Company(1)第3讲心理实验的变量与控制Variables and their controlChapter3ResearchTechnigues:Experiments
Company LOGO 第3讲 心理实验的变量与控制（1） Variables and their control Chapter 3 Research Techniques: Experiments
Outline内容框架一、心理实验的含义与基本形式二、心理实验中的变量及其控制自变量的种类与控制（IV）因变量的种类与控制（DV）干扰变量及其控制（CV）ConfoundingVariables(CV))
Outline 内 容 框 架 ❖一、心理实验的含义与基本形式 ❖二、心理实验中的变量及其控制 ▪自变量的种类与控制(IV) ▪因变量的种类与控制(DV) ▪干扰变量及其控制(CV） ▪ Confounding Variables(CV))
一节心理实验的含义与基本形式心理实验及其类型（一）心理实验是指在严密控制的条件下，有组织地逐次变化条件，对相伴随的心理现象的变化进行观察，记录和测定，从而确定条件与心理现象之间关系的方法。P33严密控制，实验条件，心理现象，因果关系研究的三种水平：描述水平，相关水平，因果水平）P23&P28
一节 心理实验的含义与基本形式 一、心理实验及其类型 （一）心理实验是指在严密控制的条件下，有 组织地逐次变化条件，对相伴随的心理现象 的变化进行观察，记录和测定，从而确定条 件与心理现象之间关系的方法。P33 严密控制，实验条件，心理现象，因果关系 （研究的三种水平：描述水平，相关水平，因 果水平）P23 ＆P28
ExperimentalResearchOverviewandMajorFeaturesAnindependentvariable(IV)is manipulatedAdependentvariable(s)(DV)ismeasuredMany basicexperimentsconsistoftwo groupsoftheindependentvariableexperimentalgroupcontrolgroupControloverextraneousvariablesholding constantrandomizingeffectsAcausalrelationshipbetweentheindependentanddependentvariablescanbeestablished
Experimental Research Overview and Major Features ❖ An independent variable (IV) is manipulated ❖ A dependent variable(s) (DV) is measured ❖ Many basic experiments consist of two groups of the independent variable • experimental group • control group ❖ Control over extraneous variables • holding constant • randomizing effects ❖ A causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables can be established
ExperimentalMethodMethod of manipulating one set of variables(independentvariables:M,while observing andmeasuringthe effect on another set of variables(dependentvariables:DV,withotherfactorsequivalent(randomandcontrolvariables)If the DV changes significantly when we manipulate theIV, we may infer that the IV has a causal relationship totheDVMostly Behavioural, Cognitive (e.g.,The Stroop Effect)andBiologicalparadigms
Experimental Method ❖ Method of manipulating one set of variables (independent variables: IV), while observing and measuring the effect on another set of variables (dependent variables: DV), with other factors equivalent (random and control variables) ❖ If the DV changes significantly when we manipulate the IV, we may infer that the IV has a causal relationship to the DV ❖ Mostly Behavioural, Cognitive (e.g., The Stroop Effect) and Biological paradigms
Asmallexperiment(1)Group1Areyouhappy?Howmanydatesdidyouhavelastmonth?Group2Howmanydatesdidyouhavelastmonth?*Areyouhappy?ResultsGroup1:12%Group2:60%
Group 1 ❖ Are you happy? ❖ How many dates did you have last month? Group2 ❖ How many dates did you have last month? ❖ Are you happy? ❖ Results ▪ Group1: 12% ▪ Group2: 60% A small experiment(1)
A smallexperiment(2)Group1:Giveyouranswerinfiveseconds!8X7×6X5X4×3X2×1=?Group2:Giveyouranswerinfiveseconds!1×2X3×4×5×6X7×8=?ResultsGroup1:2250Group2:512Key:40320锚定效应：人们会以最初的信息为参照来调整对事件的估计
A small experiment(2) ❖ Group1: Give your answer in five seconds! ❖ 8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1=? ❖ Group2: Give your answer in five seconds! ❖ 1×2×3×4×5×6×7×8=? ❖ Results ▪ Group1:2250 ▪ Group2:512 ▪ Key: 40320 ❖ 锚定效应：人们会以最初的信息为参照来调整对事件的估计
心实验范式（experimentalparadigm）：在各种心理过程和各个心理学分支的研究中较经典的实验任务。一一心理学研究难点之所在！Stroop任务：颜色词的书写颜色与词义不匹配，要求被试命名书写颜色。可用于加工速度、加工控制负启动效应、自动加工、控制加工等的研究。负启动效应：启动显示中的分心物成为探测显示中的目标时，反应时延长的现象。任务分离范式、过程分离范式、N-back范式、gonogo范式、花园路径范式等
❖实验范式（experimental paradigm）：在各 种心理过程和各个心理学分支的研究中较经典 的实验任务。——心理学研究难点之所在！ ▪ Stroop任务：颜色词的书写颜色与词义不匹配，要 求被试命名书写颜色。可用于加工速度、加工控制、 负启动效应、自动加工、控制加工等的研究。 ▪ 负启动效应：启动显示中的分心物成为探测显示中 的目标时，反应时延长的现象。 ▪ 任务分离范式、过程分离范式、N-back范式、gono go范式、花园路径范式等
Howwouldeachofthese paradigmsapproach...biologicalbehavioralcognitivepsychodynamichumanistic
❖How would each of these paradigms approach. ▪ biological ▪ behavioral ▪ cognitive ▪ psychodynamic ▪ humanistic ❖
*Asking“Whichparadigm is best?"oreven“Whicparadigm is true?"is not likely to be answerable orusefulAsking“What are the uses and limitations of eachparadigm?"isabetter questionConsidertheold storyof Theblindmenandtheelephant
❖ Asking “Which paradigm is best?”, or even “Which paradigm is true?” is not likely to be answerable or useful. ❖ Asking “What are the uses and limitations of each paradigm?” is a better question ❖ Consider the old story of The blind men and the elephant