starting PASW Statistics The following steps are for starting PASW Statistics 17 using the computers in the Open Access Labs (OALs). The steps for starting the program at home or on other computers may be slightly different. To start PASW Statistics 17: 1. Click the Start button, point to All Programs, point to Course Work, point to SPSS Inc, point to PASW Statistics 17, and select PASW Statistics 17. The PASW Statistics 17 dialog box opens (see Figure 1). 2. Click the Cancel button to create a new data file. Figure 1 – PASW Statistics 17 Dialog Box

The PASW Statistics Window The Data Editor window opens with two view tabs:Data View and Variable View.The Data View is used for data input,and the Variable View is used for adding variables and defining variable properties (e.g.,modifying attributes of variables).As displayed in Figure 2,the Data Editor window includes several components.The Title bar displays the name of the current file and the application.The Menu bar allows you to access various commands that are grouped according to function.The Toolbar provides shortcuts to commonly used menu commands. Title Bar ◆IdePAS Suathties Data . Menu Bar Toolbar Variable Cell Data View Variable View Figure 2-PASW Statistics Data Editor Window Data View When PASW Statistics is launched,the Data Editor window opens in Data View,which looks similar to a Microsofi Excel spreadsheet (which is just an array of rows and columns).The difference is that the rows and columns in Data View are referred to as cases and variables, respectively (see Table 1). Table 1-Elements in Data View Element Description Variable Each column represents a variable.Any survey questionnaire item or test item can be a variable.Commonly defined variable types are numeric or string.When defining variables as numeric,users need to specify decimal places.Variable names can be up to 256 characters long and must start with a letter.Make variable names meaningful and easily recognizable. Case Each row represents a case.The participants in the study can be cases.For example,if 100 participants are involved in your study,then 100 cases (or rows) of information should be generated.Responses to the question items should be entered consistently from left to right for each participant. PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17),Part 1 3

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 3 The PASW Statistics Window The Data Editor window opens with two view tabs: Data View and Variable View. The Data View is used for data input, and the Variable View is used for adding variables and defining variable properties (e.g., modifying attributes of variables). As displayed in Figure 2, the Data Editor window includes several components. The Title bar displays the name of the current file and the application. The Menu bar allows you to access various commands that are grouped according to function. The Toolbar provides shortcuts to commonly used menu commands. Figure 2 – PASW Statistics Data Editor Window Data View When PASW Statistics is launched, the Data Editor window opens in Data View, which looks similar to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (which is just an array of rows and columns). The difference is that the rows and columns in Data View are referred to as cases and variables, respectively (see Table 1). Table 1 – Elements in Data View Element Description Variable Each column represents a variable. Any survey questionnaire item or test item can be a variable. Commonly defined variable types are numeric or string. When defining variables as numeric, users need to specify decimal places. Variable names can be up to 256 characters long and must start with a letter. Make variable names meaningful and easily recognizable. Case Each row represents a case. The participants in the study can be cases. For example, if 100 participants are involved in your study, then 100 cases (or rows) of information should be generated. Responses to the question items should be entered consistently from left to right for each participant

