Root System 接三 Plant ID Review izome -spreading 植物根系的结构Ro Taproot system Fibrous system tma3aaT 茎的生长形态 =9
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Plant ID Review __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fibrous Root System Rhizome Stolon Soil Surface Tap Root System Structures of Grasses & Legumes • Root System – Legume: tap – Grass: fibrous • Rhizome – stem below soil – stores CHO – spreading • Stolon – stem above soil – stores CHO – spreading __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 植物根系的结构 Root __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 直根系 须根系 Taproot system Fibrous system __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 茎的生长形态Stem
茎的生长形式Stem Legume:blade,petiole,stipule LEAF PART NAMES 柔 尊 不修社 健 平臥篷 平行草 animeioclen,t解中 叶 序phyllotaxy 叶 脉 Vein 平行碳 掌我献 字生 去 复 compound leaf 叶缘1ea ￥ 海 霁 罢 二 老 器 李浆夜架 o am可
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 茎的生长形式 Stem __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 •Legume：blade，petiole，stipule __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 脉 Vein __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 序 phyllotaxy __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 复 叶 compound leaf __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 缘 leaf margin
Scientific Names(学名)of Forage Plants Chapter4 Fabaceae(Leguminosae) Introduction xact spe 9e9 名大写 pithet-always lowerca 种名小写 hay,and 斜体 时意地。手推和者上相重 ample: Predominant pasture legume Legumes description Advantages of Legumes comparison to warm season grasses high in crude protein粗蛋白 n use is overseeding am nount of N fixed depends on many factors al legumes can be managed Nitrogen fixation r ules on berseem clover Fabaceae family-legumes p80aeg4}）-12.0o0
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Scientific Names（学名）of Forage Plants Forage species have scientific names and many common names（常用名）. Scientific names are true indicators of the exact species. • Pocaceae (Gramineae)禾本科 • Fabaceae (Leguminosae)豆科 • Genus – always capitalized属名大写 • Species epithet – always lowercase 种名小写 • Genus and epithet are italicized斜体 • Authority denoted with an abbreviation缩写 • Example: alfalfa, lucerne Medicago sativa L. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Chapter 4 Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Introduction Legumes are • one type of forb 草本 • have superior forage quality 优质 • fix atmospheric nitrogen 固氮 N-fixing bacteria symbioctic relationship • Very important in pasture, hay, and silage 对草地、干草和青贮很重要 、干草和青贮很重要 Predominant hay(干草） legume Predominant pasture legume Alfalfa White clover __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Advantages of Legumes • High quality forage • Extend the grazing season – comparison to warm season grasses – common use is overseeding • Capable of biological nitrogen fixation – amount of N fixed depends on many factors • Many annual legumes can be managed for reseeding __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legumes description • annual, biennial, and perennial 一年生，两年生和多年生 ，两年生和多年生 • Pods豆荚 dehisce张裂 on both sutures（缝 隙） • high in crude protein 粗蛋白 • higher digestibility消化率 than grasses by ruminants反刍动物 • higher intake吸收率 than grasses by ruminants __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fabaceae family - legumes • 600 genera（属） – 12,000 species（种） • more narrow range of adaptation than grasses • require more management than grasses • 豆科植物共有600个属12，000 种，比禾本科适应范围窄 比禾本科适应范围窄，需要 更好的管护。 * __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Nitrogen fixation nodules on berseem clover. 固氮结节 •In legumes the Rhizobium bacterium根 瘤菌 exists within a specialised root structure called a nodule. (结 节) A legume cover crop can provide sufficient nitrogen for the cash crops that follow it.
Legume Rhizobium Team ogical Nitrogen Fixatior 豆科和根瘤菌组合 ·Rh位 odule in ne plant nodu in the uses the plant convertsf dN to accomplish N fixation orotein forage g网a平T7 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Conc Rhizobium Inoculation根瘤菌接种 must be matched with correct Rhizobium legume se d before planting. clover N 绿豆、花生、潮技子等 STRAINS OF RHIZOBIA Fixed N is first available to the available to other plants. h recycling La.S-1 㗊6 reduce N fixation. 目圈翻翻图口口 Burf6于cW稀am y
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation • Legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria team up to remove N from the air • Nodules form on legume roots when this system is working __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume + Rhizobium Team 豆科和根瘤菌组合 • Legume Plant – forms a nodule in response to Rhizobium – provides energy and protection for the bacteria in the nodule – converts fixed N to organic N and produces high protein forage • Rhizobium bacteria – infects plant – provides genetic information that allows N fixation – uses the plant energy and nodule environment to accomplish N fixation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Rhizobium Inoculation 根瘤菌接种 • Inoculation is the process of applying a commercial culture of Rhizobium to legume seed before planting. • correct inoculant must be used for each forage legume. • Wrong Rhizobium + clover = no N fixation！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Legume species must be matched with correct Rhizobium species or strain 根瘤菌接种的专一性 苜蓿、金花菜、天蓝苜蓿、草木樨 红三叶、白三叶、杂三叶 豌豆、山黎豆、春苕子、冬苕子、蚕豆、扁豆 黄羽扇豆、白羽扇豆、蓝羽扇豆 菜豆、红花菜豆 大豆（白豆、黑豆） 豇豆、刀豆、铁扫帚、绿豆、花生、胡枝子等 紫云英 苜蓿组 三叶草组 豌豆组 羽扇豆组 菜豆组 大豆组 豇豆组 紫云英 根瘤菌组 所共生的豆科植物 preread materialForage Legume Inoculation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University Burton, J. C. 1985 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fixed N is first available to the legume plant and through recycling available to other plants. N fixation is regulated by the plant based on need. High soil N will reduce N fixation
7 Attention! Attention! rtilizer and green??? applying both at the same time?? 1.No inoculation 1.Not the best idea 2.Wrong inoculum(Rhizobium strain) 2.Would be fine if you need to add seed to and 3.Hot,dry conditions after planting existing stand.Don't bother with inoculum. 4.Very acid soils (pH less than 5.0) 天帽 r网w家7 Attention! Attention Preinoculated Seed?? Inoculating Forage Legume Seed be(杀为 inert clay(粘土) &.iombkmsahertwoyasotiasat 初次建植豆科收草地楼种很重委 3.Research in progress. 隔热保持细菌活性 ⑨ Biological Nitro mixtures er-ryegrass rapid yield response in ryegrass 9
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What if I can’t find nodules or if my clover plants are small and light green??? 1. No inoculation 2. Wrong inoculum (Rhizobium strain) 3. Hot, dry conditions after planting 4. Very acid soils (pH less than 5.0) Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What about mixing inoculated clover seed with fertilizer and applying both at the same time?? 1. Not the best idea. 2. Would be fine if you need to add seed to and existing stand. Don’t bother with inoculum. 3. The inoculum cannot survive very long exposed to the chemical salts in the fertilizer. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Preinoculated Seed?? 1. Generally refers to seed preinoculated and then coated with lime(石灰） or an inert clay（粘土）. Fungicides（杀菌剂 ） can also be added. 2. No problems after two years of trials at Overton. 3. Research in progress. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Inoculating Forage Legume Seed • Be sure to use the correct inoculant 专一 • Follow package instructions 按包装说明 • Inoculants that include an adhesive（粘合 剂） are best • Inoculation is very important the first time you establish a new forage legume 初次建植豆科牧草地接种很重要 • Remember that the inoculant is carrying live bacteria. Protect from heat and sun. 隔热保持细菌活性 Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Clover and Ryegrass Response to Nitrogen Fertilization Ryegrass 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) Clover 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Nitrogen fixation is regulated by the plant, based on need. – high soil N will reduce N fixation. – fertilizer N applied to clover-ryegrass mixtures • will cause rapid yield response in ryegrass • will cause only moderate yield response in total mixture (clover + ryegrass)
Early (Feb 21)Forage Yield of Clover-Ryegrass Mixture Total Season Yield (Ib dry forage acre) Lb N/acre Biological Nitrogen Fixation Summary atetomatehle2gontpre5and with Rhizobiur 0oageBgenmeg Use red Peemclentuseolegumetioragsand Legume Pasture Principles 、Soil Test pepsPpage2 Plan leaur needs carefully consider seed costs -consider forage program Prepare site objectives se best see st adapted forage legume araze ildrainage and type, hay ?2? -reseeding Inoculate
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Response of Clover-Ryegrass Mixture to Applied Nitrogen 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 50 100 150 200 250 Lb N / acre Total Season Yield (lb dry forage / acre) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 O N 60 N 120 N 0 N 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Yield (lb DM/ac) Clover Ryegrass Early (Feb 21) Forage Yield of Clover - Ryegrass Mixture 60 lb N/ac applied in early winter (Dec. or Jan.) gives highest efficiency on early forage yields of mixtures (Evers and Haby, 1995) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Summary • Inoculate to match legume with Rhizobium • Avoid nitrogen fertilization of pure stands of forage legumes • Use reduced rates of N fertilizer on legume-grass mixtures • Plan for efficient use of legume forage and recycled N __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Ladino White Clover La S-1 White Clover __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume Pasture Principles • Soil Test – follow recommendations • Select forage legume – consider forage program objectives – use best adapted forage legume for site • soil drainage and type, potential cold damage • Buy high quality seed and inoculum • Inoculate __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume Pasture Principles -- page 2 • Plan legume acreage needs carefully – consider seed costs • Prepare site • Use best seeding method available • Develop a plan for late spring growth – graze – hay ??? – reseeding
Manage for Reseeding? Can you afford to defer grazing a than your cattle Can you ccept slow start on warm season grass 游 ding】 mature Any Questions? -crimson=medium(high if summer is wet) red and berseem high Species description-Alfalfa On completion of this part you should earn emnm9em径：发a 8ptsrmtvarn The 热 stics of alfalfa The fee value of alfalfa Usage of alfalfa Species description-Alfalfa (continued) Species description-Alfalfa (continued) The importance in agriculture ution can be.cubed
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Manage for Reseeding? • Can you afford to defer grazing – do you have more forage than your cattle can use in the late spring? – Can you accept a slow start on warm season grass • Risk level (high risk = no reseeding) – ball, white and rose = low – arrowleaf = low if you allow seed to mature – crimson = medium (high if summer is wet) – red and berseem = high __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Any Questions? __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 On completion of this part you should learn: • The morphology of alfalfa • The biological characteristics of alfalfa • The feeding value of alfalfa • Cultivate of alfalfa • Usage of alfalfa 第一节 紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Medicago sativa L.） __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 学名：紫花苜蓿 别名：紫苜蓿 、苜蓿 • 全世界有60多种，主要分布于温 ，主要分布于温 带地区，北半球为北纬 ，北半球为北纬35~40°, 年平均降雨量400－500mm，年 平均温度5－12℃地区。我国主 要分布在黄河流域及各省及新疆、 东北等地。栽培较多的有多年生 。栽培较多的有多年生 的紫花苜蓿(M.sativa L)，其 次 有黄花苜蓿（M.falcata.L)、杂 花苜蓿等。 Scientific name:Medicago sativa L. Common name: Alfalfa，Lucerne 60 of different varieties have been developed worldwide distribution，but mainly in temperate zone,with yearly rainfall of 400-500mm and average temp 5－12℃ . Species description—Alfalfa __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 （一）绿色粮仓 根据美国研究按能量计 算，其替代率为1.6:1，即 1.6kg苜蓿干草相当于1kg 粮食的能量，苜蓿又富含蛋 ，苜蓿又富含蛋 白质，如按能量和蛋白质综 ，如按能量和蛋白质综 合效能，苜蓿的代粮率可达 ，苜蓿的代粮率可达 1.2:1 。 （二）增设功能蛋白库 增设功能蛋白库 鲜草粗蛋白4%左右,优质 干草含粗蛋白20%~22%， 叶蛋白粗蛋白含量可达70% 含以上 （三）建植地下生物氮肥厂 建植地下生物氮肥厂 苜蓿茬增产粮食幅度达 20%~30%,调整后苜蓿实行 粮草轮作，可增产粮食 800~1200万吨. Green barn according to energy, the replace rate to grain is 1.2:1 Functional CP warehouse 20-22% content in quality hay and more than 70% in leaf Nitrogen-fixing ability-- Underground biology N factory Estimates of annual rates range from 85 to 360 kg N/ha with a wide variation among sites (Witty et al., l983 ; Heichel and Henjum, l99l). The importance in agriculture Species description—Alfalfa（continued） __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Species description—Alfalfa（continued） •Alfalfa is a very palatable and productive herbaceous perennial legume with worldwide distribution. • It is high yielding and high in quality, but requires high fertility and large quantities of water for optimum productivity. It is grown primarily for hay, but can be ensiled, or used as pasture, either alone or in combination with grasses (typically orchardgrass or smooth bromegrass). Dehydrated alfalfa can be pelleted, cubed, or sold as meal
苜蓿草捆 A HAY 苜着草压缩块 Root根 土深说 Leat iate with the c 中
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 苜 蓿 草 捆 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 苜蓿草压缩块 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Root 根 •With a prominent taproot. However, typically 60-70 percent of the root system is concentrated in the upper 0-30 cm of soil, with fibrous roots predominating and bearing most of the nodules. Alfalfa’s tap root 主根入土深达 三、四十米。 60%-70%根系 分布于土层0- 30cm处。 有共生根瘤； 根颈为根之最上 部，位于地表以 下，随生长年限 延长不断下延— 抗旱、耐寒；分 枝由此产生，一 般有25-40个， 因肥力不同而异。 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★茎 直立或斜生， 绝对高度达 60~150cm，草 层高度达 60~80，棱 形，较柔嫩， 粗2~4mm，花 期生长最迅 速，产草量此 时最高。 Stem: upright, growing 60-90 cm in height. Regrowth occurs from crown buds or axillary stem buds. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★叶 三出羽状复叶，中间叶柄较 长，叶缘上端近1/3处有锯齿。 小叶长圆状倒卵形或倒披针 形，顶端凹形有尖刺 顶端凹形有尖刺，两面无 毛或疏被绒毛，托叶狭披针 形，叶片占鲜草重的 叶片占鲜草重的 45%~50%. Leaf Trifoliate with the central leaflet having an extend stalk and midrib tip. Alfalfa is identified by the "sawtooth" tip of the leaflet
Fall dormancy w acter 秋后，活应南方 候的品种 其再 生植株生长 8tasggea8u t is di 方气候的 13 ancy:4 plant V:7-9 两种类型的再生差异不明显 9 中国首着的秋眠性 四、利用价值Feeding value Good quality and palatable )草质好、适口性 保持水 (八)密源植物
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★花 短总状花序,花萼筒状钟形，花冠 蝶形，紫色，花期长，虫媒异花 授粉 Flower Short raceme; Purple; papilionaceous entomoplily __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 • 果实及种子：荚果2~4转螺旋，每荚种 子8粒，肾形，黄色或黄绿色 ，黄色或黄绿色，陈种子 暗褐色。千粒重1.44-2.30g。种子产量 低，每亩约40公斤。种子生活力强 。种子生活力强， 发芽率高，但有硬实，不易吸水，须 经处理后才能发芽。 Fruit and seeds Pod with 2-4 screws,8 seeds per pod. Thousand seeds weight:1.44- 2.30g. Low seed yield, high seed germination rate, but with 20% of hard seeds. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 三、生物学特性 biological characteristics Temptature： Dry/warm/more fine day weather condition, the temperature optima is 25℃－30 ℃ during growth, prefer to warm but very cold tolearance(-20℃—-30℃) Water： 400－800mm yearly rainfall is required for better performance，bad performance above 1000mm。 Evaporation coefficient is 800,strong drought tolerance， It is best grow in warm and dry area but with irrigation system. Soil： best on well-drained soils with a neutral pH of 6.8 – 7.5 , a great deal of potash Sunshine： Yes, long-day plant __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 秋眠反应： 秋季刈割后，适应南方气 候的品种，其再生植株生长 ，其再生植株生长 ，其再生植株生长 其再生植株生长 的高大、挺直、强壮－－非 秋眠的 ，适应北方气候的 ，适应北方气候的 ，适应北方气候的 品种则相反，其再生植株生 ，其再生植株生 ，其再生植株生 长的茎长短不一 长的茎长短不一、非常细弱 －－秋眠的 ，但在夏季这 两种类型的再生差异不明显。 Fall dormancy Fall dormancy： A character that direct relates to the cold tolerance and production potential of alfalfa. It is divided into 9 classes:1-3 dormancy;4-6 semidormancy;7-9 undormancy. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 中国苜蓿的秋眠性 润布勒 1 天水苜蓿 1 晋南苜蓿 2 淮阴苜蓿 1 准格尔 1 肇东苜蓿 2 图牧2号 1 草原2号 1 公农1号 2 陇中苜蓿 1 草原1号 1 新牧1号 2 甘农1号 1 陕北苜蓿 1 沧州 2 陇东苜蓿 1 河西苜蓿 1 关中 3-4 公农2号 1 蔚县苜蓿 1 新疆大叶 4-5 敖汉苜蓿 1 北疆苜蓿 1 品种 秋眠等级 品种 秋眠等级 品种 秋眠等级 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 四、利用价值 Feeding value （一） 产草量高。 （二） 利用年限长。 （三） 再生性强，耐刈 割。一般一年可刈割 一般一年可刈割 2—4次，多者可刈割 5—6次。 （四） 草质好、适口性 强。 （五） 营养丰富。 （六） 肥田增产。 （七） 保持水土。 （八）蜜源植物。 High yield Long growing period Strong regrowth ability Good quality and palatable Nutritious Fertility Soil and water conservation Honey plant
五、利用技术Usage 1.青30一40cm4调制千草。初花期左右 黄松：禁件投的费兰麦 4调制千草时，要选异喇候天气 。5有计划地生产子和草产品。提商品 6和用年限。应视种子和产草量最高年限而定： Anti-quality factors cultivate (一)土桌耕作与施肥 深。意地精氧，地面平 皂角) 25836num15oa. 促进幼苗生长 e to Sowing Sowing time ①措前晒种2 are on ano 苫种子混合，比例最少为11.3. ★seeding rate Usually 13-20 kg/hm2 of a cor al crop e for S6nemostaa5smLeendon t he ing of the sol gam可
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 五、利用技术 Usage • 1.青刈：30－40cm；调制干草：初花期左右。 • 2.收种适宜期：植株上1/2-2/3的荚果由绿色变成 黄褐色时进行。种子田应每隔 。种子田应每隔1－2年收草一次。 • 3.放牧时，以猪、鸡、马属家畜最适宜 马属家畜最适宜。放牧反 刍畜易得臌胀病。——轮牧，间隔35－40天；禾 本科牧草占50％以上；避免家畜在饥饿状态时采 ；避免家畜在饥饿状态时采 食苜蓿，放牧前要先喂以燕麦 ，放牧前要先喂以燕麦、苏丹草等禾本科 、苏丹草等禾本科 干草，还能防止家畜腹泻 ，还能防止家畜腹泻。 • 4.调制干草时，要选择晴朗天气 ，要选择晴朗天气。 • 5.有计划地生产种子和草产品，提供商品经营 ，提供商品经营 • 6.利用年限，应视种子和产草量最高年限而定 ，应视种子和产草量最高年限而定。 when 65-75% of the seed pods are dark brown, to avoid loss of seed by shedding. spraying with a crop desiccant to speed up drying . 阿杜1 阿杜2 幻灯片 55 阿杜1 为防止膨胀，可在放牧前口服普鲁卡因青霉素钾盐，成畜每次量50－75毫克。 杜世平, 2004-12-16 阿杜2 hh 杜世平, 2004-12-16 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Anti-quality factors • Bloat（臌胀病） is a hazard when grazing lush （繁茂的） lucerne stands . • Lucerne contains oestrogens雌 激素 which reduce conception rates in cattle and sheep if grazed or fed lucerne prior to mating. • Saponin (皂角苷）content in the forage has a dual effect of causing adverse haemolytic effects in stock, but also conferring plant resistance to pests (Tava et al., l993) US and Canada cattle death losses due to bloat are 0.5% __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 cultivate （一）土壤耕作与施肥 土壤耕作与施肥 ★深翻，整地精细，地面平 整。 每亩施有机肥1500—2500 公斤，过磷酸钙20～30公斤 为底肥。 对土壤肥力低下的，播种 时再施入硝酸铵等速效氮 肥，促进幼苗生长。 刈割后要追肥，每亩需过磷 酸钙10—20公斤或磷二氨 4—6公斤。 For good growth performance of alfalfa, it required: Well-cultivated, uniform and firm seed bed; Organic manure 1500- 2500kg/mu; __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Sowing ★seed treatment ①播前晒种2－3天打破休眠；②接种 苜蓿根瘤菌，每公斤种子用 ，每公斤种子用5克菌剂， 制成菌液洒在种子上，充分搅拌，随 拌随播。无菌剂时，用老苜蓿地土壤 ，用老苜蓿地土壤 与种子混合，比例最少为1：1. 3． ★ seeding rate Usually 13 – 20 kg/hm2 ★seeding depth Generally 1.0—2.5cm,depend on soil moisture and structure. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Sowing time Spring is normally the best time since temperature and moisture conditions are usually satisfactory for good seed germination and efficiency of Rhizobium action. Lucerne can also be sown conventionally or drilled into the stubble of a cereal crop in autumn, provided there is sufficient time for the plants to develop enough to withstand winter cold and possible frost heaving of the soil
