《中国医疗保险制度的转型发展与创新》课程教学资源（参考资料）People-centred integrated care in urban China

Policy practice People-centred integrated care in urban China Xin Wang,Xizhuo Sun,5 Stephen Birch,Fangfang Gong,Pim Valentijn,Lijin Chen,a Yong Zhang,? Yixiang Huang&Hongwei Yange Abstract In most countries,the demand for integrated care for people with chronic diseases is increasing as the population ages.This demand requires a fundamental shift of health-care systems towards more integrated service delivery models.To achieve this shift in China, the World Health Organization,the World Bank and the Chinese government proposed a tiered health-care delivery system in accordance with a people-centred integrated care model.The approach was pioneered in Luohu district of Shenzhen city from 2015 to 2017 as a template for practice.In September 2017,China's health ministry introduced this approach to people-centred integrated care to the entire country.We describe the features of the Luohu model in relation to the core action areas and implementation strategies proposed and we summarize data from an evaluation of the first two years of the programme.We discuss the challenges faced during implementation and the lessons learnt from it for other health-care systems.We consider how to improve collaboration between institutions,how to change the population's behaviour about using community health services as the first point of contact and how to manage resources effectively to avoid budget deficits.Finally,we outline next steps of the Luohu model and its potential application to strengthen health care in other urban health-care systems Abstracts in,Francais,PyccKn and Espanol at the end of each article. The World Health Organization (WHO)describes Introduction people-centred integrated care as health services that are On 1 September 2017,China's health ministry introduced a managed and delivered so that patients receive a continuum new approach to people-centred integrated care to the entire of preventive and curative services according to their needs over time that is coordinated across different levels of the country.'Called the Luohu model,the approach was pioneered in Luohu district of Shenzhen city.This development was a health-care system.Over the last decade,integrated response to the problems faced by the existing health-care care has been suggested as one strategy for promoting system in addressing the increased demands of delivering coordinated health-care delivery,improving quality of integrated care.Health-care systems worldwide are facing care and reducing costs.2 In 2016,the report Deepening similar problems emerging from epidemiological transition health reform in China was published jointly by the WHO, and population ageing.Many people-centred integrated the World Bank and the Chinese government.S The report care programmes have been initiated,implemented and evalu- proposed strengthening health care in China through a ated in high-income countries.While experience from other tiered health-care delivery system in accordance with a countries provides a useful basis for planning,the ability to people-centred integrated care model. The introduction of the Luohu model set an example for achieve people-centred integrated care can be highly context- specific and there is a lack of knowledge about how to stimu- urban areas in China to build people-centred integrated care late integrated care in low-and middle-income countries.0 delivery systems.This represented a big step in pursuing higher The current system of health-care delivery in China is quality health care,better outcomes and more affordable costs fragmented,hospital-centred and treatment-dominated,with for the population in China.In this paper,we describe the little effective collaboration among institutions in different features of the Luohu model,discuss lessons learnt from its tiers of the system.312 In 2016,there were an estimated 231 implementation and outline next steps for the Luohu model million people aged 60 years or older in China,16.7%of the and its application in other Chinese urban health-care systems. population of 1383 billion,and more than 100 million among We also provide suggestions on adapting the Luohu model in them had at least one chronic noncommunicable disease. other low-and middle-income countries. Predictions suggested that without health-care reform,China's health-care costs in United States dollars(US$)would increase The Luohu model from 5.6%of gross domestic product in 2015(USS 592 billion of US$10571 billion)to 9.1%in 2035(US$2713 billion of Background USS 29810 billion).'5 System reform was therefore viewed as The Luohu model was a response to the needs of patients and necessary to avoid the risk of becoming a high-cost,low-value their families in Luohu district(Health and Family Planning health-care system. Commission of Shenzhen city,unpublished data,2015).With School of Public Health,SUN Yat-sen University,No.74,Zhongshan 2nd Road,Yuexiu District,Guangzhou 510080,China Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group,Shenzhen,China. Centre for the Business and Economics of Health,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Australia. dDepartment of Health Services Research,Care and Public Health Research Institute(CAPHRI),Faculty of Health,Medicine and Life Sciences,Maastricht University, Maastricht,Netherlands. China National Health Development Research Centre,Beijing,China Correspondence to Yixiang Huang (email:huangyx@mail sysu.edu.cn). (Submitted:22 April 2018-Revised version received:7 September 2018-Accepted:7 September 2018-Published online:1 October 2018) Bull World Health Organ 2018:96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 843

Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852 | doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice 843 Introduction On 1 September 2017, China’s health ministry introduced a new approach to people-centred integrated care to the entire country.1 Called the Luohu model, the approach was pioneered in Luohu district of Shenzhen city. This development was a response to the problems faced by the existing health-care system in addressing the increased demands of delivering integrated care.2,3 Health-care systems worldwide are facing similar problems emerging from epidemiological transition and population ageing.4–6 Many people-centred integrated care programmes have been initiated, implemented and evalu￾ated in high-income countries. While experience from other countries provides a useful basis for planning,7,8 the ability to achieve people-centred integrated care can be highly context￾specific8,9 and there is a lack of knowledge about how to stimu￾late integrated care in low- and middle-income countries.10 The current system of health-care delivery in China is fragmented, hospital-centred and treatment-dominated, with little effective collaboration among institutions in different tiers of the system.3,11,12 In 2016, there were an estimated 231 million people aged 60 years or older in China, 16.7% of the population of 1 383 billion, and more than 100 million among them had at least one chronic noncommunicable disease.13,14 Predictions suggested that without health-care reform, China’s health-care costs in United States dollars (US$) would increase from 5.6% of gross domestic product in 2015 (US$ 592 billion of US$ 10 571 billion) to 9.1% in 2035 (US$ 2713 billion of US$ 29 810 billion).15 System reform was therefore viewed as necessary to avoid the risk of becoming a high-cost, low-value health-care system. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes people-centred integrated care as health services that are managed and delivered so that patients receive a continuum of preventive and curative services according to their needs over time that is coordinated across different levels of the health-care system.16–19 Over the last decade, integrated care has been suggested as one strategy for promoting coordinated health-care delivery, improving quality of care and reducing costs.20,21 In 2016, the report Deepening health reform in China was published jointly by the WHO, the World Bank and the Chinese government.15 The report proposed strengthening health care in China through a tiered health-care delivery system in accordance with a people-centred integrated care model. The introduction of the Luohu model set an example for urban areas in China to build people-centred integrated care delivery systems. This represented a big step in pursuing higher quality health care, better outcomes and more affordable costs for the population in China. In this paper, we describe the features of the Luohu model, discuss lessons learnt from its implementation and outline next steps for the Luohu model and its application in other Chinese urban health-care systems. We also provide suggestions on adapting the Luohu model in other low- and middle-income countries. The Luohu model Background The Luohu model was a response to the needs of patients and their families in Luohu district (Health and Family Planning Commission of Shenzhen city, unpublished data, 2015). With Abstract In most countries, the demand for integrated care for people with chronic diseases is increasing as the population ages. This demand requires a fundamental shift of health-care systems towards more integrated service delivery models. To achieve this shift in China, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the Chinese government proposed a tiered health-care delivery system in accordance with a people-centred integrated care model. The approach was pioneered in Luohu district of Shenzhen city from 2015 to 2017 as a template for practice. In September 2017, China’s health ministry introduced this approach to people-centred integrated care to the entire country. We describe the features of the Luohu model in relation to the core action areas and implementation strategies proposed and we summarize data from an evaluation of the first two years of the programme. We discuss the challenges faced during implementation and the lessons learnt from it for other health-care systems. We consider how to improve collaboration between institutions, how to change the population’s behaviour about using community health services as the first point of contact and how to manage resources effectively to avoid budget deficits. Finally, we outline next steps of the Luohu model and its potential application to strengthen health care in other urban health-care systems. a School of Public Health, SUN Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China. b Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China. c Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. d Department of Health Services Research, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. e China National Health Development Research Centre, Beijing, China. Correspondence to Yixiang Huang (email: huangyx@mail.sysu.edu.cn). (Submitted: 22 April 2018 – Revised version received: 7 September 2018 – Accepted: 7 September 2018 – Published online: 1 October 2018 ) People-centred integrated care in urban China Xin Wang,a Xizhuo Sun,b Stephen Birch,c Fangfang Gong,b Pim Valentijn,d Lijin Chen,a Yong Zhang,a Yixiang Huanga & Hongwei Yange Policy & practice