Element Description Cell A cell is an intersection between cases and variables.Each response to a survey question should be entered in a cell for each participant according to the defined variable data types. Variable View Variable View is where variables are defined by assigning variable names and specifying the attributes,such as data type (String,Date,Numeric,etc.),value labels,and measurement scales (Nominal,Ordinal,or Scale).Users can think of Variable View as the backbone structure for the Data View;data cannot be entered nor viewed without first defining variables in Variable View (see Table 2). Table 2-Elements in Variable View Element Description Variable Name PASW Statistics will initially give a default variable name(var00001)that users can change.It is recommended to assign a brief and meaningful name to variables (e.g.,Name,Gender,and GPA). Variable Type The variable type determines how the cases are entered.Generally,text- based characters are of String type and number-based characters are of Numeric type.For example,if a user has a variable called Name,then its variable type should be String.Similarly,a variable named GPA should be a Numeric type with (normally two)decimal places. Value Labels Value labels allow users to describe what the variable name stands for.For example,if a variable has been defined as Fav,most likely others may not know what it stands for.To avoid misinterpretation,value labels can be utilized to clearly define variable names. Creating a Data File Creating a new PASW Statistics data file consists of two stages:(1)defining variables and(2) entering the data.Defining the variables involves multiple processes and requires careful planning.Once the variables have been defined,the data can then be added. Defining Variables First,variable names based on your research questionnaire need to be assigned.If variable names are not assigned,PASW Statistics will assign default names that may not be recognizable. Second,the Type attribute should be specified for each variable.If necessary,assign labels to values to help all users of the file understand the data better. To define variables (example): 1.Click the Variable View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window(see Figure 3). 2.Type Name in the first cell under the Name column and press the Enter key. 3.Under the Type column,click the Ellipses button.The Variable Type dialog box opens (see Figure 4). 4.Select the String option. PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17),Part 1 4

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 4 Element Description Cell A cell is an intersection between cases and variables. Each response to a survey question should be entered in a cell for each participant according to the defined variable data types. Variable View Variable View is where variables are defined by assigning variable names and specifying the attributes, such as data type (String, Date, Numeric, etc.), value labels, and measurement scales (Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale). Users can think of Variable View as the backbone structure for the Data View; data cannot be entered nor viewed without first defining variables in Variable View (see Table 2). Table 2 – Elements in Variable View Element Description Variable Name PASW Statistics will initially give a default variable name (var00001) that users can change. It is recommended to assign a brief and meaningful name to variables (e.g., Name, Gender, and GPA). Variable Type The variable type determines how the cases are entered. Generally, text￾based characters are of String type and number-based characters are of Numeric type. For example, if a user has a variable called Name, then its variable type should be String. Similarly, a variable named GPA should be a Numeric type with (normally two) decimal places. Value Labels Value labels allow users to describe what the variable name stands for. For example, if a variable has been defined as Fav, most likely others may not know what it stands for. To avoid misinterpretation, value labels can be utilized to clearly define variable names. Creating a Data File Creating a new PASW Statistics data file consists of two stages: (1) defining variables and (2) entering the data. Defining the variables involves multiple processes and requires careful planning. Once the variables have been defined, the data can then be added. Defining Variables First, variable names based on your research questionnaire need to be assigned. If variable names are not assigned, PASW Statistics will assign default names that may not be recognizable. Second, the Type attribute should be specified for each variable. If necessary, assign labels to values to help all users of the file understand the data better. To define variables (example): 1. Click the Variable View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window (see Figure 3). 2. Type Name in the first cell under the Name column and press the Enter key. 3. Under the Type column, click the Ellipses button . The Variable Type dialog box opens (see Figure 4). 4. Select the String option

5.Click the OK button. 16 Variable Type ☒ 4 ○meric Data View Variable View comma Characters:8 ODot Figure 3-Variable View Tab Scientific notation ODate Dollar OCustom currency ⊙String OK Cancel Help Figure 4-Variable Type Dialog Box 6.Type Gender in row two under the Name column. 7.Activate the cell in row two under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 8.Type What is your gender?in row two under the Label column. 9.Click the Ellipses button in row two under the Values column.The Value Labels dialog box opens(see Figure 5). 10.Type 1 in the Value box. 11.Type female in the Label box. 12.Click the Add button. 13.Repeat steps 10 through 12 using a value of 2 and a label of male. Value Labels Value Labels Value:2 Spelling... Labet malel Add 1-"female" Change Remove OK Cancel Help Figure 5-Value Labels Dialog Box(Gender) 14.Click the OK button. 15.Type GPA in row three under the Name column and press the Enter key 16.Type Age in row four under the Name column. 17.Click row four under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 18.Type What is your age?in row four under the Label column. 19.In row four under the Values column,click the Ellipses button.The Value Labels dialog box opens(see Figure 6). 20.Type 1 in the Value box 21.Type 19 or younger in the Label box. 22.Click the Add button. PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17),Part 1 5

