俄罗斯联邦宪法 t Adopted by referendum on: 12 Dec 1993) f ICL Document Status: 12 Dec 1993) t Long Title: Constitution of the Russian Federation i i Editors Note: Minor textual changes to Article 65 have been added by order of the President of 9 Jan 1996.1 [Preamble We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and liberties, civil peace and accord, preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly recognized principles of equality and ermination of the peoples honoring the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for our homeland and faith in good and justice eviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, triving to secure the well-being and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations and being aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Part I] First Part Fundamentals of the Constitutional System Article 1 [Russian Federation The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal rule-of-law state with the republican form of government. The names"Russian Federation"and Russia"are equivalent Article 2 [Protection of Human Rights Humans, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. It is a duty of the state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of humans and citizens Article 3 [The Multinational People] ( 1)The multinational people of the Russian Federation is the vehicle of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation. (2)The people of the Russian Federation exercise their power directly, and also through organs of state power and local self-govemment The referendum and free elections are the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people (4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the Russian Federation. eizure of power or appropriation of power authorization are prosecuted under federal law. (1)The sovereignty of the Russian Federation applies to its entire rotory (2)The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. ()The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory. (1)The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which equal subjects of the Russian Federation. (2)The republic(state)has its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area has ts own charter and legislation (3)The federated structure of the Russian Federation are based on its
俄罗斯联邦宪法 { Adopted by referendum on: 12 Dec 1993 } { ICL Document Status: 12 Dec 1993 } { Long Title: Constitution of the Russian Federation } { Editor's Note: Minor textual changes to Article 65 have been added by order of the President of 9 Jan 1996. } [Preamble] We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and liberties, civil peace and accord, preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly recognized principles of equality and self-determination of the peoples, honoring the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for our homeland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, striving to secure the well-being and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations, and being aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the Constitution of the Russian Federation. [Part I] First Part Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Constitutional System Article 1 [Russian Federation] The Russian Federation -- Russia is a democratic federal rule-of-law state with the republican form of government. The names "Russian Federation" and "Russia" are equivalent. Article 2 [Protection of Human Rights] Humans, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. It is a duty of the state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of humans and citizens. Article 3 [The Multinational People] (1) The multinational people of the Russian Federation is the vehicle of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation. (2) The people of the Russian Federation exercise their power directly, and also through organs of state power and local self-government. (3) The referendum and free elections are the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people. (4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the Russian Federation. Seizure of power or appropriation of power authorization are prosecuted under federal law. Article 4 [Sovereignty] (1) The sovereignty of the Russian Federation applies to its entire territory. (2) The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. (3) The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory. Article 5 [Federal Structure] (1) The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation. (2) The republic (state) has its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area has its own charter and legislation (3) The federated structure of the Russian Federation are based on its
state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of s of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian (4)All the subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves Article 6[Citizenship accordance with the Federal law, and are one and equal irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired. (2) Every citizen of the Russian Federation has all the rights and liberties on its territory and bear equal duties, stipulated by the Constitution 3 )A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be stripped of citizenship Article 7 State Principles (1) The Russian Federation is a social state, whose policies are aimed at creating conditions which ensure a dignified life and free development of (2)The Russian Federation protects the work and health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state support for family, motherhood. fatherhood and childhood. and also for the disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees Article 8 [Economic Guarantees] (1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any economic ctivity is guaranteed in (2)Private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and enjoy equal protection in the Russian Federation. (1)The land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples (2)The land and other natural resources may be in private, state municipal and other forms of ownership State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. The bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary powers are independent. Article 11 [ State Powers (1)State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly(Council of the Federation and House of Representatives State Duma ), the government of the Russian Federation and courts of the Russian Federation (2)State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them () The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation are delimited under this Constitution Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers. Article 12 Local Self-Government Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation. Local self-government operates independently within the bounds f its authority. The bodies of local self-government are not part of the state power. Article 13 [Political Plurality (1) Ideological plurality is recognized in the Russian Federation. (2)No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored or mandatory ideology. (3)Political plurality and the multi-party system are recognized in the
state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of scopes of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian Federation. (4) All the subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves in relations with the Federal bodies of state power. Article 6 [Citizenship] (1) Citizenship of the Russian Federation are acquired and terminated in accordance with the Federal law, and are one and equal irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired. (2) Every citizen of the Russian Federation has all the rights and liberties on its territory and bear equal duties, stipulated by the Constitution. (3) A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be stripped of citizenship or of the right to change it. Article 7 [State Principles] (1) The Russian Federation is a social state, whose policies are aimed at creating conditions which ensure a dignified life and free development of man. (2) The Russian Federation protects the work and health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, and also for the disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees. Article 8 [Economic Guarantees] (1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any economic activity is guaranteed in the Russian Federation. (2) Private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and enjoy equal protection in the Russian Federation. Article 9 [Natural Resources] (1) The land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples living on their respective territories. (2) The land and other natural resources may be in private, state municipal and other forms of ownership. Article 10 [Separations of Powers] State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. The bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary powers are independent. Article 11 [State Powers] (1) State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Council of the Federation and House of Representatives [State Duma]), the government of the Russian Federation and courts of the Russian Federation. (2) State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them. (3) The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation are delimited under this Constitution, Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers. Article 12 [Local Self-Government] Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation. Local self-government operates independently within the bounds of its authority. The bodies of local self-government are not part of the state power bodies. Article 13 [Political Plurality] (1) Ideological plurality is recognized in the Russian Federation. (2) No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored or mandatory ideology. (3) Political plurality and the multi-party system are recognized in the
Russian Federation (4)Public associations are equal before the law. )The establishment and the activities of public associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of strife are prohibited. Article 14 Secularity of the State (1)The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be instituted as state-sponsored or mandatory religion (2)Religious associations are separated from the state, and are equal Article 15 [ Supreme Lawl (1)The Constitution has supreme legal force and direct effect, and is applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted by the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution (2)Organs of state power and local self-government, officials, citizens and their associations must comply with the laws and the Constitution ()The laws are officially published. Unpublished laws are not applicable No regulatory legal act affecting the rights, liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has beer published officially for general knowledg (4)The commonly recognized principles and norms of the international lav and the international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component part of its legal system. If an intemational treaty of the Russian ederation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty apply Article 16 Constitutional System] (I)The provisions of the present Chapter of the Constitution are the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and may not be changed except as provided for in this Constitution. (2) No other provisions of this Constitution may contravene the oundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation Chapter 2 Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen Article 17 Basic Rights and Liberties (1)The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law are recognized and guaranteed in the russian Federation and under this Constitution (2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. ()The exercise of rights and liberties of a human being and citizen may not violate the nights and liberties of other persons The rights and liberties of man and citizen have direct effect they determine the meaning, content and application of the laws, and the activities of the legislative and executive branches and local self-government, and are secured by the judiciary (1)All people are equal before the law and in the court of law (2)The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment tatus, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden ()Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities Article 20 [Life, Capital Punishment]
Russian Federation. (4) Public associations are equal before the law. (5) The establishment and the activities of public associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of armed units, the incitement of social, racial, national and religious strife are prohibited. Article 14 [Secularity of the State] (1) The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be instituted as state-sponsored or mandatory religion. (2) Religious associations are separated from the state, and are equal before the law. Article 15 [Supreme Law] (1) The Constitution has supreme legal force and direct effect, and is applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted by the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution. (2) Organs of state power and local self-government, officials, citizens and their associations must comply with the laws and the Constitution. (3) The laws are officially published. Unpublished laws are not applicable. No regulatory legal act affecting the rights, liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has been published officially for general knowledge. (4) The commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty apply. Article 16 [Constitutional System] (1) The provisions of the present Chapter of the Constitution are the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and may not be changed except as provided for in this Constitution. (2) No other provisions of this Constitution may contravene the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Chapter 2 Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen Article 17 [Basic Rights and Liberties] (1) The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law are recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation and under this Constitution. (2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. (3) The exercise of rights and liberties of a human being and citizen may not violate the rights and liberties of other persons. Article 18 [Direct Effect] The rights and liberties of man and citizen have direct effect. They determine the meaning, content and application of the laws, and the activities of the legislative and executive branches and local self-government, and are secured by the judiciary. Article 19 [Equality] (1) All people are equal before the law and in the court of law. (2) The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden. (3) Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities for their pursuit. Article 20 [Life, Capital Punishment]
(1) Everyone has the right to life (2)Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life. with the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by jury Article 21 [Human Dignity (1)The dignity of the person is protected by the state. No circumstance (2)No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent. Article 22 [Personal Freedom] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability (2)Arrest, detention and keeping in custody are allowed only by an order of a court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order of a court of law. Article 23 [Privacy] (1) Everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to protection of ones honor and good name (2) Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this right is allowed only under an order of a court of law Article 24 Data Protection (I)It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on (2)The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter the home against the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal law or under an order of a court of law Article 26(National Identity, Native Language] (1) Everyone has the right to determine and state his national identity No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity (2) Everyone has the right to use his native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work (1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and reside (2) Everyone is free to leave the boundaries of the Russian Federation The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to freely return into the Russian Federation Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in nformity with them (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and speech (2)Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national racial, national, religious or language superiority is forbidden. (3) No one may be coerced into expressing ones views and convictions or (4)Everyone has the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret is established by the federal law. 5. The freedom of the mass
(1) Everyone has the right to life. (2) Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life, with the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by jury. Article 21 [Human Dignity] (1) The dignity of the person is protected by the state. No circumstance may be used as a pretext for belittling it. (2) No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent. Article 22 [Personal Freedom] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability. (2) Arrest, detention and keeping in custody are allowed only by an order of a court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order of a court of law. Article 23 [Privacy] (1) Everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to protection of one's honor and good name. (2) Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this right is allowed only under an order of a court of law. Article 24 [Data Protection] (1) It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the private life of any person without his/her consent. (2) The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law. Article 25 [Home] The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter the home against the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal law or under an order of a court of law. Article 26 [National Identity, Native Language] (1) Everyone has the right to determine and state his national identity. No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity. (2) Everyone has the right to use his native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work. Article 27 [Residence] (1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and reside. (2) Everyone is free to leave the boundaries of the Russian Federation. The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to freely return into the Russian Federation. Article 28 [Belief, Religion] Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in conformity with them. Article 29 [Expression] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and speech. (2) Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred and strife is impermissible. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or language superiority is forbidden. (3) No one may be coerced into expressing one's views and convictions or into renouncing them. (4) Everyone has the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret is established by the federal law. 5. The freedom of the mass
media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited (1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities is guaranteed (2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof Article 31 [Assembly, Demonstration] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to gather peacefully. without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets (1)Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of the affairs of the state both directly and through neir representatives. (2)Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of state govemance and to organs of local self-government, as well as take part in a referendum. ()Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, lo not have the right to elect or to be elected. (4)Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to state service )Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in administering justice Article 33[Petitions) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to turn personally to, and send individual and collective petitions to state bodies and bodies of Article 34 [Property Rights] (1) Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the (2) No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition a allowe Article 35 [Private Property )The right of private property is protected by law. (2) Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to ossess,use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons () No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal (4)The right of inheritance is guaranteed Article 36 Land Ownership (1)Citizens and their associations have the right to have land in their (2)The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources are freely exercised by their owners provided this does not of other persons. ()The terms and procedures for the use of land are determined on the basis of federal laws Article 37 [Work] (1)Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation. (2)Forced labor is prohibited ()Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment. (4)The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of
media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. Article 30 [Association] (1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities is guaranteed. (2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof. Article 31 [Assembly, Demonstration] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to gather peacefully, without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets. Article 32 [Participation] (1) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of the affairs of the state both directly and through their representatives. (2) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of state governance and to organs of local self-government, as well as take part in a referendum. (3) Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, do not have the right to elect or to be elected. (4) Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to state service. (5) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in administering justice. Article 33 [Petitions] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to turn personally to, and send individual and collective petitions to state bodies and bodies of local self-government. Article 34 [Property Rights] (1) Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the law. (2) No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition are allowed. Article 35 [Private Property] (1) The right of private property is protected by law. (2) Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to possess, use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons. (3) No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation. (4) The right of inheritance is guaranteed. Article 36 [Land Ownership] (1) Citizens and their associations have the right to have land in their private ownership. (2) The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources are freely exercised by their owners provided this does not cause damage to the environment or infringe upon the rights and interests of other persons. (3) The terms and procedures for the use of land are determined on the basis of federal laws. Article 37 [Work] (1) Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation. (2) Forced labor is prohibited. (3) Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment. (4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of
means of resolution thereof established by federal law, including the right to strike, is recognized )Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. A person having a work contract is guaranteed the statutory duration of the work time, days off and holidays, and paid annual vacation. Article 38 [Children, Family (1)Motherhood and childhood, and the family are under state protection. (2)Care for children and their upbringing are the equal right and duty of the parents. () Employable children who have reached 18 years of age must take care of their non-employable parents Article 39 [Social Security (1) Everyone is guaranteed social security in old age, in case of disease, invalidity, loss of breadwinner, to bring up children and in other cases established by law. (2)State pensions and social benefits are established by laws () Voluntary social insurer relopment of additional forms of social security and charity are encouraged Article 40 [Housing (1) Everyone has the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of a home (2)State bodies and organs of local self-government encourage home construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to a (3)Low-income citizens and other citizens, defined by the law, who are in eed of housing are housed free of charge or for affordable pay from government, municipal and other housing funds in conformity with the norms stipulated by the law. (1) Everyone has the right to health care and medical assistance. Medical assistance is made available by state and municipal health care institutions to citizens free of charge, with the money from the relevant udget, insurance payments another revenues ()The Russian Federation finances federal health care and health-building programs, take measures to develop state, municipal and private health care systems, encourage activities contributing to the strengthening of the mans health, to the development of physical culture and sport, and to ecological, sanitary and epidemiologic welfare ()Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances posing hazards to human life and health result in their liability in conformance with federal law. Article 42 [ Environment] Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for the dam aused to his her health or property by ecological violations. Article 43 Education (1) Everyone has the right to education (2)The accessibility and gratuity of pre-school, general secondary and institutions and enterprises are guaranteed (3)Everyone has the right to receive, free of charge and on a competitive asis, higher education in a state or municipal educational institution or enterpnse (4) Basic general education is mandatory. Parents or persons substituting for them must provide for their children to receive basic general education The Russian Federation institutes federal state educational standards nd support various forms of education and self-educatie Article 44 [Arts, Sciences, Culture (1) Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, intellectual and other types of creative activity and tuition
means of resolution thereof established by federal law, including the right to strike, is recognized. (5) Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. A person having a work contract is guaranteed the statutory duration of the work time, days off and holidays, and paid annual vacation. Article 38 [Children, Family] (1) Motherhood and childhood, and the family are under state protection. (2) Care for children and their upbringing are the equal right and duty of the parents. (3) Employable children who have reached 18 years of age must take care of their non-employable parents. Article 39 [Social Security] (1) Everyone is guaranteed social security in old age, in case of disease, invalidity, loss of breadwinner,to bring up children and in other cases established by law. (2) State pensions and social benefits are established by laws. (3) Voluntary social insurance, development of additional forms of social security and charity are encouraged. Article 40 [Housing] (1) Everyone has the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of a home. (2) State bodies and organs of local self-government encourage home construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to a home. (3) Low-income citizens and other citizens, defined by the law, who are in need of housing are housed free of charge or for affordable pay from government, municipal and other housing funds in conformity with the norms stipulated by the law. Article 41 [Health Care] (1) Everyone has the right to health care and medical assistance. Medical assistance is made available by state and municipal health care institutions to citizens free of charge, with the money from the relevant budget, insurance payments another revenues. (2) The Russian Federation finances federal health care and health-building programs, take measures to develop state, municipal and private health care systems, encourage activities contributing to the strengthening of the man's health, to the development of physical culture and sport, and to ecological, sanitary and epidemiologic welfare. (3) Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances posing hazards to human life and health result in their liability in conformance with federal law. Article 42 [Environment] Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for the damage caused to his or her health or property by ecological violations. Article 43 [Education] (1) Everyone has the right to education. (2) The accessibility and gratuity of pre-school, general secondary and vocational secondary education in public and municipal educational institutions and enterprises are guaranteed. (3) Everyone has the right to receive, free of charge and on a competitive basis, higher education in a state or municipal educational institution or enterprise. (4) Basic general education is mandatory. Parents or persons substituting for them must provide for their children to receive basic general education. (5) The Russian Federation institutes federal state educational standards and support various forms of education and self-education. Article 44 [Arts, Sciences, Culture] (1) Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, intellectual and other types of creative activity and tuition
Intellectual property is protected by the law (2) Everyone has the right to participation in cultural life, to the use of institutions of culture and access to cultural values. () Everyone has the responsibility to care for the preservation of the historic and cultural heritage and safeguard landmarks of history and culture Article 45 [State Protection (1)State protection for human rights and liberties in the Russian Federation is guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any means not prohibited by the law. Article 46[Legal Protection] (1) Everyone is guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties (2)The decisions and actions(or inaction)of state organs, organs of local self-government, public associations and officials may be appealed (3) In conformity with the international treaties of the Federation, everyone has the right to concerned with the protection of human rights and liberties when all the means of legal protection available within the state have been e Article 47 [Access to the Courts (1) No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the law (2)Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed by a court of law with the participation of jurors in stipulated by the federal law. (1) Everyone is guaranteed the right to qualified legal counsel. Legal counsel is provided free of charge in cases stipulated by the law (2) Every person who has been detained, taken into custody or charged with a crime has the right to legal counsel (defense attorney) from the moment of, respectively, detention or indictment. (1) Everyone charged with a crime is considered not guilty until his or the federal law and established by the verdict of a court of law. (2)The defendant ist not obliged to prove his or her (3)The benefit of doubt is interpreted in favor of the defendant. Article 50 [Ne Bis In Idem] ()No one may be repeatedly convicted for the same offense (2)In the administration of justice no evidence obtained in violation of the federal law is allowed () Everyone sentenced for a crime has the right to have the sentence reviewed by a higher court according to the pro instituted by the federal law, and also the right to plea for clemency or mitigation punishment Article 51 (Right to Remain Silent] (I)No one is obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his her spouse and close relatives, the range of which are established by the federal law (2)The federal law may stipulate other exemptions from the obligation to give evidence The rights of persons who have sustained harm from crimes and abuses of power is protected by the law. The state guarantees the victims access te stice and compensation for damage Article 53[Compensation] Everyone has the right to compensation by the state for the damage caused
Intellectual property is protected by the law. (2) Everyone has the right to participation in cultural life, to the use of institutions of culture, and access to cultural values. (3) Everyone has the responsibility to care for the preservation of the historic and cultural heritage and safeguard landmarks of history and culture. Article 45 [State Protection] (1) State protection for human rights and liberties in the Russian Federation is guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any means not prohibited by the law. Article 46 [Legal Protection] (1) Everyone is guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties in a court of law. (2) The decisions and actions (or inaction) of state organs, organs of local self-government, public associations and officials may be appealed against in a court of law. (3) In conformity with the international treaties of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to turn to interstate organs concerned with the protection of human rights and liberties when all the means of legal protection available within the state have been exhausted. Article 47 [Access to the Courts] (1) No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the law. (2) Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed by a court of law with the participation of jurors in cases stipulated by the federal law. Article 48 [Counsel] (1) Everyone is guaranteed the right to qualified legal counsel. Legal counsel is provided free of charge in cases stipulated by the law. (2) Every person who has been detained, taken into custody or charged with a crime has the right to legal counsel (defense attorney) from the moment of, respectively, detention or indictment. Article 49 [Innocence] (1) Everyone charged with a crime is considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the procedures stipulated by the federal law and established by the verdict of a court of law. (2) The defendant ist not obliged to prove his or her innocence. (3) The benefit of doubt is interpreted in favor of the defendant. Article 50 [Ne Bis In Idem] (1) No one may be repeatedly convicted for the same offense. (2) In the administration of justice no evidence obtained in violation of the federal law is allowed. (3) Everyone sentenced for a crime has the right to have the sentence reviewed by a higher court according to the procedure instituted by the federal law, and also the right to plea for clemency or mitigation punishment. Article 51 [Right to Remain Silent] (1) No one is obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his or her spouse and close relatives, the range of which are established by the federal law. (2) The federal law may stipulate other exemptions from the obligation to give evidence. Article 52 [Victims] The rights of persons who have sustained harm from crimes and abuses of power is protected by the law. The state guarantees the victims access to justice and compensation for damage. Article 53 [Compensation] Everyone has the right to compensation by the state for the damage caused
by unlawful actions(or inaction)of state organs, or their officials Article 54 [Retroactive Laws (1) retroactive force (2) No one may be held liable for an action which was not recognized as an offense at the time of its commitment If liability for an offense has been lifted or mitigated after its perpetration, the new law applies. (1)The listing of the basic rights and liberties in the Constitution may not be interpreted as the denial or belittlement of the other commonly recognized human and citizens rights and liberties. (2)No laws denying or belittling human and civil rights and liberties may be issued in the russian Federation ()Human and civil rights and liberties may be restricted by the federal law only to the extent required for the protection of the fundamentals of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, for ensuring the defense of the country and the security fthe state Article 56[Restrictions Individual Restrictions of rights and liberties with identification of the extent and of their duration may be instituted in conformity with the federal constitutional law under conditions of the state of emergency in order to ensure the safety of citizens and protection of the constitutional system. (2)A state of emergency throughout the territory of the russian Federation and in individual areas thereof may be introduced in the circumstances and in conformity with the procedures defined by the federal constitutional law ()The rights and liberties stipulated by Articles 20, 21, 23(1), 24, 28, 34(1), 40(1), 46-34 of the Constitution are not subject to restriction Article 57 Duty to Pay Taxes Everyone is obliged to pay lawful taxes and fees. Laws introducing ne taxes or worsening the situation of tax payers may not have retroactive Article 58 Duty to Protect the Environment] Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and care for natural wealth Article 59[Military Service (1) Defense of the homeland is a duty and obligation of the citizen of the Russian Federation (2)The citizen of the Russian Federation do military service in conformity with the federal lay ()The citizen of the Russian Federation whose convictions and faith are at odds with military service, and also in other cases stipulated by the federal law has the right to the substitution of an alternative ci servIce Article 60 [Legal Age The citizen of the Russian Federation is recognized to be of legal age and may independently er his rights and duties in full upon reaching the age of 18 Article 61 [ Extradition] (1)The citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported out of Russia or extradited to another state (2)The Russian Federation guarantees its citizens defense and patronage beyond its boundaries (1)The citizen of the Russian Federation may have the citizenship of foreign state(dual citizenship) in conformity with the federal law or intemational treaty of the Russian Federation. (2)Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the Russian Federation does not belittle his or her ranks and liberties or
by unlawful actions (or inaction) of state organs, or their officials. Article 54 [Retroactive Laws] (1) The law instituting or aggravating the liability of a person has no retroactive force. (2) No one may be held liable for an action which was not recognized as an offense at the time of its commitment. If liability for an offense has been lifted or mitigated after its perpetration, the new law applies. Article 55 [Limits on Restrictions] (1) The listing of the basic rights and liberties in the Constitution may not be interpreted as the denial or belittlement of the other commonly recognized human and citizens' rights and liberties. (2) No laws denying or belittling human and civil rights and liberties may be issued in the Russian Federation. (3) Human and civil rights and liberties may be restricted by the federal law only to the extent required for the protection of the fundamentals of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, for ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state. Article 56 [Restrictions] Individual Restrictions of rights and liberties with identification of the extent and of their duration may be instituted in conformity with the federal constitutional law under conditions of the state of emergency in order to ensure the safety of citizens and protection of the constitutional system. (2) A state of emergency throughout the territory of the Russian Federation and in individual areas thereof may be introduced in the circumstances and in conformity with the procedures defined by the federal constitutional law. (3) The rights and liberties stipulated by Articles 20, 21, 23 (1), 24, 28, 34 (1), 40 (1), 46-54 of the Constitution are not subject to restriction. Article 57 [Duty to Pay Taxes] Everyone is obliged to pay lawful taxes and fees. Laws introducing new taxes or worsening the situation of tax payers may not have retroactive force. Article 58 [Duty to Protect the Environment] Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and care for natural wealth. Article 59 [Military Service] (1) Defense of the homeland is a duty and obligation of the citizen of the Russian Federation. (2) The citizen of the Russian Federation do military service in conformity with the federal law. (3) The citizen of the Russian Federation whose convictions and faith are at odds with military service, and also in other cases stipulated by the federal law has the right to the substitution of an alternative civil service for military service. Article 60 [Legal Age] The citizen of the Russian Federation is recognized to be of legal age and may independently exercise his rights and duties in full upon reaching the age of 18. Article 61 [Extradition] (1) The citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported out of Russia or extradited to another state. (2) The Russian Federation guarantees its citizens defense and patronage beyond its boundaries. Article 62 [Dual Citizenship] (1) The citizen of the Russian Federation may have the citizenship of a foreign state (dual citizenship) in conformity with the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation. (2) Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the Russian Federation does not belittle his or her ranks and liberties or
exempt him or her from the duties stemming from Russian citizenship unless otherwise stipulated by the federal law or intemational treaty of the () Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy in the Russian Federation the rights of its citizens and bear their duties with the exception of ses stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Article 63 [Asylum] (I)The Russian Federation grants political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless citizens in conformity with the commonly recognized norms of the (2)The extradition of persons persecuted for their political views or any actions(or inaction), which are not qualified inal by the law of the russian Federation, to other states is not allowed in the russiar Federation. The extradition of charged with and also the over of convicts for serving time in other countries is effected on the basis of the federal law or intemational treaty of the Russian Federation Article 64 [Change by Amendmen The provisions of these articles form the basis of personal rights in the ussian Federation and may not be changed other than by the means set forth in this constitution Chapter 3 Russian Federation Article 65 Republ (1)The Russian Federation consists of the subjects of the Federation Republic of Adygeya(Adygeya), Republic of Altai, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardin-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia Khalmg Tangch, Karachayevo-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Sakha(Yakutia), Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tuva, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Khakasia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic - Chavash Republics: Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Maritime Territory, Stavropol Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Arkhangelsk Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region, Irkutsk Region, Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Kamchatka Region, Kemerovo Region, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad Region, Lipetsk Region, Magadan Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Novgorod Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Orenburg Region, Oryol Region, Penza Region, Perm Region, Pskov Region, Rostov Region, Ryazan Region, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Sakhalin Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tomsk Region, Tula Relation, Tyumen Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Chita Region, Yaroslavl Region; Moscow, St Petersburg federal cities; Jewish Autonomous Region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Autonomous Area, Taimyr(Dolgan- Nenets) Autonomous Area, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, Chukchi Autonomous rea, Evenk Autonomous Area, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area. (2)Accession to the Russian Federation and formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation within it is carried out as envisaged by the federal constitutional law Article 66[Territories, Regions (I)The status of a republic is defined by the Constitution and the (2)The status of a territory, region, federal city, and autonomous region and autonomous area is determined by Constitution and the Charter of the territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region autonomous area, adopted by the legislative(representative)body of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation. ()A federal law on autonomous region, autonomous area may be adopted at
exempt him or her from the duties stemming from Russian citizenship unless otherwise stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation. (3) Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy in the Russian Federation the rights of its citizens and bear their duties with the exception of cases stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation. Article 63 [Asylum] (1) The Russian Federation grants political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless citizens in conformity with the commonly recognized norms of the international law. (2) The extradition of persons persecuted for their political views or any actions (or inaction), which are not qualified as criminal by the law of the Russian Federation, to other states is not allowed in the Russian Federation. The extradition of persons charged with crimes and also the hand-over of convicts for serving time in other countries is effected on the basis of the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation. Article 64 [Change by Amendment] The provisions of these articles form the basis of personal rights in the Russian Federation and may not be changed other than by the means set forth in this constitution. Chapter 3 Russian Federation Article 65 [Republics] (1) The Russian Federation consists of the subjects of the Federation: Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya), Republic of Altai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardin-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia -- Khalmg Tangch, Karachayevo-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tuva, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Khakasia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic -- Chavash Republics; Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Maritime Territory, Stavropol Territory, Khabarovsk Territory; Amur Region, Arkhangelsk Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region, Irkutsk Region, Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Kamchatka Region, Kemerovo Region, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad Region, Lipetsk Region, Magadan Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Novgorod Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Orenburg Region, Oryol Region, Penza Region, Perm Region, Pskov Region, Rostov Region, Ryazan Region, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Sakhalin Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tomsk Region, Tula Relation, Tyumen Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Chita Region, Yaroslavl Region; Moscow, St. Petersburg -- federal cities; Jewish Autonomous Region; Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Area, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area, Koryak Autonomous Area, Nenets Autonomous Area, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomous Area, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, Chukchi Autonomous Area, Evenk Autonomous Area, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area. (2) Accession to the Russian Federation and formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation within it is carried out as envisaged by the federal constitutional law. Article 66 [Territories, Regions] (1) The status of a republic is defined by the Constitution and the constitution of the republic in question. (2) The status of a territory, region, federal city, and autonomous region and autonomous area is determined by Constitution and the Charter of the territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region, autonomous area, adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation. (3) A federal law on autonomous region, autonomous area may be adopted at