Policy practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. a population of around 1.47 million in In February 2015,the Luohu gov- care to become the first point of an area of 78 km2,Luohu is the most ernment initiated a health-care reform contact;(ii)multidisciplinary teams; densely populated district ofShenzhen programme in cooperation with the lo- (iii)vertical integration;(iv)horizontal city,Guangdong province.In 2014,over cal ministries in Shenzhen (the Health integration;(v)eHealth;(vi)integrated 451000 people were estimated to live and Family Planning Commission,Min- clinical pathways and dual referral with chronic diseases in Luohu (Gong istry of Human Resources and Social systems;(vii)measurement and feed- F,Luohu hospital group,unpublished Security,and Ministry of Finance).The back;and (viii)certification and their data,2014).There was a city hospital stated goals of the Luohu people-centred accompanying strategies to achieve with 2000 beds,five district-level public integrated care model were better servic- people-centred integrated care.s The hospitals with a total of 1172 beds and es,less illness,fewer hospital admissions Luohu model implemented all the sug- 83 community health stations provid- and lower financial burdens.In August gested core actions except certification ing ambulatory care in the district.The 2015,an integrated organization -the (Table 1). growing size of the city hospital result- Luohu hospital group-was established, First,under the Luohu model,pa- ed in increasing numbers of patients at- comprising five district-level hospitals, tients are encouraged to sign a contract tending.Since patients had greater trust 23 community health stations and an in- with a general practitioner based at a in providers at the city-level hospital stitute of precision medicine.A council community health station and use him than the community health stations, composed of government officials and or her as the first point of contact with they often sought services directly at representatives from local communities the Luohu hospital group.However, the hospital despite receiving a lower managed the group with the support of the gatekeeping system is not manda- reimbursement of medical expenses. a local supervisory board,expert com- tory and allows an element of choice Furthermore,many patients stayed in mittee and workers'congress.The group for patients. hospital for post-acute care rather than established six resource-sharing centres Second,in community health sta- accessing this care in community health and six administrative centres (Fig.1) tions each primary health-care team stations,because city-and district-level by reorganizing the relevant centres of consists of essential members:a general hospitals and community health sta- the previous 29 institutions,to improve practitioner,a nurse,a public health tions operated independently and com- the efficiency of both resource use and physician and a health promotion peted for patients.The government of administration. practitioner.Teams may also include Shenzhen city and Luohu district were Actions and strategies a pharmacist,psychologist or other concerned about the unmet needs of specialist physician (e.g.geriatrician, the population and the increased health The policy report Deepening health paediatrician,internist)according to expenditure associated with inappro reform in China recommended eight the needs of local residents.General priate hospital use and lengths of stay. core action areas:(i)primary health practitioners lead in developing team Fig.1.Organizational structure of the Luohu hospital group,Shenzhen city,China Supervisory board Expert committee Manage Recall Council Luohu hospital group Workers'congress Party committee President Accountant 5 hospitals institute of 6 resource-sharing 6 administrative 23 community mediane centres centres health stations Traditional General Zhongxun Medical Human Chinese nospital precision testing centre Quality resources medicine medical Radiography management centre institute centre hospital centre Maternity and child Disinfection Financial health-care and supply centre Rehabilitation hospital Information centre Research and hospital centre education centre Community health Geriatric Health stations hospital Logistic and management General distribution centre management management centre centre centre 844 Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018;96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908

844 Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. a population of around 1.47 million in an area of 78 km2 , Luohu is the most densely populated district of Shenzhen city, Guangdong province. In 2014, over 451 000 people were estimated to live with chronic diseases in Luohu (Gong F, Luohu hospital group, unpublished data, 2014). There was a city hospital with 2000 beds, five district-level public hospitals with a total of 1172 beds and 83 community health stations provid￾ing ambulatory care in the district. The growing size of the city hospital result￾ed in increasing numbers of patients at￾tending. Since patients had greater trust in providers at the city-level hospital than the community health stations, they often sought services directly at the hospital despite receiving a lower reimbursement of medical expenses. Furthermore, many patients stayed in hospital for post-acute care rather than accessing this care in community health stations, because city- and district-level hospitals and community health sta￾tions operated independently and com￾peted for patients. The government of Shenzhen city and Luohu district were concerned about the unmet needs of the population and the increased health expenditure associated with inappro￾priate hospital use and lengths of stay. In February 2015, the Luohu gov￾ernment initiated a health-care reform programme in cooperation with the lo￾cal ministries in Shenzhen (the Health and Family Planning Commission, Min￾istry of Human Resources and Social Security, and Ministry of Finance). The stated goals of the Luohu people-centred integrated care model were better servic￾es, less illness, fewer hospital admissions and lower financial burdens. In August 2015, an integrated organization – the Luohu hospital group – was established, comprising five district-level hospitals, 23 community health stations and an in￾stitute of precision medicine. A council composed of government officials and representatives from local communities managed the group with the support of a local supervisory board, expert com￾mittee and workers’ congress. The group established six resource-sharing centres and six administrative centres (Fig. 1) by reorganizing the relevant centres of the previous 29 institutions, to improve the efficiency of both resource use and administration. Actions and strategies The policy report Deepening health reform in China recommended eight core action areas: (i) primary health care to become the first point of contact; (ii) multidisciplinary teams; (iii) vertical integration; (iv) horizontal integration; (v) eHealth; (vi) integrated clinical pathways and dual referral systems; (vii) measurement and feed￾back; and (viii) certification and their accompanying strategies to achieve people-centred integrated care.15 The Luohu model implemented all the sug￾gested core actions except certification (Table 1). First, under the Luohu model, pa￾tients are encouraged to sign a contract with a general practitioner based at a community health station and use him or her as the first point of contact with the Luohu hospital group. However, the gatekeeping system is not manda￾tory and allows an element of choice for patients. Second, in community health sta￾tions each primary health-care team consists of essential members: a general practitioner, a nurse, a public health physician and a health promotion practitioner. Teams may also include a pharmacist, psychologist or other specialist physician (e.g. geriatrician, paediatrician, internist) according to the needs of local residents. General practitioners lead in developing team Fig. 1. Organizational structure of the Luohu hospital group, Shenzhen city, China Manage Recall Supervise Recall Supervisory board Expert committee Council Luohu hospital group Workers’ congress President 6 resource-sharing centres 6 administrative centres 23 community health stations 5 hospitals 1 institute of medicine Zhongxun precision medical institute Medical testing centre Human resources centre General hospital Disinfection and supply centre Financial centre Maternity and child health-care hospital Health management centre Community health stations management centre Geriatric hospital Radiography centre Quality management centre Traditional Chinese medicine hospital Information centre Research and education centre Rehabilitation hospital Logistic and distribution centre General management centre Party committee Accountant

Policy practice Xin Wang et al People-centred care in urban China priorities,patient goals and care plans, records in their own system.With the review their personal performance and and approve test orders,medication and help of a Chinese internet company identify problems which are then used referrals. Luohu hospital group designed a new to drive continuous improvement. Third,the Luohu hospital group computer application called Healthy comprises 29 institutions at the com- Luohu,which all health-care providers Preliminary evaluation munity and district levels.In this vertical can access.Patients too can access their According to the annual self-evalu network,district-level hospitals focus on own medical records online. ations of the Luohu hospital group, providing complex care and emergency Sixth,there is a referral gateway 575012 residents (around 39%of the care for life-threatening situations. between community health stations population)had signed contracts with Community health stations provide and hospitals in the group.Patients primary health-care teams by July 2017 health promotion,preventive care,case can be referred from community From June 2015 to June 2017 increasing management and medical care for com- health stations to hospitals for expe- proportions of the population used ser- mon diseases dited care or can be referred back from vices in the Luohu hospital group rather Fourth,multidisciplinary primary hospitals for continuous rehabilitation than other hospitals outside the group health-care teams help to integrate dif- care and follow-up within primary after establishment of the integrated ferent types of care.Health promotion care.Patients referred via the gateway care programmes(Fig.2).Increasing staff was recruited from the former fam do not need to go through the hospital number of patients with diabetes,hy ily planning stations to provide health patient registration process and are pertension and severe mental illness are education for patients.Public health given priority for care in the hospital now under integrated case management physicians working at the Chinese Cen compared with those directly access- (Fig.3),which reflects greater collabo- ter for Disease Control and Prevention ing the hospital. ration between district-level hospitals provide services such as,responding to Seventh,the Luohu hospital group and community health stations.From and reporting infectious diseases and established a performance measure- 2015 to 2017 the administration ex- public health emergencies and monitor- ment system.The general manage- penses of the whole group reduced by ing domestic water supplies. ment centre is responsible for making 19%(from US$30.0 million to US$ Fifth,hospitals and community annual evaluations of performance 24.3 million),and the average salary health stations previously used two dif- using data collected by the informa- of staff in community health stations ferent electronic information systems tion centre (Fig.1).The results are increased by 10%(from US$26915 to and providers could only view patient communicated back to stakeholders to USS 29 607).Furthermore,a survey of Table 1.Core actions and strategies to achieve people-centred integrated care in Luohu district,Shenzhen city,China Core action Implementation Imple- Specfic description in the Luohu model Document reference area strategies mented? Primary care as Patient Yes Residents in Luohu district are encouraged to sign a Luohu government resolution first contact registration contract with a general practitioner voluntarily.The n0.24[2015: agreement defines a package of services,the service Implementation plan for delivery process,and the rights and obligations of both comprehensive reform of patient and provider. public hospitals in Luohu Contract period is one year with a specific general district practitioner.At the end of the period the patient can sign a contract with another general practitioner,which allows some element of patient choice. Risk stratification Under Previous electronic information systems could not NA preparation support risk stratification.Luohu hospital group is preparing to collect data for a risk stratification exercise based on disease burden,using a new computer application program. Gatekeeping Yes Patients are strongly encouraged to see their primary Luohu government resolution health-care provider before a visiting a hospital no.24[2015]: specialist.However,they are not formally required to do Implementation plan for 50. comprehensive reform of To promote patients'use of family medical practices as public hospitals in Luohu the first contact,district-level hospitals assign specialists district to work temporarily in community health stations. Ensuring e Home visits are provided for patients who sign a contract National Health and Family accessibility with a general practitioner,especially for the elderly Planning Commission of people. Luohu district resolution no 672015]: Implementation plan for home visits in Luohu district (continues...） Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018,96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 845

Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 845 Policy & practice Xin Wang et al. People-centred care in urban China priorities, patient goals and care plans, and approve test orders, medication and referrals. Third, the Luohu hospital group comprises 29 institutions at the com￾munity and district levels. In this vertical network, district-level hospitals focus on providing complex care and emergency care for life-threatening situations. Community health stations provide health promotion, preventive care, case management and medical care for com￾mon diseases. Fourth, multidisciplinary primary health-care teams help to integrate dif￾ferent types of care. Health promotion staff was recruited from the former fam￾ily planning stations to provide health education for patients. Public health physicians working at the Chinese Cen￾ter for Disease Control and Prevention provide services such as, responding to and reporting infectious diseases and public health emergencies and monitor￾ing domestic water supplies. Fifth, hospitals and community health stations previously used two dif￾ferent electronic information systems and providers could only view patient records in their own system. With the help of a Chinese internet company, Luohu hospital group designed a new computer application called Healthy Luohu, which all health-care providers can access. Patients too can access their own medical records online. Sixth, there is a referral gateway between community health stations and hospitals in the group. Patients can be referred from community health stations to hospitals for expe￾dited care or can be referred back from hospitals for continuous rehabilitation care and follow-up within primary care. Patients referred via the gateway do not need to go through the hospital patient registration process and are given priority for care in the hospital compared with those directly access￾ing the hospital. Seventh, the Luohu hospital group established a performance measure￾ment system. The general manage￾ment centre is responsible for making annual evaluations of performance using data collected by the informa￾tion centre (Fig. 1). The results are communicated back to stakeholders to review their personal performance and identify problems which are then used to drive continuous improvement. Preliminary evaluation According to the annual self-evalu￾ations of the Luohu hospital group, 575 012 residents (around 39% of the population) had signed contracts with primary health-care teams by July 2017. From June 2015 to June 2017 increasing proportions of the population used ser￾vices in the Luohu hospital group rather than other hospitals outside the group after establishment of the integrated care programmes (Fig. 2). Increasing number of patients with diabetes, hy￾pertension and severe mental illness are now under integrated case management (Fig. 3), which reflects greater collabo￾ration between district-level hospitals and community health stations. From 2015 to 2017 the administration ex￾penses of the whole group reduced by 19% (from US$ 30.0 million to US$ 24.3 million), and the average salary of staff in community health stations increased by 10% (from US$ 26 915 to US$ 29 607). Furthermore, a survey of Table 1. Core actions and strategies to achieve people-centred integrated care in Luohu district, Shenzhen city, China Core action areaa Implementation strategiesa Imple￾mented? Specific description in the Luohu model Document reference Primary care as first contact Patient registration Yes Residents in Luohu district are encouraged to sign a contract with a general practitioner voluntarily. The agreement defines a package of services, the service delivery process, and the rights and obligations of both patient and provider. Contract period is one year with a specific general practitioner. At the end of the period the patient can sign a contract with another general practitioner, which allows some element of patient choice. Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Risk stratification Under preparation Previous electronic information systems could not support risk stratification. Luohu hospital group is preparing to collect data for a risk stratification exercise based on disease burden, using a new computer application program. NA Gatekeeping Yes Patients are strongly encouraged to see their primary health-care provider before a visiting a hospital specialist. However, they are not formally required to do so. To promote patients’ use of family medical practices as the first contact, district-level hospitals assign specialists to work temporarily in community health stations. Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Ensuring accessibility Yes Home visits are provided for patients who sign a contract with a general practitioner, especially for the elderly people. National Health and Family Planning Commission of Luohu district resolution no. 67 [2015]: Implementation plan for home visits in Luohu district (continues. . .)

Policy &practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. (...continued)） Core action Implementation Imple- Specific description in the Luohu model Document reference area' strategies mented? Multidisciplinary Team Yes In community health stations,each primary care team Luohu government resolution teams composition, consists of a general practitioner(leader),nurse,public no.5[2017乃： roles and health physician and health promotion practitioner and Lessons learnt from the leadership may also include specialist physicians (e.g.geriatrician, Luohu model to promote the paediatrician,internist),pharmacist,nutritionist or construction of district hospital psychologist. group in Shenzhen The roles of each member are clearly defined,with flexibility to adjust roles based on patients'needs and the context. Individual care Under The hospital group is preparing to use care plans for NA plans for patients preparation high-risk patients identifed by a risk stratification approach. Vertical Definition Yes The Luohu model defines the roles of each component Luohu government resolution integration of facility of the hospital group to ensure coordination. no.24[20151: roles within District-level hospitals are centres of excellence in Implementation plan for a vertically technology and staff expertise,focusing on providing comprehensive reform of integrated high complexity of care and valuable rescue care for public hospitals in Luohu network life-threatening situations.District hospitals also provide district technical assistance and training to community health Luohu hospital group stations. esolution no.3[2017刀 Community health stations focus on providing Charter of the Luohu hospital preventive care,rehabilitation,case management and group (revised version of 2017) medical care for common diseases Luohu government resolution no.5[2017小： Lessons learnt from the Luohu model to promote the construction of district hospital group in Shenzhen Provider- Yes In the hospital group,provider-to-provider relationships to-provider are strengthened through technical assistance and relationships capacity-building. District-level hospitals are responsible to provide clinical technical assistance through training,education and joint consultations to physicians in community health stations. Meanwhile,physicians in community health stations are encouraged to get three months of training in the hospitals Forming facility Yes The hospital group was established in the form of an networks independent corporation consisting of 23 community health stations,five district hospitals and an institute of precision medicine(which mainly provides diagnostic testing).A council of government officials and representatives from local communities was set up,to which the group are accountable to.Six administrative centres were re-organized using the resources of the respective centres in the former five district- level hospitals.Twelve centres provide resources and management for the whole group Horizontal Integrating of Yes The multidisciplinary primary health-care teams National Health and Family integration different types include former health promotion staff from family Planning Commission of Luohu of care planning stations,public health physicians from the district resolution no.4 [2016]: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Implementation plan for specialists from hospitals.Teams work cooperatively appointing public health with other members to provide preventive care, physicians to work in screening,diagnosis,treatment,rehabilitation and case community health stations management for patients.Six resource-sharing centres (human resources,quality management,financial, research and education,community health station management and general management;Fig.1)allow for more efficient use of resources through reducing care overlap (continues...） 846 Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018:96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908

846 Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. Core action areaa Implementation strategiesa Imple￾mented? Specific description in the Luohu model Document reference Multidisciplinary teams Team composition, roles and leadership Yes In community health stations, each primary care team consists of a general practitioner (leader), nurse, public health physician and health promotion practitioner and may also include specialist physicians (e.g. geriatrician, paediatrician, internist), pharmacist, nutritionist or psychologist. The roles of each member are clearly defined, with flexibility to adjust roles based on patients’ needs and the context. Luohu government resolution no. 5 [2017]: Lessons learnt from the Luohu model to promote the construction of district hospital group in Shenzhen Individual care plans for patients Under preparation The hospital group is preparing to use care plans for high-risk patients identified by a risk stratification approach. NA Vertical integration Definition of facility roles within a vertically integrated network Yes The Luohu model defines the roles of each component of the hospital group to ensure coordination. District-level hospitals are centres of excellence in technology and staff expertise, focusing on providing high complexity of care and valuable rescue care for life-threatening situations. District hospitals also provide technical assistance and training to community health stations. Community health stations focus on providing preventive care, rehabilitation, case management and medical care for common diseases Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Luohu hospital group resolution no. 3 [2017]: Charter of the Luohu hospital group (revised version of 2017) Luohu government resolution no.5 [2017]: Lessons learnt from the Luohu model to promote the construction of district hospital group in Shenzhen Provider￾to-provider relationships Yes In the hospital group, provider-to-provider relationships are strengthened through technical assistance and capacity-building. District-level hospitals are responsible to provide clinical technical assistance through training, education and joint consultations to physicians in community health stations. Meanwhile, physicians in community health stations are encouraged to get three months of training in the hospitals Forming facility networks Yes The hospital group was established in the form of an independent corporation consisting of 23 community health stations, five district hospitals and an institute of precision medicine (which mainly provides diagnostic testing). A council of government officials and representatives from local communities was set up, to which the group are accountable to. Six administrative centres were re-organized using the resources of the respective centres in the former five district￾level hospitals. Twelve centres provide resources and management for the whole group Horizontal integration Integrating of different types of care Yes The multidisciplinary primary health-care teams include former health promotion staff from family planning stations, public health physicians from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and specialists from hospitals. Teams work cooperatively with other members to provide preventive care, screening, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and case management for patients. Six resource-sharing centres (human resources, quality management, financial, research and education, community health station management and general management; Fig. 1) allow for more efficient use of resources through reducing care overlap National Health and Family Planning Commission of Luohu district resolution no. 4 [2016]: Implementation plan for appointing public health physicians to work in community health stations (. . .continued) (continues. . .)