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 5 5. Click the OK button. Figure 3 – Variable View Tab Figure 4 – Variable Type Dialog Box 6. Type Gender in row two under the Name column. 7. Activate the cell in row two under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 8. Type What is your gender? in row two under the Label column. 9. Click the Ellipses button in row two under the Values column. The Value Labels dialog box opens (see Figure 5). 10. Type 1 in the Value box. 11. Type female in the Label box. 12. Click the Add button. 13. Repeat steps 10 through 12 using a value of 2 and a label of male. Figure 5 – Value Labels Dialog Box (Gender) 14. Click the OK button. 15. Type GPA in row three under the Name column and press the Enter key. 16. Type Age in row four under the Name column. 17. Click row four under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 18. Type What is your age? in row four under the Label column. 19. In row four under the Values column, click the Ellipses button. The Value Labels dialog box opens (see Figure 6). 20. Type 1 in the Value box. 21. Type 19 or younger in the Label box. 22. Click the Add button

23.Repeat steps 20 through 22 for values 2 through 5 and label them as shown in Table 3 (you may also refer back to the sample questionnaire).See Figure 6 for the results. 24.Click the OK button. Table 3-Value Labels Value Label 2 20-23 3 24-27 4 28-31 5 32 or over Value Labels ☒ -Value Labels Spelling... Label:32 or over Add 1 ="19 or younger' 2="20-23" Change 3■"24-27" Remove 4="28.31" OK Cancel Help Figure 6-Value Labels Dialog Box (Age) Data Entry After defining the variables,users can enter data for each case.If variables are defined as having a Numeric data type,then numeric data should be entered.PASW Statistics will only accept numeric digits(0-9)for a Numeric data type.If variables are defined as String data,any keyboard character can be entered. To enter data: 1.Click the Data View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window(see Figure 7). 2.Click in a cell and type the corresponding data.The entry will also appear in the Cell Editor (see Figure 8). 13 'iew Data Transform Analyze Graphs 14 回的→兰屏：轔帽血 4 John name gender age Cell Editor Data View Variable View John Figure 8-Data Entry Figure 7-Data View Tab PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17),Part 1 6

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 6 23. Repeat steps 20 through 22 for values 2 through 5 and label them as shown in Table 3 (you may also refer back to the sample questionnaire). See Figure 6 for the results. 24. Click the OK button. Table 3 – Value Labels Value Label 2 20-23 3 24-27 4 28-31 5 32 or over Figure 6 – Value Labels Dialog Box (Age) Data Entry After defining the variables, users can enter data for each case. If variables are defined as having a Numeric data type, then numeric data should be entered. PASW Statistics will only accept numeric digits (0-9) for a Numeric data type. If variables are defined as String data, any keyboard character can be entered. To enter data: 1. Click the Data View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window (see Figure 7). 2. Click in a cell and type the corresponding data. The entry will also appear in the Cell Editor (see Figure 8). Figure 7 – Data View Tab Cell Editor Figure 8 – Data Entry

Descriptive Statistics After data has been entered,users may begin analyzing the data by using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics are the most commonly used statistics for summarizing data frequency or measures of central tendency(mean,median,and mode). Research Question 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own? Frequency Analysis We can use frequency analysis to answer the first research question.Frequency analysis is a descriptive statistical method that shows the number of occurrences of each response chosen by the respondents.When using frequency analysis,PASW Statistics can also calculate the mean, median,and mode to help users analyze the results and draw conclusions.The following example will use a frequency analysis to answer "Research Question 1:What kind of computer do people prefer to own?"using the data collected from our sample survey(see Appendix). To perform frequency analysis: 1.Click the Open buttonon the Data Editor toolbar.The Open Data dialog box opens. 2.Locate and open the Part 1.sav file. 3.Click the Analyze menu,point to Descriptive Statistics,and select Frequencies(see Figure 9).The Frequencies dialog box opens (see Figure 10). 4. Select the variable(s)desired to be analyzed.In this case,select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 5. Click the transfer arrow button.The selected variable is moved to the Variable(s)list box. 6. Select the Display frequency tables check box if necessary. Analyze Graphs Utilities Add-ons Window Help 因Frequencies ☒ Reports ，e● Variable(s】 Statistics Descriptive Statistics 123 Erequencies... A a name Computer Owned [com Descriptives... Gender [gender] Charts... Tables Age [age] Compare Means Explore... Eormat.. income [income] General Linear Model pi☒Crosstabs.n Generalized Linear Models y区Ratio.. Ciass Status [classsta] Computer Used [comus. Mixed Models 图e.PPlots.. 2 color[color】 Correlate 因g-Plots. Figure 9-Frequency Analysis from Analyze Menu Display frequency tables OK Paste Reset Cancel Help Figure 10-Frequencies Dialog Box 7.Click the Statistics button.The Frequencies:Statistics dialog box opens(see Figure 11). 8. Select the Mean,Median,and Mode check boxes in the Central Tendency section; select the Std.deviation check box in the Dispersion section. PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17).Part 1 7

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 7 Descriptive Statistics After data has been entered, users may begin analyzing the data by using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics are the most commonly used statistics for summarizing data frequency or measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode). Research Question # 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own? Frequency Analysis We can use frequency analysis to answer the first research question. Frequency analysis is a descriptive statistical method that shows the number of occurrences of each response chosen by the respondents. When using frequency analysis, PASW Statistics can also calculate the mean, median, and mode to help users analyze the results and draw conclusions. The following example will use a frequency analysis to answer “Research Question # 1: What kind of computer do people prefer to own?” using the data collected from our sample survey (see Appendix). To perform frequency analysis: 1. Click the Open button on the Data Editor toolbar. The Open Data dialog box opens. 2. Locate and open the Part 1.sav file. 3. Click the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics, and select Frequencies (see Figure 9). The Frequencies dialog box opens (see Figure 10). 4. Select the variable(s) desired to be analyzed. In this case, select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 5. Click the transfer arrow button . The selected variable is moved to the Variable(s) list box. 6. Select the Display frequency tables check box if necessary. Figure 9 – Frequency Analysis from Analyze Menu Figure 10 – Frequencies Dialog Box 7. Click the Statistics button. The Frequencies: Statistics dialog box opens (see Figure 11). 8. Select the Mean, Median, and Mode check boxes in the Central Tendency section; select the Std. deviation check box in the Dispersion section

Frequencies:Statistics ☒ Percentile Values Central Tendency ☐Quartiles ☑Mean ☐o达poin for:o equal groups ☑Median ☑Mece Add ☐sum Eemove Vatues are group midpoints Dispersion- Distribution- ☑std,devistion☐Minimum ☐Skewness ☐Yariance ☐Mazimum ☐Kurtosis ☐Renge ☐S.E.mean Cancel Help Figure 11-Frequencies:Statistics Dialog Box 9.Click the Continue button.This returns you to the Frequencies dialog box. 10.Click the OK button.An Output Viewer window opens and displays the statistics and frequency table(see Figure 12).The columns of the table Computer Owned display the Frequency,Percent,Valid Percent,and Cumulative Percent for each different type of computer owned. Frequencies [DataSet1]C:Documents and Settings\sstp\Desktop\Do Not Delete\part1.sa Statistics Computer owned N Valid 74 Missing Mean Median Mode 3 Std.Deviation 912 Compurter Owned Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Toshiba 3 3.8 4.1 Apole 10 12.5 13.5 17.6 I旧M or Compatible 49 61.3 66.2 83.8 Other 3.8 4.1 87.8 None 11.3 12.2 100.0 Total 74 92.5 100.0 Missing System 6 7.5 Total 80 100.0 Figure 12-Frequencies Output The measures of central tendency (mean,median,and mode)can be used to summarize various types of data.Mode can be used for nominal data,such as computer type,computer color, ethnicity,etc.Mean or median can be used for interval/ratio data,such as test scores,age,etc. The mean is also useful for data with a skewed distribution. Answer to Research Question 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own? PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17).Part 1 8

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 8 Figure 11 – Frequencies: Statistics Dialog Box 9. Click the Continue button. This returns you to the Frequencies dialog box. 10. Click the OK button. An Output Viewer window opens and displays the statistics and frequency table (see Figure 12). The columns of the table Computer Owned display the Frequency, Percent, Valid Percent, and Cumulative Percent for each different type of computer owned. Figure 12 – Frequencies Output The measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) can be used to summarize various types of data. Mode can be used for nominal data, such as computer type, computer color, ethnicity, etc. Mean or median can be used for interval/ratio data, such as test scores, age, etc. The mean is also useful for data with a skewed distribution. Answer to Research Question # 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own?

Answer:IBM or Compatible Explanation:Look at question 7 in the Sample Survey.Notice that option 3 is IBMor Compatible.In the output Statistics table,the mode for Computer Owned is 3,which is IBM or Compatible.In addition,the frequency analysis results for Computer Owned indicates that 49 out of 80 people own an IBM or Compatible computer.This can be considered their preference. Research Question 2 What color do people prefer for their computer? Crosstabs Crosstabs are used to examine the relationship between two variables.To answer the second research question,users will need to analyze two variables:Computer Owned and Color(which indicates color preference).Using crosstabs will show the intersection between these two variables and reveal the computer type and color preferred by most people. To perform a crosstabs analysis: 1.In Data View,click the Analyze menu,point to Descriptive Statistics,and select Crosstabs(see Figure 13).The Crosstabs dialog box opens. 2.Select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 3.Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Row(s)list box 4. Select the variable color (see Figure 14). 5.Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Column(s)list box. 6. Click the OK button.An Output Viewer window opens and displays two tables:Case Processing Summary and the Crosstabulation matrix(see Figure 15). Bnalyze Graphs Utiities Add-ons Wndow Help 图Crosstabs ☒ Reports +色●应 Row(s): Descriptive Statistics 123 Erequencies. Statistics. da name Computer Owned [comown. Tables Descriptives.. Gender [gender] Cels. Compare Means Explore... Age [age] Eormat... General Linear Model 目3gro8 stabs. 号income [income] Column(s) Generaized Linear Models Ratio... Miged Models →图B-PPkots. Class Status [classsta] Computer Used [comused] Correlate 因Q-Plots. color [color] -Layer 1 of 1- Regression 2.66 Loglinear 3.45 Classify 2.99 Dimension Reduction 3.67 Scale 3.00 Nonparametric Tests 3.27 Forecasting 3.65 Display clustered ber charts Survival 3.32 ☐Suppress tebles Mutiple Response 3.79 Reset Cancel Help 3 Misng Value Aneysis.… 3.44 Mutiple Imputation 2.11 Figure 14-Crosstabs Dialog Box Qualty Control 3.67 ☑ROC Curye. 3.00 色mos7. 2.37 Figure 13-Crosstab Analysis from Analyze Menu PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17).Part 1 9

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 9 Answer: IBM or Compatible Explanation: Look at question # 7 in the Sample Survey. Notice that option # 3 is IBM or Compatible. In the output Statistics table, the mode for Computer Owned is 3, which is IBM or Compatible. In addition, the frequency analysis results for Computer Owned indicates that 49 out of 80 people own an IBM or Compatible computer. This can be considered their preference. Research Question # 2 What color do people prefer for their computer? Crosstabs Crosstabs are used to examine the relationship between two variables. To answer the second research question, users will need to analyze two variables: Computer Owned and Color (which indicates color preference). Using crosstabs will show the intersection between these two variables and reveal the computer type and color preferred by most people. To perform a crosstabs analysis: 1. In Data View, click the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics, and select Crosstabs (see Figure 13). The Crosstabs dialog box opens. 2. Select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 3. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Row(s) list box. 4. Select the variable color (see Figure 14). 5. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Column(s) list box. 6. Click the OK button. An Output Viewer window opens and displays two tables: Case Processing Summary and the Crosstabulation matrix (see Figure 15). Figure 13 – Crosstab Analysis from Analyze Menu Figure 14 – Crosstabs Dialog Box

Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total I Percent Percent Percent Computer Owned color 73 913% 8.89% 80 100.09% Computer Owned color Crosstabulation Count color beige black gray white 5 Total Computer Toshiba 2 0 1 0 3 owned Apple 3 0 2 10 IBM or Compatible 16 13 5 5 49 Other 02 0 02 0 None Total 26 17 7 9 14 73 Figure 15-Crosstabs Output Answer to Research Question 2 What color do people prefer for their computer? Answer:IBM or Compatible in beige color Explanation:As shown in the Crosstabulation matrix above,IBM or Compatible is the most preferred computer type from the row variable(Computer Owned).From the column variable (color),beige is shown as the most preferred color.Therefore,you can conclude that most people prefer IBM or Compatible computers that are in beige color. Data Manipulation Data files are not always ideally organized in a form to meet specific needs.For example,users may wish to select a specific subject or split the data file into separate groups for analysis Select Cases If you have two or more subject groups in your data and you want to analyze each subject in isolation,you can use the select cases option.For example,the data we are currently analyzing has both male and female participants.However,if you wish to analyze only female cases,then you select Gender cases and set the condition for female cases only. To select cases for analysis: 1.Click the Data menu and select Select Cases(see Figure 16).The Select Cases dialog box opens(see Figure 17). 2.Select the If condition is satisfied option. 3.Click the If button.The Select Cases:If dialog box opens. 4. Select the variable Gender in the left list box. 5. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the right text box. 6.Click the button 7. Click the 1 button 8.Click the Continue button.This takes you back to the Select Cases dialog box 9.Click the OK button.This takes you back to Data View.All males will be excluded from the statistical analysis. 10.Rerun the crosstabs analysis by following steps 1 through 6 of the Crosstabs section of this handout. 11.Click the OK button.The Output Viewer window updates (see Figure 18). PASW Statistics 17(SPSS 17),Part 1 10

PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 10 Figure 15 – Crosstabs Output Answer to Research Question # 2 What color do people prefer for their computer? Answer: IBM or Compatible in beige color Explanation: As shown in the Crosstabulation matrix above, IBM or Compatible is the most preferred computer type from the row variable (Computer Owned). From the column variable (color), beige is shown as the most preferred color. Therefore, you can conclude that most people prefer IBM or Compatible computers that are in beige color. Data Manipulation Data files are not always ideally organized in a form to meet specific needs. For example, users may wish to select a specific subject or split the data file into separate groups for analysis. Select Cases If you have two or more subject groups in your data and you want to analyze each subject in isolation, you can use the select cases option. For example, the data we are currently analyzing has both male and female participants. However, if you wish to analyze only female cases, then you select Gender cases and set the condition for female cases only. To select cases for analysis: 1. Click the Data menu and select Select Cases (see Figure 16). The Select Cases dialog box opens (see Figure 17). 2. Select the If condition is satisfied option. 3. Click the If button. The Select Cases: If dialog box opens. 4. Select the variable Gender in the left list box. 5. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the right text box. 6. Click the = button . 7. Click the 1 button . 8. Click the Continue button. This takes you back to the Select Cases dialog box. 9. Click the OK button. This takes you back to Data View. All males will be excluded from the statistical analysis. 10. Rerun the crosstabs analysis by following steps 1 through 6 of the Crosstabs section of this handout. 11. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window updates (see Figure 18)