Glossary of Forage Terms id da ellulose.lign n and silica.but not he cellulose Often used to calculate digestibityNandor NEI.Contrast With crude fber and neral deergeer Acid detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen (ADFIN Seeaciddetergentinsoluble nitrogen(preferred term). Acid detergent fiber crude protein(ADFCP)See acid detergent insoluble crude protein Acid deter tein (ADICP)The sar e feed fraction as ADIN that has been ng ADIN *6.25.Same as acid dete nt fiber crude protein.ADICP is preferred. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN)Nitrogen in acid detergent fiber residue.ADIN greater mofADINgodeopesecdasa called non-enzymatic percent of the dry matter,not ot ADF.Same as acid detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen. Adiusted crud otein (Acp)a calculated value adius orotein for heat-damaged protein.Adjusted crude protein estimates the protein available for animal use and should be used for formulating rations when ADIN is greater than 15%of the total nitrogen. Ash (also called total ash)A measure of the total mineral content;the residue remaining after burning a sample.Va ove 1 for gra es usually ind e so 0n0 forage. and NDF-ash will be different values because ADF and NDF procedures As fed See as is. As is Values expressed based on moisture content of forage when it was received in'the laboratory Same as as fed and as received. As received See as is. Available crude protein (ACP)Same as adjusted crude protein Bypass protein See rumen undegraded protein. Cellulose A structural carbohydrate.a long-chain polymer of glucose that is the main constituent of plant cell walls.It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature and is slowly and partially digestible by ruminants. Crude fat An estimate of the fat content of feeds that is measured by ether extraction.Crude fa endes)as nd fat lcohols,waxes,terpenes,steroids,pigments,ester,aldehydes, 。1 Information from:Understanding Forage Quality Written by:American Farm Bureau
- 1 - Information from: Understanding Forage Quality Written by: American Farm Bureau Glossary of Forage Terms Acid detergent fiber (ADF) The residue remaining after boiling a forage sample in acid detergent solution. ADF contains cellulose, lignin and silica, but not hemicellulose. Often used to calculate digestibilityTDN and/or NEI. Contrast With crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber. Acid detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen (ADFIN) Seeaciddetergentinsoluble nitrogen (preferred term). Acid detergent fiber crude protein (ADFCP) See acid detergent insoluble crude protein. Acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) The same feed fraction as ADIN that has been converted to crude protein equivalent by multiplying ADIN * 6.25. Same as acid detergent fiber crude protein. ADICP is preferred. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) Nitrogen in acid detergent fiber residue. ADIN greater than 15% of nitrogen is an indicator of heat damage. Formation of ADIN is also called non-enzymatic browning (because the hay or silage turns brown) or the Maillard reaction. Should be expressed as a percent of the dry matter, not of ADF. Same as acid detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen. Adjusted crude protein (ACP) A calculated value adjusting total crude protein for heat-damaged protein. Adjusted crude protein estimates the protein available for animal use and should be used for formulating rations when ADIN is greater than 15% of the total nitrogen. Ash (also called total ash) A measure of the total mineral content; the residue remaining after burning a sample. Values above 10% for grasses or 14% for legumes usually indicate soil contamination of forage. Ash, ADF-ash, and NDF-ash will be different values because ADF and NDF procedures remove some minerals. As fed See as is. As is Values expressed based on moisture content of forage when it was received in'the laboratory. Same as as fed and as received. As received See as is. Available crude protein (ACP) Same as adjusted crude protein. Bypass protein See rumen undegraded protein. Cellulose A structural carbohydrate; a long-chain polymer of glucose that is the main constituent of plant cell walls. It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature and is slowly and partially digestible by ruminants. Crude fat An estimate of the fat content of feeds that is measured by ether extraction. Crude fat contains true fat (triglycerides) as well as alcohols, waxes, terpenes, steroids, pigments, ester, aldehydes, and other lipids. See ether extract and fat
Crude fiber(CF)The original fiber method using sequential acid and alkali extraction(developed by nn in 1865).Crude fiber includes most of the cellulose.but only a portion of no a sh.I herefore it ur than ADr,and is seldom used for Crude protein(CP)This value is 6.25 times the nitrogen content for forage or 5.7 times the nitroger content for grain. Degraded intake protein(DIP)See rumen degraded protein. Digestible cell wall See digestible neutral detergent fiber (preferred term). Digestible neutral det t fiber (NDE)The rtion of neutral dete ent fiber digested by animals at a specified le vel of f itake.The DNDF of fo eds may be de mine d by in vivo feeding trials or estimated by lignin analysis,,or by near infrared reflectance analysis Expressed on DM basis.Compare with neutral detergeni fiber digestibility. Digestible energy(DE)The energy in a forage or feedstuff that is not excreted in feces. Dry matter(DM)The percentage of the sample that is not water Dry matter digestibility (DMD)The natter in a feed that is digested by animals at a ecified level of feed in take Ca alled in vivo DMD if determined by feeding animals in a dige tion trial.There is no laboratory method for measuring DMD directly:it is often estimated by measuring invitro digestibility,in situ digestibility,near infrared reflectance analysis,or calculated from acid detergent fiber(which is the least accurate method). Escape protein See rumen undegraded protein Ether extraet(EE)Portion of dry matter extracted with ether.Used to measure crude fat.Seecrude fat and fat. Fat cerides of fatty acids that are a high density source of ene y for animals.Fat is mcasnncttof faty acids or is estimatedfornsn Fats and fatty acids contain 2.25 times the energy found in carbohydrates and are highly digestible by animals.See ether extract and crude fat. Hemicellulose Long chains of sugar compounds associated with plant cell walls In vitro digestibility See in vitro dry matter digestibility (preferred term). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)Digestibility determined by incubation of a ground forage sample with rumen fluid in beaker or test tube for 24 to 48 hours,followed either by addition of acid hours (IVDM or IVDMD)or by boiling in neutral detergent In vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDED)See digestible neutral detergent fiber Information from:Understanding Forage Quality Written by:American Farm Bureau
- 2 - Information from: Understanding Forage Quality Written by: American Farm Bureau Crude fiber (CF) The original fiber method using sequential acid and alkali extraction (developed by Henneberg and Sttohmann in 1865). Crude fiber includes most of the cellulose, but only a portion of the lignin and no ash.Therefore it underestimates true fiber, is less than ADF, and is seldom used for forage analysis. Contrast with acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber. Crude protein (CP) This value is 6.25 times the nitrogen content for forage or 5.7 times the nitrogen content for grain. Degraded intake protein (DIP) See rumen degraded protein. Digestible cell wall See digestible neutral detergent fiber (preferred term). Digestible neutral detergent fiber (DNDF) The portion of neutral detergent fiber digested by animals at a specified level of feed intake.The DNDF of feeds may be determined by in vivo feeding trials or estimated by lignin analysis, in vitro or in situ digestibility, or by near infrared reflectance analysis. Expressed on DM basis. Compare with neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Digestible energy (DE) The energy in a forage or feedstuff that is not excreted in feces. Dry matter (DM) The percentage of the sample that is not water. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) The portion of the dry matter in a feed that is digested by animals at a specified level of feed intake. Called in vivo DMD if determined by feeding animals in a digestion trial.There is no laboratory method for measuring DMD directly; it is often estimated by measuring invitro digestibility, in situ digestibility, near infrared reflectance analysis, or calculated from acid detergent fiber (which is the least accurate method). Escape protein See rumen undegraded protein. Ether extract (EE) Portion of dry matter extracted with ether. Used to measure crude fat. See crude fat and fat. Fat Triglycerides of fatty acids that are a high density source of energy for animals. Fat is measured by determining content of fatty acids or is estimated in forages as ether extract minus one. Fats and fatty acids contain 2.25 times the energy found in carbohydrates and are highly digestible by animals. See ether extract and crude fat. Hemicellulose Long chains of sugar compounds associated with plant cell walls. In situ digestibility Digestibility determined by incubation of a ground forage sample in a porous nylon bag within the rumen of an animal for a fixed time period. In vitro digestibility See in vitro dry matter digestibility (preferred term). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) Digestibility determined by incubation of a ground forage sample with rumen fluid in beaker or test tube for 24 to 48 hours, followed either by addition of acid and pepsin and further incubation for 24 hours (IVDM or IVDMD) or by boiling in neutral detergent fiber solution. See dry matter digestibility. In vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) See digestible neutral detergent fiber
Lignin Undiges stible plant c nponent,giving the plant cell wall its strength and water impermeability. Lignin also reduces digestibility Metabolizable energy(ME)The energy in a forage that is not lost in feces,urine,or rumen gases Metabolizable protein(MP)The rumen undegraded protein and microbial protein that passes into the intestine and can be broken down into amino acids. r (MCF)A modifi tion of the crude fiber in which the ashing step is deleted. a crude fiber is crude fiber plus ash Moisture The percent of the sample that is water. Net energy for gain (NEg)An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body weight gain above that required for maintenance timat of the energy value of a feed used for maintenance plus on during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two months of gestation for dry. pregnant cows Net energy for maintenance(NEm)An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to keep an animal at a stable weight. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF)Residue left after boiling a sample in neutral detergent solution.Called ANDF if amylase and on (this is recom lowly digestible co ulose,lignin,and ash). Contrast with crude fiber andac Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD)The portion of neutral detergent fiber digested by animals at a specified level of feed intake.May be determined by in vivo feeding trials or estimated by &ewmg0heehognFiandeianaeasposadoa Neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates(NDSC)See nonfibrous carbohydrates Nonfibrous carbohydrate(NFC)An estimate of the rapidly available carbohydrates in a forage (primarily starch and sugars).This value is calculated from one of the following equations:NFC=1 00%-(CP%+NDF%+EE%+Ash%)or,if corrected for NDFCP,NFC%=100%-[CP%+(NDF% NDFCP%)+EE%+Ash%Contrast with total nonstructural carbohydrate. N(NN)The Ifhigh.NPN isn tor of poter Nonstructural earbohydrate (NSC)See total nonstructural carbohydrate:contrast with nonfibrous carbolvdrate .3 Information from:Understanding Forage Quality Written by:American Farm Bureau
- 3 - Information from: Understanding Forage Quality Written by: American Farm Bureau Lignin Undigestible plant component, giving the plant cell wall its strength and water impermeability. Lignin also reduces digestibility. Metabolizable energy (ME) The energy in a forage that is not lost in feces, urine, or rumen gases. Metabolizable protein (MP) The rumen undegraded protein and microbial protein that passes into the intestine and can be broken down into amino acids. Modified crude fiber (MCF) A modification of the crude fiber in which the ashing step is deleted. Modified crude fiber is crude fiber plus ash. Moisture The percent of the sample that is water. Net energy for gain (NEg) An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body weight gain above that required for maintenance. Net energy for lactation (NEI) An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for maintenance plus milk production during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two months of gestation for dry, pregnant cows. Net energy for maintenance (NEm) An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to keep an animal at a stable weight. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) Residue left after boiling a sample in neutral detergent solution. Called ANDF if amylase and sodium sulfite are used during the extraction (this is recommended procedure).The NDF in forages represents the indigestible and slowly digestible components in plant cell walls (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash). Contrast with crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) The portion of neutral detergent fiber digested by animals at a specified level of feed intake. May be determined by in vivo feeding trials or estimated by lignin analysis, by in vitro or in situ digestibility, or by near infrared reflectance analysis. Expressed on NDF basis. Compare with digestible neutral detergent fiber. Neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) Nitrogen in neutral detergent fiber residue. Estimates the portion of the undegradable protein that is available to the animal. Neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates (NDSC) See nonfibrous carbohydrates. Nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) An estimate of the rapidly available carbohydrates in a forage (primarily starch and sugars).This value is calculated from one of the following equations: NFC = 1 00% - (CP% + NDF% + EE% + Ash%) or, if corrected for NDFCP, NFC% = I 00% - [CP% + (NDF% NDFCP%) + EE% + Ash%] Contrast with total nonstructural carbohydrate. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) The portion of the total nitrogen that is not in protein. If high, NPN is an indicator of potential for nitrate toxicity. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) See total nonstructural carbohydrate; contrast with nonfibrous carbohydrate
Nutritive value (NV)Protein,mineral,and energy composition,availability of energy,and efficiency of energy utilization. Organic matter(OM)The portion of the dry matter that is not ash(mineral). Organic matter digestibility (OMD)The nortion of the organic matter that is Digestible. Protein A long chain of amino acids essential for plant and animal life.Animals meet protein needs by breaking down plant and microbial(from the rumen)protein and reassembling as animal protein. Relative feed val e(RFV)An index fo rank g cool s and bining digestibility and intake potential.( egume forages based on Relative foras uality (RFo)An index for ranking cool-season grass and legume foras es hased on IDN and intake otential Calculated from NDF CP EE NDED ADF and NEC It matches anima performance better than RFV across a wide range of forages.Higher the RFV the better the quality.It is used to compare varieties,match hay/silage inventories to animals,and to market hay. Rumen degraded protein(RDP)That portion of total protein that is egraded to ammonia in the rumen. Same as degraded intake protein.Rumen degraded protein is the preferred term otein (rUp)That portion of the not degraded in the n Ofter preferred term Soluble intake protein(SIP)That portion of total protein rapidly degraded to ammonia in the rumen. rumen undegraded protein Total digestible nutrients (TDN)The sum of crude p non-structural mulas used vary Totalnonstructuraicarbohydrate(TNC)A measure of the starch and sugar in forages.It has a lower value than nonfibrous carbohydrates because NFC contains compounds other than starch and sugars. Same as nonstructural carbohydrate;contrast with nonfibrous carbolrydrate. Undegraded intake protein (UIP)Same as rumen undegradedprotein Voluntary intake Consumption of a forage when forage availability is not limiting Information from:Understanding Forage Quality Written by:American Farm Bureau
- 4 - Information from: Understanding Forage Quality Written by: American Farm Bureau Nutritive value (NV) Protein, mineral, and energy composition, availability of energy, and efficiency of energy utilization. Organic matter (OM) The portion of the dry matter that is not ash (mineral). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) The nortion of the organic matter that is Digestible. Protein A long chain of amino acids essential for plant and animal life. Animals meet protein needs by breaking down plant and microbial (from the rumen) protein and reassembling as animal protein. Relative feed value (RFV) An index for ranking cool-season grass and legume forages based on combining digestibility and intake potential. Calculated from ADF and NDF. Relative forage quality (RFQ) An index for ranking cool-season grass and legume forages based on TDN and intake potential. Calculated from NDF, CP, EE, NDFD, ADF, and NFC. It matches animal performance better than RFV across a wide range of forages. Higher the RFV the better the quality. It is used to compare varieties, match hay/silage inventories to animals, and to market hay. Rumen degraded protein (RDP) That portion of total protein that is degraded to ammonia in the rumen. Same as degraded intake protein. Rumen degraded protein is the preferred term. Rumen undegraded protein (RUP) That portion of the protein not degraded in the rumen. Often called bypass protein, escape protein, or undegraded intake Protein. Rumen undegraded protein is the preferred term. Soluble intake protein (SIP) That portion of total protein rapidly degraded to ammonia in the rumen. Soluble protein Protein soluble in a specified solution. Can be used to estimate rumen degraded protein and rumen undegraded protein. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) The sum of crude protein, fat (multiplied by 2.25), non-structural carbohydrates, and digestible NDF. Often estimated by calculation from ADF, but formulas used vary. Totalnonstructuraicarbohydrate(TNC) A measure of the starch and sugar in forages. It has a lower value than nonfibrous carbohydrates because NFC contains compounds other than starch and sugars. Same as nonstructural carbohydrate; contrast with nonfibrous carbohydrate. Undegraded intake protein (UIP) Same as rumen undegradedprotein. Voluntary intake Consumption of a forage when forage availability is not limiting