Policy practice Xin Wang et al People-centred care in urban China (...continued) Core action Implementation Imple- Specific description in the Luohu model Document reference area strategies mented? E-Health Integrated Yes The hospital group designed the Healthy Luohu Luohu government resolution electronic computer application.By logging into their personal n0.24[2015: medical records account,both providers and patients can access Implementation plan for systems electronic health records systems comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Communication Yes The Healthy Luohu application allows patients to request and care an online appointment with a specific physician in all management institutions.Staff in community health stations can make functions an online referral for patients to hospitals. The application is also easy for patients to check physician information and update registration and payment forms Interoperability Under Providers in hospitals and community health stations NA of e-health preparation can view patient records in their own institution.Luohu across facilities hospital group is establishing regulations to allow the and services electronic systems to link across institutions securely and effectively Integrated Integrated Under Clinical pathways are being created to standardize the NA clinical clinical pathways preparation treatment and referral pathways between providers pathways and for care dual referral integration and decision support Dual referral Yes In the referral gateway model,patients referred from Luohu government resolution pathways within community health stations are expected to receive no.24[2015: integrated care expedited care in the district-level hospitals. Implementation plan for networks Down-referral,which allows referrals of patients from comprehensive reform of hospital to community health stations for rehabilitation public hospitals in Luohu care or follow-up,is incentivized by a new health district insurance payment system in the Luohu hospital group Measurement Standardized Yes The Luohu hospital group established a performance Luohu government resolution and feedback performance measurement system and makes annual self-evaluations. no.242015] measurement Indicators focus on measures of capacity-building of Implementation plan for indicators staff at community health stations(e.g.numbers of staff comprehensive reform of working in the community health stations,numbers of public hospitals in Luohu outpatients)and obtaining patients'experiences district Continuous Yes The results are communicated back to stakeholders at all feedback loops levels,early positive results and challenges are identifed to drive quality The hospital group is designing new strategies based on improvement measurement results of the last two years Certification Certification No NA NA criteria for local and national use Targets for No NA NA criteria and use to certify facilities NA:not applicable Core action areas and implementation strategies suggested by the policy report Deepening health reform in China. about 80%of residents in 10 districts Lessons learnt tals.Three reasons have been proposed found that satisfaction with health care for the fragmentation of services in in Luohu district ranked first among all Despite promoting care integration China:(i)fee-for-service payments; 10 districts in Shenzhen city.2 within the hospital group and first point (ii)fragmentation of financing;and The health ministry of China was of contact at community health stations, (iii)more generous health insurance satisfied with the results of the two- the Luohu model provided several les- for inpatient than outpatient services. year preliminary evaluation in Luohu sons to overcome challenges during Other researchers suggested that effec- Recognizing that it was a comprehen- implementation. tive care integration can be achieved sive model adopting and combining Improving collaboration without the need for the formal integra- strategies from other initiatives,the tion of organizations.However,the ministry began introducing the Luohu The first challenge was how to improve establishment of the Luohu hospital model to urban areas nationwide on 1 collaboration between community group created a strategy of integration September 2017. health stations and district-level hospi- across organizations and played a key Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018:96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 847

Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 847 Policy & practice Xin Wang et al. People-centred care in urban China about 80% of residents in 10 districts found that satisfaction with health care in Luohu district ranked first among all 10 districts in Shenzhen city.22 The health ministry of China was satisfied with the results of the two￾year preliminary evaluation in Luohu. Recognizing that it was a comprehen￾sive model adopting and combining strategies from other initiatives, the ministry began introducing the Luohu model to urban areas nationwide on 1 September 2017. Lessons learnt Despite promoting care integration within the hospital group and first point of contact at community health stations, the Luohu model provided several les￾sons to overcome challenges during implementation. Improving collaboration The first challenge was how to improve collaboration between community health stations and district-level hospi￾tals. Three reasons have been proposed for the fragmentation of services in China: (i) fee-for-service payments; (ii) fragmentation of financing; and (iii) more generous health insurance for inpatient than outpatient services.23 Other researchers suggested that effec￾tive care integration can be achieved without the need for the formal integra￾tion of organizations.24–26 However, the establishment of the Luohu hospital group created a strategy of integration across organizations and played a key Core action areaa Implementation strategiesa Imple￾mented? Specific description in the Luohu model Document reference E-Health Integrated electronic medical records systems Yes The hospital group designed the Healthy Luohu computer application. By logging into their personal account, both providers and patients can access electronic health records systems Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Communication and care management functions Yes The Healthy Luohu application allows patients to request an online appointment with a specific physician in all institutions. Staff in community health stations can make an online referral for patients to hospitals. The application is also easy for patients to check physician information and update registration and payment forms Interoperability of e-health across facilities and services Under preparation Providers in hospitals and community health stations can view patient records in their own institution. Luohu hospital group is establishing regulations to allow the electronic systems to link across institutions securely and effectively NA Integrated clinical pathways and dual referral Integrated clinical pathways for care integration and decision support Under preparation Clinical pathways are being created to standardize the treatment and referral pathways between providers NA Dual referral pathways within integrated care networks Yes In the referral gateway model, patients referred from community health stations are expected to receive expedited care in the district-level hospitals. Down-referral, which allows referrals of patients from hospital to community health stations for rehabilitation care or follow-up, is incentivized by a new health insurance payment system in the Luohu hospital group Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Measurement and feedback Standardized performance measurement indicators Yes The Luohu hospital group established a performance measurement system and makes annual self-evaluations. Indicators focus on measures of capacity-building of staff at community health stations (e.g. numbers of staff working in the community health stations, numbers of outpatients) and obtaining patients’ experiences Luohu government resolution no. 24 [2015]: Implementation plan for comprehensive reform of public hospitals in Luohu district Continuous feedback loops to drive quality improvement Yes The results are communicated back to stakeholders at all levels, early positive results and challenges are identified. The hospital group is designing new strategies based on measurement results of the last two years Certification Certification criteria for local and national use No NA NA Targets for criteria and use to certify facilities No NA NA NA: not applicable. a Core action areas and implementation strategies suggested by the policy report Deepening health reform in China. 15 (. . .continued)

Policy practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. Fig.2.Use of integrated care in the Luohu hospital group,Shenzhen city,China,2014-2017 457 Luohu hospital goup established 40- 35- 5、 0 15 10- 5- 0- Jun2014-Jun2015 Jun2015-Jun2016 Jun2016-Jun2017 Years PopulationofLuohu 1470000 1470000 1480000 No of people egistered with uohu hosptal group NA 183752 575012 No.of hospitalizations of residents eistered with Luohu hospita group 26634 28156 32119 No.visits in the Luohu hospital group 2700000 5480000 5280000 Outpatients making first contact with primary care -Population registered with a general practitioner Inpatients hospitalized within hospital group NA:not applicable. Data source:Self-evaluations of the Luohu hospital group. Fig.3.Number of patients under integrated case management by condition in the responsible for supervising physicians' Luohu hospital group,Shenzhen city,China,2014-2017 practices.Second,the Luohu model integrates multiple sources of finances. Subsidies from the finance ministry 30000- huhospita goupestablished for providing preventive care,health insurance funds from the social secu- 25000 rity ministry,out-of-pocket payments from patients and payments from other 20000 sources are all managed by the group's fi- 15000 nancial centre(Fig.1).Third,the Luohu model ended the higher reimbursement 10000 rate of inpatient services compared with outpatient services and incentivized 5000 patients to seek care first at community health stations.For example,in com 0- munity health stations common drugs Jun 2014 un2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 for chronic diseases are available at 70% Years of the prices in hospitals.Organizational ◆Hypertension integration and the innovative Global Diabetes Budget,Balance Retained approach are Severe mental illness exemplars for other urban health-care Data source:Self-evaluations of the Luohu hospital group. systems in China. An important recommendation for role in removing these three barriers in Global Budget,Balance Retained.The adopting the model in other systems is the Luohu model.First,as illustrated by policy ended fee-for-service payment for that development and maintenance of others,"the health ministry of China providers,with incentives for increasing a common frame of reference between has the responsibility for health care, service volumes,rather than improving organizations,professional groups and but no means to control the provision patient health outcomes.27 Instead,the individuals,is essential to promote col- of health services.The ministry cannot challenge was to balance the incentives laboration between different tiers of negotiate health insurance payment to the hospitals and community health the health-care system.2 In Shenzhen, reform with the social security ministry stations to work co-operatively to community health stations have been for individual institutions,but the entire strengthen preventive care and reduce affiliated with district hospitals since hospital group can.Luohu was the first demand for care.To avoid physicians 2011.This has provided a shared mission place to implement a new health insur- acting to reduce services,the qual- and management,and shared values that ance payment policy in China called ity management centre of the group is provide a foundation for mutual trust 848 Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018:96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908

848 Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. role in removing these three barriers in the Luohu model. First, as illustrated by others,23 the health ministry of China has the responsibility for health care, but no means to control the provision of health services. The ministry cannot negotiate health insurance payment reform with the social security ministry for individual institutions, but the entire hospital group can. Luohu was the first place to implement a new health insur￾ance payment policy in China called Global Budget, Balance Retained. The policy ended fee-for-service payment for providers, with incentives for increasing service volumes, rather than improving patient health outcomes.27 Instead, the challenge was to balance the incentives to the hospitals and community health stations to work co-operatively to strengthen preventive care and reduce demand for care. To avoid physicians acting to reduce services, the qual￾ity management centre of the group is responsible for supervising physicians’ practices. Second, the Luohu model integrates multiple sources of finances. Subsidies from the finance ministry for providing preventive care, health insurance funds from the social secu￾rity ministry, out-of-pocket payments from patients and payments from other sources are all managed by the group’s fi￾nancial centre (Fig. 1). Third, the Luohu model ended the higher reimbursement rate of inpatient services compared with outpatient services and incentivized patients to seek care first at community health stations. For example, in com￾munity health stations common drugs for chronic diseases are available at 70% of the prices in hospitals. Organizational integration and the innovative Global Budget, Balance Retained approach are exemplars for other urban health-care systems in China. An important recommendation for adopting the model in other systems is that development and maintenance of a common frame of reference between organizations, professional groups and individuals, is essential to promote col￾laboration between different tiers of the health-care system.26 In Shenzhen, community health stations have been affiliated with district hospitals since 2011. This has provided a shared mission and management, and shared values that provide a foundation for mutual trust Fig. 3. Number of patients under integrated case management by condition in the Luohu hospital group, Shenzhen city, China, 2014–2017 Years Hypertension Diabetes Severe mental illness Jun 2014 Jun 2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 No. of patients 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5000 0 Luohu hospital group established Data source: Self-evaluations of the Luohu hospital group. Fig. 2. Use of integrated care in the Luohu hospital group, Shenzhen city, China, 2014–2017 % of people 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Years Outpatients making first contact with primary care Population registered with a general practitioner Inpatients hospitalized within hospital group Jun 2014 – Jun 2015 Jun 2015 – Jun 2016 Jun 2016 – Jun 2017 Population of Luohu 1470 000 1 470 000 1 480 000 No. of people registered with Luohu hospital group NA 183 752 575 012 No. of hospitalizations of residents registered with Luohu hospital group 26 634 28 156 32 119 No. of outpatient visits in the Luohu hospital group 2700 000 5480 000 5280 000 Luohu hospital group established NA: not applicable. Data source: Self-evaluations of the Luohu hospital group

Policy practice Xin Wang et al. People-centred care in urban China and collaboration across tiers.Trust in Luohu was also important for provid- health-care expenditure when calculat- needs to be built for collaboration be- ing the capacity to support integrated ing global budgets for hospital groups, tween institutions in other health-care care through the gatekeeper strategy to avoid budget deficits in the first year systems. During the period 2015-2017,the num- Changing patient behaviour ber of general practitioners in the group increased from 89 to 194,based on offer Next steps The second challenge was how to change ing higher salaries and training in task- There are two remaining steps in the the behaviour of the population towards shifting for some specialists.In 2017, application of the Luohu model.First, using community health stations as the there were 3.02 general practitioners several strategies have not yet been first point of contact,rather than going per 10000 residents in Luohu,compared implemented (Table 1),including risk to hospitals.In the Luohu model,four with an average of 1.38 per 10000 for stratification,individual care plans for strategies were used to overcome this the entire country.2 Policymakers in patients,integrated clinical pathways cultural challenge.The first strategy was other health-care systems might con- for care integration,decision support capacity-building in community health sider general practitioner training of and certification.The Luohu hospital stations.Technical assistance from some specialists and task-shifting from group is preparing to implement a risk district-level hospitals contributed to the general practitioners to experienced stratification exercise based on disease improvement of care quality in commu nurses and public health physicians to burden."Once high-risk patients have nity health stations.The second strategy fill the general practitioner gaps in the been identified,individual care plans was people-centred care in community short term. will be made.Clinical pathways are be- health stations.For example,in response to the needs ofelderly patients confined Reducing costs ing created to standardize the treatment and referral pathways between provid- to bed,the community health stations The third challenge was how to avoid ers and to integrate care and support provided home visits to avoid unneces- budget deficits in the first year.The decision-making.Second,monitoring sary hospital admissions and maintain goal of lower financial burdens has not and evaluation is necessary to determine patients at home,while reducing the been achieved in the first two years the effectiveness of the Luohu model burden of care on family members. of the Luohu model.The 2016 global over time.Despite the new self-evalua- The third strategy was ensuring ad- budget of the Luohu model was given tion system,more indicators related to equate supplies of common drugs in by the total cost of health insurance for people-centred care,population health community health stations.According registered residents in the previous year, and financial burden over the long-term to a study of 22 city-level hospitals in multiplied by the average growth rate are required.Although residents'satis- Beijing,one-third of patients attended of the health insurance fund in 2016 faction with health care in Luohu district hospitals solely to receive drugs(num- However,the average cost of integrated was high,their experience of integrated bers not stated).22 In the Luohu model, care per registered resident in the group care was not a focus of the present study, district-level hospitals shared all drugs increased from US$675.3 in 2015 to even though it is an essential part of with community health stations,which USS 844.2 in 2016.The deficit arose the Luohu model.Nevertheless,we are reduced unnecessary outpatient visits because the global budget was based on planning to use patient-reported experi- to hospitals.Finally,health promotion medical costs in previous years,rather ences as a measure for integrated care to staff in primary health-care teams have than the costs of all aspects of integrated evaluate the Luohu model.Evaluation sought to improve health literacy in the care.Cost of preventive and other public results,in turn,will influence the imple- population since establishment of the health care,such as cancer screening mentation of the remaining strategies or hospital group.The proportion of the programmes for residents older than care integration. population with basic health literacy in 50 years and pneumonia vaccination for Although the health ministry rolled Luohu increased from 9.3%(136710 of residents older than 60 years old,were out the Luohu model to other urban ar- 1.47 million)to21.3%(315240of1.48 not included.The finance ministry of eas of China,it will take time before the million)in the first two years of the pro- Shenzhen city made up for the budget model is implemented nationwide.From gramme.3 This compares with a national deficit of the hospital group by reorga- September to December 2017,more figure of 11.6%in a survey of 84987 nizing health expenditure for public than 1500 policymakers from health and people in 2016.Health literacy enables health providers.Before establishment other social sectors in 321 cities received people to increase control over their of the hospital group,public health care on-site training in Luohu.The concept health and health determinants,while was mainly provided by three kinds of and mechanism of the Luohu model health promotion activities promote facilities:specialized public health-care were adopted by most cities in China. mutual trust between the population facilities (including disease prevention However,some strategies could not be and staff of community health stations and control facilities,and health super- implemented in some cities,due to lack We therefore believe that improving the vision facilities);primary health care of resources and lack of support from population's health literacy contributed facilities (community health stations); the of finance ministry and the social to changing attitudes and behaviour and hospitals.The ministry recalcu- security ministry.For example,insuf- about using community health stations lated the budget of public health care in ficient numbers of general practitioners in Luohu. 2017 for the hospital group based on the may delay the development of primary These four strategies could be ap- care provided in 2016. health-care teams,while the health min- plied directly to health-care systems We suggest that finance ministries istry cannot promote health insurance in other urban areas of China.An in- in other cities or regions rolling out such payment reform without coordination creased supply of general practitioners a model of care,need to consider public with the social security ministry.Some Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 849

Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 849 Policy & practice Xin Wang et al. People-centred care in urban China and collaboration across tiers. Trust needs to be built for collaboration be￾tween institutions in other health-care systems. Changing patient behaviour The second challenge was how to change the behaviour of the population towards using community health stations as the first point of contact, rather than going to hospitals. In the Luohu model, four strategies were used to overcome this cultural challenge. The first strategy was capacity-building in community health stations. Technical assistance from district-level hospitals contributed to the improvement of care quality in commu￾nity health stations. The second strategy was people-centred care in community health stations. For example, in response to the needs of elderly patients confined to bed, the community health stations provided home visits to avoid unneces￾sary hospital admissions and maintain patients at home, while reducing the burden of care on family members. The third strategy was ensuring ad￾equate supplies of common drugs in community health stations. According to a study of 22 city-level hospitals in Beijing, one-third of patients attended hospitals solely to receive drugs (num￾bers not stated).28,29 In the Luohu model, district-level hospitals shared all drugs with community health stations, which reduced unnecessary outpatient visits to hospitals. Finally, health promotion staff in primary health-care teams have sought to improve health literacy in the population since establishment of the hospital group. The proportion of the population with basic health literacy in Luohu increased from 9.3% (136 710 of 1.47 million) to 21.3% (315 240 of 1.48 million) in the first two years of the pro￾gramme.30 This compares with a national figure of 11.6% in a survey of 84 987 people in 2016.31 Health literacy enables people to increase control over their health and health determinants, while health promotion activities promote mutual trust between the population and staff of community health stations. We therefore believe that improving the population’s health literacy contributed to changing attitudes and behaviour about using community health stations in Luohu. These four strategies could be ap￾plied directly to health-care systems in other urban areas of China. An in￾creased supply of general practitioners in Luohu was also important for provid￾ing the capacity to support integrated care through the gatekeeper strategy. During the period 2015–2017, the num￾ber of general practitioners in the group increased from 89 to 194, based on offer￾ing higher salaries and training in task￾shifting for some specialists. In 2017, there were 3.02 general practitioners per 10 000 residents in Luohu, compared with an average of 1.38 per 10 000 for the entire country.22 Policymakers in other health-care systems might con￾sider general practitioner training of some specialists and task-shifting from general practitioners to experienced nurses and public health physicians to fill the general practitioner gaps in the short term. Reducing costs The third challenge was how to avoid budget deficits in the first year. The goal of lower financial burdens has not been achieved in the first two years of the Luohu model. The 2016 global budget of the Luohu model was given by the total cost of health insurance for registered residents in the previous year, multiplied by the average growth rate of the health insurance fund in 2016. However, the average cost of integrated care per registered resident in the group increased from US$ 675.3 in 2015 to US$ 844.2 in 2016. The deficit arose because the global budget was based on medical costs in previous years, rather than the costs of all aspects of integrated care. Cost of preventive and other public health care, such as cancer screening programmes for residents older than 50 years and pneumonia vaccination for residents older than 60 years old, were not included. The finance ministry of Shenzhen city made up for the budget deficit of the hospital group by reorga￾nizing health expenditure for public health providers.32 Before establishment of the hospital group, public health care was mainly provided by three kinds of facilities: specialized public health-care facilities (including disease prevention and control facilities, and health super￾vision facilities); primary health care facilities (community health stations); and hospitals.33,34 The ministry recalcu￾lated the budget of public health care in 2017 for the hospital group based on the care provided in 2016. We suggest that finance ministries in other cities or regions rolling out such a model of care, need to consider public health-care expenditure when calculat￾ing global budgets for hospital groups, to avoid budget deficits in the first year. Next steps There are two remaining steps in the application of the Luohu model. First, several strategies have not yet been implemented (Table 1), including risk stratification, individual care plans for patients, integrated clinical pathways for care integration, decision support and certification. The Luohu hospital group is preparing to implement a risk stratification exercise based on disease burden.22 Once high-risk patients have been identified, individual care plans will be made. Clinical pathways are be￾ing created to standardize the treatment and referral pathways between provid￾ers and to integrate care and support decision-making. Second, monitoring and evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the Luohu model over time. Despite the new self-evalua￾tion system, more indicators related to people-centred care, population health and financial burden over the long-term are required. Although residents’ satis￾faction with health care in Luohu district was high, their experience of integrated care was not a focus of the present study, even though it is an essential part of the Luohu model. Nevertheless, we are planning to use patient-reported experi￾ences as a measure for integrated care to evaluate the Luohu model. Evaluation results, in turn, will influence the imple￾mentation of the remaining strategies or care integration. Although the health ministry rolled out the Luohu model to other urban ar￾eas of China, it will take time before the model is implemented nationwide. From September to December 2017, more than 1500 policymakers from health and other social sectors in 321 cities received on-site training in Luohu. The concept and mechanism of the Luohu model were adopted by most cities in China. However, some strategies could not be implemented in some cities, due to lack of resources and lack of support from the of finance ministry and the social security ministry. For example, insuf￾ficient numbers of general practitioners may delay the development of primary health-care teams, while the health min￾istry cannot promote health insurance payment reform without coordination with the social security ministry. Some

Policy practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. recent ministerial reforms in China community health stations and care to improve the allocation of available provide government action to promote integration in the district.The model health-care resources and manage the health-care system transition from dis has become national policy and is costs of delivering care in ways that ease treatment to integrated care.Insti- spreading rapidly.Application of the are determined more by the needs of tuted in 27 March 2018,such reforms are people-centred integrated care model patients and less by a fragmented system expected to improve health insurance in health-care systems in other parts structure.■ payments and integrated care delivery in of China will promote the transfor- local health-care systems and promote mation from a hospital-centred and Acknowledgements application of the Luohu model. treatment-focused health-care system to We thank the Health and Family Plan- Additionally,developing certifica- a people-centred and community-based ning Commission of Shenzhen city, tion criteria and conducting certifca- integrated health-care system.Lessons Guangdong province and all colleagues tion nationally would assure external learnt from the development and imple- in the Luohu hospital group. accountability for promoting implemen- mentation of the Luohu model in China tation of the people-centred integrated may have implications for other low- Funding:This work was supported by the care model. and middle-income countries that have National Social Science Fund of China health-care systems organized around (grant number 18BGL218)and National Conclusion hospital funding and activities and that Natural Science Foundation of China lack well funded primary health care. (grant number 71804202). The preliminary evaluation of the first Integrating the different levels of care two years of the Luohu model supports into an overall system of people-centred Competing interests:None declared. the principle of capacity-building in care delivery provides an opportunity ilo 心儿a1 sblll goolsyl o3s llilallileJ Ly心lilll之心hll为小WI点 =心LJloabtils.ia .dJI小l5l儿llyp50 巴beic6Jl心yNcU 3oiaiey iL 3slill sul itlpl iall g dodlis Gi.si巴L以|w 心l心2点心5>yall ls.ulel ilJli心5C5 plicol Jomai ols.JI5y心一4cy女ulliccolile Jl uzjlljia ll5y儿a1hscW心1li5up5y川L.dl 分yylI小J儿lh2017pl2015ely心 ‖Llilis北l心lh| ci2017 Jil s>yI4ali之allile Jli.bi iocol 心.gl5 Usyl e ss il ilsall ile 摘要 中国城市以人为本的整合型卫生服务模式 随着人口老龄化的加剧，大多数国家的慢性病病人对 式。我们描述罗湖模式的核心行动领域及相应的实施 整合型卫生服务的需求也在不断增加。这种需求要求 策略，并且总结该模式的第一个两年评估结果。我们 当前的卫生服务体系从根本上向着更加整合的服务提 讨论罗湖模式实施过程中所面临的挑战，以及它为其 供模式转变。为帮助中国实现这一转变，世界卫生组 他卫生体系提供的经验。这些经验包括，如何促进机 织、世界银行和中国政府提出根据以人为本的一体化 构间协作、如何改变居民的行为使其到社区卫生服务 服务模式打造分级诊疗的卫生服务提供体系。深圳市 机构首诊、如何有效整合资源以避免医保基金赤字。 罗湖区作为实践模板率先于2015年至2017年试点引 最后，我们概述罗湖模式接下来的行动计划，以及该 入该模式。2017年9月，中国国家卫生和计划生育 模式在加强其他城市卫生体系的潜在应用。 委员会向全国推介罗湖以人为本的整合型服务提供模 Resume Soins integres axes sur l'etre humain en Chine urbaine Dans la plupart des pays,la demande de soins integres pour les prestation de services plus integres.Pour effectuer cette reorientation personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques augmente a mesure en Chine,I'Organisation mondiale de la Sante,la Banque mondiale et que la population vieillit.Cette demande necessite une reorientation le gouvernement chinois ont propose un systeme de soins de sante majeure des systemes de soins de sante vers des dispositifs de a plusieurs niveaux selon un dispositif de soins integres axes sur l'etre 850 Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018:96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908

850 Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. recent ministerial reforms in China provide government action to promote health-care system transition from dis￾ease treatment to integrated care.3 Insti￾tuted in 27 March 2018, such reforms are expected to improve health insurance payments and integrated care delivery in local health-care systems and promote application of the Luohu model. Additionally, developing certifica￾tion criteria and conducting certifica￾tion nationally would assure external accountability for promoting implemen￾tation of the people-centred integrated care model. Conclusion The preliminary evaluation of the first two years of the Luohu model supports the principle of capacity-building in community health stations and care integration in the district. The model has become national policy and is spreading rapidly. Application of the people-centred integrated care model in health-care systems in other parts of China will promote the transfor￾mation from a hospital-centred and treatment-focused health-care system to a people-centred and community-based integrated health-care system. Lessons learnt from the development and imple￾mentation of the Luohu model in China may have implications for other low￾and middle-income countries that have health-care systems organized around hospital funding and activities and that lack well funded primary health care. Integrating the different levels of care into an overall system of people-centred care delivery provides an opportunity to improve the allocation of available health-care resources and manage the costs of delivering care in ways that are determined more by the needs of patients and less by a fragmented system structure. ■ Acknowledgements We thank the Health and Family Plan￾ning Commission of Shenzhen city, Guangdong province and all colleagues in the Luohu hospital group. Funding: This work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (grant number 18BGL218) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 71804202). Competing interests: None declared. 摘要 中国城市以人为本的整合型卫生服务模式 随着人口老龄化的加剧，大多数国家的慢性病病人对 整合型卫生服务的需求也在不断增加。这种需求要求 当前的卫生服务体系从根本上向着更加整合的服务提 供模式转变。为帮助中国实现这一转变，世界卫生组 织、世界银行和中国政府提出根据以人为本的一体化 服务模式打造分级诊疗的卫生服务提供体系。深圳市 罗湖区作为实践模板率先于 2015 年至 2017 年试点引 入该模式。2017 年 9 月，中国国家卫生和计划生育 委员会向全国推介罗湖以人为本的整合型服务提供模 式。我们描述罗湖模式的核心行动领域及相应的实施 策略，并且总结该模式的第一个两年评估结果。我们 讨论罗湖模式实施过程中所面临的挑战，以及它为其 他卫生体系提供的经验。这些经验包括，如何促进机 构间协作、如何改变居民的行为使其到社区卫生服务 机构首诊、如何有效整合资源以避免医保基金赤字。 最后，我们概述罗湖模式接下来的行动计划，以及该 模式在加强其他城市卫生体系的潜在应用。 Résumé Soins intégrés axés sur l'être humain en Chine urbaine Dans la plupart des pays, la demande de soins intégrés pour les personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques augmente à mesure que la population vieillit. Cette demande nécessite une réorientation majeure des systèmes de soins de santé vers des dispositifs de prestation de services plus intégrés. Pour effectuer cette réorientation en Chine, l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, la Banque mondiale et le gouvernement chinois ont proposé un système de soins de santé à plusieurs niveaux selon un dispositif de soins intégrés axés sur l'être ملخص الرعاية املتكاملة املرتكزة عىل األشخاص يف املناطق احلرضية بالصني يف معظم الدول، يتزايد الطلب عىل خدمات الرعاية املتكاملة لألشخاص املصابني بأمراض مزمنة كلام ازداد عدد السكان. ويتطلب ذلك حتوال أساسيا يف نظم الرعاية الصحية باجتاه نامذج لتقديم اخلدمات أكثر تكامال. ولتحقيق هذا التحول يف الصني، اقرتحت كل من منظمة الصحة العاملية، والبنك الدويل، واحلكومة ً لنموذج للرعاية ً لتقديم الرعاية الصحية املتدرجة وفقا الصينية نظاما املتكاملة املرتكزة عىل األشخاص. ظهر هذا النهج يف منطقة لوهو بمدينة شنتشن من عام 2015 إىل عام 2017 كنمط للمامرسة. يف سبتمرب/أيلول 2017 ،قدمت وزارة الصحة الصينية هذا النهج للرعاية املتكاملة املرتكزة عىل األشخاص للدولة بأكملها. نحن نصف مزايا نموذج لوهو فيام يتعلق بمجاالت العمل األساسية واسرتاتيجيات التنفيذ املقرتحة، كام أننا نلخص البيانات من تقييم للسنتني األوليني من الربنامج. كذلك، فإننا نناقش التحديات التي متت مواجهتها أثناء التنفيذ، والدروس املستفادة منها يف أنظمة الرعاية الصحية األخرى. نحن ننظر يف كيفية حتسني التعاون بني املؤسسات، وكيفية تغيري سلوك السكان بخصوص استخدام اخلدمات الصحية للمجتمع كنقطة اتصال أوىل، وكيفية إدارة اخلطوات التالية لنموذج لوهو وتطبيقه املحتمل، لتعزيز الرعاية ً املوارد بفعالية لتجنب العجز يف امليزانية. وأخريا، فإننا نوجز الصحية يف أنظمة الرعاية الصحية احلرضية األخرى

Policy practice Xin Wang et al People-centred care in urban China humain.Cette approche a ete utilisee pour la premiere fois dans le district pour d'autres systemes de soins de sante.Nous reflechissons aux de Luohu de la ville de Shenzhen de 2015 a 2017 en tant que modele de moyens d'ameliorer la collaboration entre les institutions,de changer pratique.En septembre 2017,le ministere chinois de la Sante a applique le comportement de la population concernant I'utilisation des services a l'ensemble du pays cedispositif de soins integres axes sur l'etre humain. de sante des collectivites comme premier point de contact et de gerer Nous decrivons les caracteristiques du modele de Luohu par rapport efficacement les ressources pour eviter les deficits budgetaires.Enfin, aux principaux domaines d'action et aux strategies de mise en oeuvre nous decrivons les prochaines etapes a suivre dans le cadre du modele proposees et nous resumons les donnees extraites d'une evaluation des de Luohu et son application potentielle pour renforcer les soins de sante deux premieres annees du programme.Nous examinons les difficultes dans d'autres systemes urbains de soins de sante rencontrees lors de la mise en oeuvre etles lecons tirees de ces difficultes Pe30Me CounanbHo opneHTnpoBaHHbin KoMnneKCHbIn yxoA B roponax KnTaa B 6onbwMHCTBe cTpaH no Mepe cTapeHMA HaceneHNA pacTeT N npennoxeHHble CTpaTerN BHenpeHNA 3TON Monenn,a Takke noTpe6HOCTb B KoMnneKCHOM yxone nna nMu,cTpanalownx npMBOnAT MTOrOBble naHHble,nonyueHHble B pe3ynbTate oueHKN xpoHNueCKMMN3a6oneBaHMAMM.3Ta noTpe6HOCTb Tpe6yeTM3MeHeHMA nepBbix AByx neT npoBeneHna nporpaMMbl.O6cynaloTCa npo6neMbl, OCHOBOnonaralOwx npMHUMnOB CNCTeMbl 3npaBooxpaHeHNA N C KOTOPbIMN MenNUNHCKNe paboTHNKN CTOnKHynNcb npl ee CABNra B CTopOHy Monenen,B 6onbwen Mepe opveHTpoBaHHbIX BHeApeHNM,a Takke TOT onblT,KOTOPbIM MOxKeT 6bITb none3eH nnA Ha npenocTaBneHne KoMnneKCHblx ycmyr.Ina noctxeHMa 3TorO Apyrnx CNcTeM 3npaBooxpaHeHNA.ABTopbl paccMaTpNBaoT Takne CABMra B KMTae BceMMpHaa opraHn3ayna 3npaBooxpaHeHNA, BonpoCbl,Kak ynyuuleHne B3aNMoneNCTBNA Mexny opraHn3aLMAMN, BceMNpHblN 6aHK M npaBNTenbCTBO KMTaa npennoxnM BHenpNTb N3MeHeHne noBeneHNa HaceneHna npn Ncnonb30BaHNN C COLManbHO KoMnneKCHoro yxona. 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Monenn Jyoxy npnMeHNTenbHO K KoueBblM o6naCTAM neMCTBMA Resumen Atencion integrada centrada en las personas en las zonas urbanas de China En la mayoria de los paises,la demanda de atencion integrada para con las areas centrales de accion y las estrategias de implementacion las personas con enfermedades cronicas aumenta a medida que la propuestas y se resumen los datos de una evaluacion de los dos poblacion envejece.Esta demanda requiere un cambio fundamental primeros anos del programa.Se exponen los desafios enfrentados de los sistemas de atencion sanitaria hacia modelos de prestacion durante la implementacion y las lecciones aprendidas de la misma de servicios mas integrados.Para lograr este cambio en China,la para otros sistemas de atencion sanitaria.Se considera como mejorar la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud,el Banco Mundial y el gobierno colaboracion entre las instituciones,como cambiar el comportamiento chino propusieron un sistema escalonado de prestacion de servicios de la poblacion sobre el uso de los servicios sanitarios comunitarios sanitarios de acuerdo con un modelo de atencion integrada centrada como primer punto de contacto y como gestionar efcazmente los en las personas.El enfoque se introdujo en el distrito de Luohu de la recursos para evitar deficits de presupuesto.Por ultimo,se esbozaron ciudad de Shenzhen de 2015 a 2017 como modelo para la practica. los proximos pasos del modelo de Luohu y su posible aplicacion para En septiembre de 2017,el Ministerio de Salud de China introdujo este fortalecer la atencion sanitaria en otros sistemas urbanos de atencion enfoque de atencion integrada centrada en las personas en todo el sanitaria. pais.Se describen las caracteristicas del modelo de Luohu en relacion References 1. [The National Health and Family Planning Commission and the State 4.Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable Council held the onsite promotion meeting of medical consortia in diseases 2013-2020.Geneva:World Health Organization;2013.Available Shenzhen].[Internet].Beijing:National Health and Family Planning from:http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-action-plan/en/ Commission of the People's Republic of China;2017.Available from:http:// 5. Slama S,Kim HJ,Roglic G,Boulle P,Hering H,Varghese C,et al. www.nhfpc.qov.cn/zhuz/xwfb/201709/295f949f5b3f483a9267d922b2aca Care of non-communicable diseases in emergencies.Lancet.2017 6a1.shtml [cited 2017 Sep 3].Chinese. Jan21:389(10066):326-30.do:http/dx.doi..org/10.1016/S0140 2 Yip W,Hsiao W.Hamessing the privatisation of China's fragmented health- 6736(16)31404-0PMlD.27637675 care delivery.Lancet.2014 Aug 30:384(9945):805-18.doi:http://dx.doi. 6. Montenegro H,Holder R,Ramagem C,Urrutia S,Fabrega R,Tasca R,et org/10.1016/S0140-6736(1461120-X PMID:25176551 al.Combating health care fragmentation through integrated health 3. The Lancet.Health-care system transition in China.Lancet.2018 Apr service delivery networks in the Americas:lessons learned.J Integr Care 7:391(10128:1332.doi:http/dxdo.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30737-2 2011:195)5-16.doi:http/dxdo.org/10.1108/14769011111176707 PMID:29636258 7. Amelung V,Viktoria S,Nicholas G,Ran B,Ellen N,Esther S,editors.Handbook of integrated care.Basel:Springer;2017.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-319-56103-5 Bull World Hea/th Organ 2018,96:843-852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 851

Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 851 Policy & practice Xin Wang et al. People-centred care in urban China humain. Cette approche a été utilisée pour la première fois dans le district de Luohu de la ville de Shenzhen de 2015 à 2017 en tant que modèle de pratique. En septembre 2017, le ministère chinois de la Santé a appliqué à l'ensemble du pays ce dispositif de soins intégrés axés sur l'être humain. Nous décrivons les caractéristiques du modèle de Luohu par rapport aux principaux domaines d'action et aux stratégies de mise en œuvre proposées et nous résumons les données extraites d'une évaluation des deux premières années du programme. Nous examinons les difficultés rencontrées lors de la mise en œuvre et les leçons tirées de ces difficultés pour d'autres systèmes de soins de santé. Nous réfléchissons aux moyens d'améliorer la collaboration entre les institutions, de changer le comportement de la population concernant l'utilisation des services de santé des collectivités comme premier point de contact et de gérer efficacement les ressources pour éviter les déficits budgétaires. Enfin, nous décrivons les prochaines étapes à suivre dans le cadre du modèle de Luohu et son application potentielle pour renforcer les soins de santé dans d'autres systèmes urbains de soins de santé. Резюме Социально ориентированный комплексный уход в городах Китая В большинстве стран по мере старения населения растет потребность в комплексном уходе для лиц, страдающих хроническими заболеваниями. Эта потребность требует изменения основополагающих принципов системы здравоохранения и сдвига в сторону моделей, в большей мере ориентированных на предоставление комплексных услуг. Для достижения этого сдвига в Китае Всемирная организация здравоохранения, Всемирный банк и Правительство Китая предложили внедрить многоуровневую систему предоставления услуг в соответствии с социально ориентированной моделью комплексного ухода. В качестве образца этот подход впервые был применен в районе Луоху города Шэньчжэнь в период с 2015 по 2017 год. В сентябре 2017 года Министерство здравоохранения Китая ввело принцип социально ориентированного комплексного ухода для всей страны. Авторы описывают характерные черты модели Луоху применительно к ключевым областям действия и предложенные стратегии внедрения этой модели, а также приводят итоговые данные, полученные в результате оценки первых двух лет проведения программы. Обсуждаются проблемы, с которыми медицинские работники столкнулись при ее внедрении, а также тот опыт, который может быть полезен для других систем здравоохранения. Авторы рассматривают такие вопросы, как улучшение взаимодействия между организациями, изменение поведения населения при использовании учреждений общественного здравоохранения в качестве пунктов первоочередного обращения за медицинской помощью, а также эффективное использование имеющихся ресурсов с целью исключения дефицита бюджета. Наконец, описываются дальнейшие этапы модели Луоху и ее потенциальное применение для укрепления здравоохранения в других аналогичных городских системах. Resumen Atención integrada centrada en las personas en las zonas urbanas de China En la mayoría de los países, la demanda de atención integrada para las personas con enfermedades crónicas aumenta a medida que la población envejece. Esta demanda requiere un cambio fundamental de los sistemas de atención sanitaria hacia modelos de prestación de servicios más integrados. Para lograr este cambio en China, la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Banco Mundial y el gobierno chino propusieron un sistema escalonado de prestación de servicios sanitarios de acuerdo con un modelo de atención integrada centrada en las personas. El enfoque se introdujo en el distrito de Luohu de la ciudad de Shenzhen de 2015 a 2017 como modelo para la práctica. En septiembre de 2017, el Ministerio de Salud de China introdujo este enfoque de atención integrada centrada en las personas en todo el país. Se describen las características del modelo de Luohu en relación con las áreas centrales de acción y las estrategias de implementación propuestas y se resumen los datos de una evaluación de los dos primeros años del programa. Se exponen los desafíos enfrentados durante la implementación y las lecciones aprendidas de la misma para otros sistemas de atención sanitaria. Se considera cómo mejorar la colaboración entre las instituciones, cómo cambiar el comportamiento de la población sobre el uso de los servicios sanitarios comunitarios como primer punto de contacto y cómo gestionar eficazmente los recursos para evitar déficits de presupuesto. Por último, se esbozaron los próximos pasos del modelo de Luohu y su posible aplicación para fortalecer la atención sanitaria en otros sistemas urbanos de atención sanitaria. References 1. [The National Health and Family Planning Commission and the State Council held the onsite promotion meeting of medical consortia in Shenzhen]. [Internet]. Beijing: National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China; 2017. Available from: http:// www.nhfpc.gov.cn/zhuz/xwfb/201709/295f949f5b3f483a9267d922b2aca 6a1.shtml [cited 2017 Sep 3]. Chinese. 2. Yip W, Hsiao W. Harnessing the privatisation of China’s fragmented health￾care delivery. Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):805–18. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61120-X PMID: 25176551 3. The Lancet. Health-care system transition in China. Lancet. 2018 Apr 7;391(10128):1332. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30737-2 PMID: 29636258 4. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-action-plan/en/ 5. Slama S, Kim HJ, Roglic G, Boulle P, Hering H, Varghese C, et al. Care of non-communicable diseases in emergencies. Lancet. 2017 Jan 21;389(10066):326–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(16)31404-0 PMID: 27637675 6. Montenegro H, Holder R, Ramagem C, Urrutia S, Fabrega R, Tasca R, et al. Combating health care fragmentation through integrated health service delivery networks in the Americas: lessons learned. J Integr Care. 2011;19(5):5–16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14769011111176707 7. 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852 Bull World Health Organ 2018;96:843–852| doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.214908 Policy & practice People-centred care in urban China Xin Wang et al. 8. People-centred and integrated health services: an overview of the evidence: interim report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/155004/ WHO_HIS_SDS_2015.7_eng.pdf?sequence=1 [cited 2017 Aug 3]. 9. Rutten-van Mölken M. Common challenges faced in EU-funded projects on integrated care for vulnerable persons. Int J Integr Care. 2017 Jun 28;17(2):17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.3104 PMID: 28970758 10. Briggs AM, Valentijn PP, Thiyagarajan JA, Araujo de Carvalho I. Elements of integrated care approaches for older people: a review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2018 04 7;8(4):e021194. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-021194 PMID: 29627819 11. Xu L, Meng Q. 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Available from: http://www.gov.cn/ xinwen/2017-08/03/content_5215805.htm [cited 2017 Aug 3]. 16. WHO global strategy on people-centred and integrated health services. Interim report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/155002/WHO_HIS_ SDS_2015.6_eng.pdf?sequence=1 [cited 2017 Aug 3]. 17. Xu J, Meng QY. People centered health care: towards a new structure of health service delivery in China. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2015. 18. Integrated health services – what and why? Technical brief no.1, May 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http://www.who. int/healthsystems/technical_brief_final.pdf [cited 2017 Aug 3]. 19. WHO global strategy on integrated people-centred health services 2016-2026. placing people and communities at the centre of health services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. 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