the nomination from the legislative and executive bodies of an autonomous region, autonomous area. (4)Relations between autonomous areas within a territory or region may be regulated by the federal law and an agreement between bodies of state power of the autonomous area and, respectively, bodies of state power of the territory or the region. t of t with mutual consent of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law Article 67 [Territory] (1) The territory of the Russian Federation incorporates the territories of its subjects, the internal and territorial seas and the air (2)The Russian Federation has sovereign rights and exercise jurisdiction on the continental shelf and in the exclusive one of the russian Federation under the procedure stipulated by the federal law and norms of intemational law. ()The boundaries between the subjects of the Russian Federation may b Article 68[State Language (1)The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is the russian language (2)The republics have the right to institute their own state languages They are used alongside the state language of the Russian Federation in bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government and state institutions of the republics. ()The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create the conditions for its study and development. Article 69 [Indigenous Rights The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of intemational law and intemational treaties of the Russian Federation Article 70 [Flag, Emblem, Anthem (1) The national flag, State Emblem, and the national anthem, their description and the procedure for their official use are established by the federal constitutional law (2)The capital of the Russian Federation is the city of Moscow. The status of the capital is established by the federal law Article 71 [Federal Jurisdiction The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes a)the adoption and amendment of the Constitution and federal laws and supervision over compliance with them; b)the federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation c)regulation and protection of the rights and liberties of the human being and citizen; citizenship of the Russian Federation, regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; and judiciary power, procedure for the organization and activities thereof, formation of federal bodies of state power; e)federal and state property and management thereof; f) determining the basic principles of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state structure, the economy, the environment, and the social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation, g)establishment of the legal framework for a single market; financial monetary, credit and customs regulation, emission of money and guideline for price policy; federal economic services, including federal banks, h)the federal budget; federal taxes and levies; federal funds of regional i)federal power grids, nuclear energy, fissionable materials; federal tion and communications; space activities; j)foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, intemational treaties of the Russian questions of war and peace, k) foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation;
the nomination from the legislative and executive bodies of an autonomous region, autonomous area. (4) Relations between autonomous areas within a territory or region may be regulated by the federal law and an agreement between bodies of state power of the autonomous area and, respectively, bodies of state power of the territory or the region. (5) The status of a subject of the Russian Federation may be changed only with mutual consent of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law. Article 67 [Territory] (1) The territory of the Russian Federation incorporates the territories of its subjects, the internal and territorial seas and the air space over them. (2) The Russian Federation has sovereign rights and exercise jurisdiction on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation under the procedure stipulated by the federal law and norms of international law. (3) The boundaries between the subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed by their mutual agreement. Article 68 [State Language] (1) The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is the Russian language. (2) The republics have the right to institute their own state languages. They are used alongside the state language of the Russian Federation in bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government and state institutions of the republics. (3) The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create the conditions for its study and development. Article 69 [Indigenous Rights] The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation. Article 70 [Flag, Emblem, Anthem] (1) The national flag, State Emblem, and the national anthem, their description and the procedure for their official use are established by the federal constitutional law. (2) The capital of the Russian Federation is the city of Moscow. The status of the capital is established by the federal law. Article 71 [Federal Jurisdiction] The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes: a) the adoption and amendment of the Constitution and federal laws and supervision over compliance with them; b) the federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; c) regulation and protection of the rights and liberties of the human being and citizen; citizenship of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; d) establishment of the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary power, procedure for the organization and activities thereof; formation of federal bodies of state power; e) federal and state property and management thereof; f) determining the basic principles of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state structure, the economy, the environment, and the social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation; g) establishment of the legal framework for a single market; financial, monetary, credit and customs regulation, emission of money and guidelines for price policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; h) the federal budget; federal taxes and levies; federal funds of regional development; i) federal power grids, nuclear energy, fissionable materials; federal transport, railways, information and communications; space activities; j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian questions of war and peace; k) foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation;