《牧草饲料作物栽培学》课程教学资源（文献资料）White Clover.pdf_大学文库

Sustainable agriculture White Clover and envin t and"Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences popular temperate egume, Benefits provided by white clover no)ca e grown successfully ExCELLENT for attracting beneficial insects,for a te clover improves soil quality reduced-or non-chemical pest management,for icial insects,and can be used in pasture controlling erosion,suppressing weeds once established,and as a source of organic nitrogen Characteristics Goop for quick growth and establishment,for White clo isa long-lived per ennial that may behay bearing equipment traffic as a winter annual legume in ical location such as Hawaii and Florida it is ooth-stemmed with ToLERATES low fertility trifoliate leaves The leaflets are val or cireular thei soils edges have tiny serrations and there are whitish mark. F shade tolerance ings on the middle of the upper surface.The seedlings initially grow a tap root and then stolons arising from SUITABLE for higher leaf axils form a branched,radiating network,colonizing elevations bare soil spaces.When the short-lived seedling plant dies Goop forage for animal grazing systems;high the stems arising from rooted stolons grow independently production,nutritional quality,and palatability The initial taproot may grow to 3 ft(09 m)deer Secondary roots developing from the stolon are mainly UsE IN plantation and orchard cropping systems shallow(8 inches,20 cm)but can extend to 30-60 inches including macadamia and coffee,in vineyards,and (0.75-1.5 m)in deep,friable soils.Stands regenerate as a living mulch in vegetable cropping systems themselves both by reseeding and by vegetative growth The plants can reach a height of8- -12 inche (20-30cm) but are normally 4-6 inches (10-15 cm)tal Environmental requir ents te cl r gr s on a wide range e of so In Hawaii,white clove nd 1500to7000t n on sar H range for ver is b en Whit (900-2000 m)of o the USDA all is b Natural r ORCS)The ant d nths at the flooding andd ant has some tol elevation. dby the College ofTrop and Hu s(CTAHR operative Extension w 822 An Foual ution providing pr ms and services to the peopeofH try,disability,ma ng

Benefits provided by white clover EXCELLENT for attracting beneficial insects, for reduced- or non-chemical pest management, for controlling erosion, suppressing weeds once established, and as a source of organic nitrogen GOOD for quick growth and establishment, for bearing equipment traffic TOLERATES low fertility soils FAIR shade tolerance SUITABLE for higher elevations GOOD forage for animal grazing systems; high production, nutritional quality, and palatability USE IN plantation and orchard cropping systems including macadamia and coffee, in vineyards, and as a living mulch in vegetable cropping systems Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawaii without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or veteran status. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site or ordered by calling 808-956-7046 or sending e-mail to ctahrpub@hawaii.edu. White Clover Jody Smith1 and Hector Valenzuela2 Departments of 1 Natural Resources and Environmental Management and 2 Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences Apopular temperate legume, white clover (Trifolium repens, also known as Dutch White, New Zealand White, or Ladino) can be grown successfully in the subtropics and tropics during cool seasons or at higher elevations. White clover improves soil quality, nourishes beneficial insects, and can be used in pastured animal systems. Characteristics White clover is a long-lived perennial that may behave as a winter annual legume in some subtropical locations such as Hawaii and Florida. It is smooth-stemmed, with trifoliate leaves. The leaflets are oval or circular; their edges have tiny serrations, and there are whitish markings on the middle of the upper surface. The seedlings initially grow a tap root and then stolons arising from leaf axils form a branched, radiating network, colonizing bare soil spaces. When the short-lived seedling plant dies, the stems arising from rooted stolons grow independently. The initial taproot may grow to 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. Secondary roots developing from the stolon are mainly shallow (8 inches, 20 cm) but can extend to 30–60 inches (0.75–1.5 m) in deep, friable soils. Stands regenerate themselves both by reseeding and by vegetative growth. The plants can reach a height of 8–12 inches (20–30 cm) but are normally 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) tall. Environmental requirements White clover grows on a wide range of soils but grows better on clays and loams than on sandy soils. The soil pH range for white clover is between 5.5 and 7.0. White clover grows best where annual rainfall is between 35 and 50 inches (900–1300 mm) and conditions are cool and moist. The plant has some tolerance of shade, heat, flooding, and drought. In Hawaii, white clover grows year-round at elevations from 1500 to 7000 ft that receive 35–80 inches (900–2000 mm) of rainfall., according to the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The plant may go dormant during the winter months at the higher elevations and also during dry seasons at any elevation. Sustainable Agriculture Cover Crops Aug. 2002, SA-CC-7

SA-CC-7 Cover Crops:White Clover CTAHR-Aug.2002 Cultivars grows fairly low,and survives repeated mowing.How- The white clover cultivars commonly recommended by ever,it must be managed to avoid competition with the the Hawaii NRCS are'Haifa',Huia',Grasslands',and cash crop for nutrients,light,and moisture.Management New Zealand'(a medium-sized white clover). approaches to prevent it from competing with the cash crop include mowing it and using its residues as an in Establishment Broadcast5 14Ib(2.25-6.35kg)pure live seed per acre or drill(1.4-4kg)pure live seed per acre.Inocu ver has been used as a cover crop/living mulch in or- late seed ite clover type rhizo chards and with vegetables such as sweet corn and win- nt.Inocul ter squash ng torinoculatcd e shed white clover n he relied upon as a e topson on slop 612 ablish ed w h gof arainy on-prone areas Grass/leg me mixtures n to en pre t It is mic be tems often mix wwhite clover into an established or d such cover crops to combine the fitsof as a pasture.Before sowing.the grass is mowed or grazed es When well de signed this method o4 inches or less folle ed by a light disking or chon of crop diversification tends to reduce the farmer's risks ping.After drilling 3-9lb of white clover seed per acre from soil.pest.and weather problems.Carefully selected o over the field with a cultinacker or land-roller to firm grass-legume combinations can also improve the soil the seedbed and establish good seed-to-soil contact. quality and nutrient levels as well as increase herbage quality in rotational grazing systems.A possible combi- Uses nation is to interplant white clover with annual ryegrass. Soil quality improvement White clover is also commonly interplanted with kikuyu- White clover is a perennial legume that,depending on grass (Pennisetum clandestinum),pangolagrass(Digi- moisture availability,produces about 1-3 tons dry mat taria decumbens)dalisgrass (Paspalum dilatum).cocks- ter per acre,which contains about 80-200 Ib ofnitrogen foot (Dactylis glomerata),and perennial ryegrass (Lo- (N).Its N contribution to the soil is normally about 130 lium perenne). Ib/acre when plowed at the early flowering stage.To maximize white clover's N-fixing ability,the soil should Pasture have adequate phosphorus,sulfur,and micronutrients White clover is highly palatable and digestible with a especially iron,and molybdenum,suitable pH,and good high protein content (over 15%)and over 70%digest wat ogging).when grow bility.It is the mos mpo in man y see improve tempe en the T t's ith gra an be improving tilth and wate s p loat in rum not e 60 ns White clov ng as it d ing mulch app. as lor not build f40601b/ us ph nho sts that mi effectively aintain app grass such as rveg rass or cocksfoot is used in the mix-

2 SA-CC-7 Cover Crops: White Clover CTAHR — Aug. 2002 Cultivars The white clover cultivars commonly recommended by the Hawaii NRCS are ‘Haifa’, ‘Huia’, Grasslands’, and ‘New Zealand’ (a medium-sized white clover). Establishment Broadcast 5–14 lb (2.25–6.35 kg) pure live seed per acre, or drill 3–9 lb (1.4–4 kg) pure live seed per acre. Inoculate seeds with a red clover or white clover type rhizobia inoculant. Inoculation is probably unnecessary if inoculated clover was grown in the same field within the past 3 years. Avoid exposing inoculant or inoculated seed to high temperature or direct sunlight. Broadcast and cover or drill to a depth of 1 ⁄4–1 ⁄2 inch (6–12 mm). White clover is normally established with a mechanical planter at the beginning of a rainy season. Seeding should be preceded by a phosphorus fertilizer application to ensure good establishment. It is possible to sow white clover into an established grass sod, such as a pasture. Before sowing, the grass is mowed or grazed to 4 inches or less, followed by a light disking or chopping. After drilling 3–9 lb of white clover seed per acre, go over the field with a cultipacker or land-roller to firm the seedbed and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Uses Soil quality improvement White clover is a perennial legume that, depending on moisture availability, produces about 1–3 tons dry matter per acre, which contains about 80–200 lb of nitrogen (N). Its N contribution to the soil is normally about 130 lb/acre when plowed at the early flowering stage. To maximize white clover’s N-fixing ability, the soil should have adequate phosphorus, sulfur, and micronutrients, especially iron, and molybdenum, suitable pH, and good aeration (no compaction or waterlogging). When growing white clover, farmers should quickly see improvements in the topsoil. The plant’s extensive root system makes the soil more friable, improving tilth and water infiltration. Weed control and living sod systems White clover is an excellent choice for a “living mulch” cropping system as long as it does not build up nematode populations or other pests that might attack the companion cash crop. It is shade tolerant, withstands traffic, grows fairly low, and survives repeated mowing. However, it must be managed to avoid competition with the cash crop for nutrients, light, and moisture. Management approaches to prevent it from competing with the cash crop include mowing it and using its residues as an inrow mulch, partial rotary tillage, and use with a tall cash crop to outshade the clover in the understory. White clover has been used as a cover crop/living mulch in orchards and with vegetables such as sweet corn and winter squash. Erosion control on slopes Once established, white clover can be relied upon as a soil conservation tool to preserve valuable topsoil on sloping fields or other erosion-prone areas. Grass/legume mixtures Sustainable farming systems often mix two or more cover crops to combine the agronomic benefits of using grasses and legumes. When well designed, this method of crop diversification tends to reduce the farmer’s risks from soil, pest, and weather problems. Carefully selected grass-legume combinations can also improve the soil quality and nutrient levels, as well as increase herbage quality in rotational grazing systems. A possible combination is to interplant white clover with annual ryegrass. White clover is also commonly interplanted with kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum), pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens), dalisgrass (Paspalum dilatum), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Pasture White clover is highly palatable and digestible, with a high protein content (over 15%) and over 70% digestibility. It is the most important pasture legume in many temperate parts of the world. Even though it is often grown in mixture with grasses, it can be seeded alone for use as poultry or swine pasture. However, it can cause bloat in ruminants if not grazed carefully. A white clover–grass mixture often yields about 8 tons/acre of green forage in low rainfall areas and up to 60 tons/acre in areas with adequate, uniform rainfall. Nitrogen applications of 40–60 lb/acre plus phosphorus applications can effectively maintain a clover-grass pasture. If a bunchgrass such as ryegrass or cocksfoot is used in the mix-

SA-CC-7 Cover Crops:White Clover CTAHR-Aug.2002 ture,periodically allow the grasses to reseed by tempo tillingor using a suitable herbicide (e.g glyphosate) rarily withholding livestock from grazing in that field may be necessary to manage its growth.Extremely clos Co mo leave roots undisturbed ver crop maintenance sphorus levels sure a H whit Pest problems sive Nh White ests inlude the potato leafhoppe ve grow (Empoas me d pittebug (Phila oils nd ve a withstand ite clo spp epo to be fairly tolerant of ne atodes and lea f dise keen the etit ive y with the com tible to root and stolon rots (ca sed by a com grass species When planting white clover at lower el plex of diseases involving Fusarium.Rhizoctonia.Col- evations.a weaker.less competitive stand may result. letotrichum,Leptodiscus,and Curvularia).Sclerotinia which may be an advantage if the companion gra may affect white clover during hot,humid periods.In cash crop species is not overly competitive.A white clo- ver-grass pasture should maintain a 20-40%clover cover in the mixture.Normally,a 30-day grazing cycle is effective to prevent the grass from overtaking the field Livestock are normally allowed to graze when the grass is about 10-12 inches high and are removed when the grazed clover-grass mixture is reduced to a 2-3 inch stubble. Sustainable Agriculture in Hawaii... Management cautions integrates three main goals-environmenta White clover must be carefully managed to keep it from health,economic profitability,and social and eco- competing with the mpanion cash crop for light,nu- nomic equity.Sustainable farms differ from con trients,and Ha d mowing,in-row mul ventional ones in that they rely more on manage- ver may ry.Mow ment practices such as crop diversification and crop may not be ugh,esp rotation,agrotorestry,integrated pest managemen the rotational grazing,and innovative marketing strat egies.For further information on Sustainable Agri upp clo ve with culture in Hawaii,contact ced a g use Multipl ga v he ch ically and inc tion by chise r.hawaii.edu/sustainag/ lowing or moldboard pl lowing,field cultivating rotary U.S.De

3 SA-CC-7 Cover Crops: White Clover CTAHR — Aug. 2002 This material is based on work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, under Cooperative Agreement 98-ESAG-1-0340. Portions of this text were adapted from the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Hawaii Field Office Technical Guide, Section IV, Code 340, “Cover and Green Manure Crop” May 1992. Plant drawing reprinted from Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd edition, published by USDA’s Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN), original illustration by Marianne Sarrantonio and Elayne Sears. Logo drawing courtesy of Deitrich Varez. ture, periodically allow the grasses to reseed by temporarily withholding livestock from grazing in that field. Cover crop maintenance Adequate potassium and phosphorus levels must be available in the soil to ensure a healthy stand of white clover. When grown in legume-grass mixtures, excessive N in the soil will result in excessive growth of the companion grassy species. In soils with low N levels, white clover will likely have a competitive advantage over companion crops. Because white clover withstands intensive grazing and trampling, frequent mowing will keep the white clover competitive with the companion grass species. When planting white clover at lower elevations, a weaker, less competitive stand may result, which may be an advantage if the companion grass or cash crop species is not overly competitive. A white clover–grass pasture should maintain a 20–40% clover cover in the mixture. Normally, a 30-day grazing cycle is effective to prevent the grass from overtaking the field. Livestock are normally allowed to graze when the grass is about 10–12 inches high and are removed when the grazed clover-grass mixture is reduced to a 2–3 inch stubble. Management cautions White clover must be carefully managed to keep it from competing with the companion cash crop for light, nutrients, and moisture. Hand mowing, in-row mulching, or rotary tilling the white clover may be necessary. Mowing alone may not be enough, especially during dry years when the clover competes strongly for soil moisture. Suppressing white clover with herbicides is difficult. Farmers have experienced a similar difficulty when trying to use herbicides to control the growth of well established perennial peanut cover crops. Thus, killing a white clover stand may pose a challenge. Multiple growthmanagement approaches such as thorough uprooting (mechanically undercutting) and incorporation by chisel plowing or moldboard plowing, field cultivating, rotary tilling, or using a suitable herbicide (e.g., glyphosate) may be necessary to manage its growth. Extremely close mowing and partial tillage that leave roots undisturbed will suppress but not kill white clover. Pest problems White clover insect pests include the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), meadow spittlebug (Philaenis spumarius), clover leaf weevil (Hypera punctata), alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) and lygus bug (Lygus spp.). Slugs also attack white clover. White clover is reported to be fairly tolerant of nematodes and leaf diseases but is susceptible to root and stolon rots (caused by a complex of diseases involving Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Colletotrichum, Leptodiscus, and Curvularia). Sclerotinia may affect white clover during hot, humid periods. In Sustainable Agriculture in Hawaii . . . . . . integrates three main goals—environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. Sustainable farms differ from conventional ones in that they rely more on management practices such as crop diversification and crop rotation, agroforestry, integrated pest management, rotational grazing, and innovative marketing strategies. For further information on Sustainable Agriculture in Hawaii, contact: Dr. Richard Bowen, Hawaii SARE Program Coordinator phone (808) 956-8708 e-mail: