西北农林科技大学：《牧草栽培学》课程教学资源（课件讲义）苜蓿 alfalfa.pdf_大学文库

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Scientific Names（学名）of Forage Plants Forage species have scientific names and many common names（常用名）. Scientific names are true indicators of the exact species. • Pocaceae (Gramineae)禾本科 • Fabaceae (Leguminosae)豆科 • Genus – always capitalized属名大写 • Species epithet – always lowercase 种名小写 • Genus and epithet are italicized斜体 • Authority denoted with an abbreviation缩写 • Example: alfalfa, lucerne Medicago sativa L. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Chapter 4 Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Introduction Legumes are • one type of forb 草本 • have superior forage quality 优质 • fix atmospheric nitrogen 固氮 N-fixing bacteria symbioctic relationship • Very important in pasture, hay, and silage 对草地、干草和青贮很重要、干草和青贮很重要 Predominant hay(干草） legume Predominant pasture legume Alfalfa White clover __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Advantages of Legumes • High quality forage • Extend the grazing season – comparison to warm season grasses – common use is overseeding • Capable of biological nitrogen fixation – amount of N fixed depends on many factors • Many annual legumes can be managed for reseeding __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legumes description • annual, biennial, and perennial 一年生，两年生和多年生，两年生和多年生 • Pods豆荚 dehisce张裂 on both sutures（缝隙） • high in crude protein 粗蛋白 • higher digestibility消化率 than grasses by ruminants反刍动物 • higher intake吸收率 than grasses by ruminants __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fabaceae family - legumes • 600 genera（属） – 12,000 species（种） • more narrow range of adaptation than grasses • require more management than grasses • 豆科植物共有600个属12，000 种，比禾本科适应范围窄比禾本科适应范围窄，需要更好的管护。 * __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Nitrogen fixation nodules on berseem clover. 固氮结节 •In legumes the Rhizobium bacterium根瘤菌 exists within a specialised root structure called a nodule. (结节) A legume cover crop can provide sufficient nitrogen for the cash crops that follow it.

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation • Legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria team up to remove N from the air • Nodules form on legume roots when this system is working __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume + Rhizobium Team 豆科和根瘤菌组合 • Legume Plant – forms a nodule in response to Rhizobium – provides energy and protection for the bacteria in the nodule – converts fixed N to organic N and produces high protein forage • Rhizobium bacteria – infects plant – provides genetic information that allows N fixation – uses the plant energy and nodule environment to accomplish N fixation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Rhizobium Inoculation 根瘤菌接种 • Inoculation is the process of applying a commercial culture of Rhizobium to legume seed before planting. • correct inoculant must be used for each forage legume. • Wrong Rhizobium + clover = no N fixation！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Legume species must be matched with correct Rhizobium species or strain 根瘤菌接种的专一性苜蓿、金花菜、天蓝苜蓿、草木樨红三叶、白三叶、杂三叶豌豆、山黎豆、春苕子、冬苕子、蚕豆、扁豆黄羽扇豆、白羽扇豆、蓝羽扇豆菜豆、红花菜豆大豆（白豆、黑豆）豇豆、刀豆、铁扫帚、绿豆、花生、胡枝子等紫云英苜蓿组三叶草组豌豆组羽扇豆组菜豆组大豆组豇豆组紫云英根瘤菌组所共生的豆科植物 preread materialForage Legume Inoculation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University Burton, J. C. 1985 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fixed N is first available to the legume plant and through recycling available to other plants. N fixation is regulated by the plant based on need. High soil N will reduce N fixation

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What if I can’t find nodules or if my clover plants are small and light green??? 1. No inoculation 2. Wrong inoculum (Rhizobium strain) 3. Hot, dry conditions after planting 4. Very acid soils (pH less than 5.0) Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What about mixing inoculated clover seed with fertilizer and applying both at the same time?? 1. Not the best idea. 2. Would be fine if you need to add seed to and existing stand. Don’t bother with inoculum. 3. The inoculum cannot survive very long exposed to the chemical salts in the fertilizer. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Preinoculated Seed?? 1. Generally refers to seed preinoculated and then coated with lime(石灰） or an inert clay（粘土）. Fungicides（杀菌剂） can also be added. 2. No problems after two years of trials at Overton. 3. Research in progress. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Inoculating Forage Legume Seed • Be sure to use the correct inoculant 专一 • Follow package instructions 按包装说明 • Inoculants that include an adhesive（粘合剂） are best • Inoculation is very important the first time you establish a new forage legume 初次建植豆科牧草地接种很重要 • Remember that the inoculant is carrying live bacteria. Protect from heat and sun. 隔热保持细菌活性 Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Clover and Ryegrass Response to Nitrogen Fertilization Ryegrass 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) Clover 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Nitrogen fixation is regulated by the plant, based on need. – high soil N will reduce N fixation. – fertilizer N applied to clover-ryegrass mixtures • will cause rapid yield response in ryegrass • will cause only moderate yield response in total mixture (clover + ryegrass)

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Response of Clover-Ryegrass Mixture to Applied Nitrogen 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 50 100 150 200 250 Lb N / acre Total Season Yield (lb dry forage / acre) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 O N 60 N 120 N 0 N 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Yield (lb DM/ac) Clover Ryegrass Early (Feb 21) Forage Yield of Clover - Ryegrass Mixture 60 lb N/ac applied in early winter (Dec. or Jan.) gives highest efficiency on early forage yields of mixtures (Evers and Haby, 1995) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Summary • Inoculate to match legume with Rhizobium • Avoid nitrogen fertilization of pure stands of forage legumes • Use reduced rates of N fertilizer on legume-grass mixtures • Plan for efficient use of legume forage and recycled N __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Ladino White Clover La S-1 White Clover __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume Pasture Principles • Soil Test – follow recommendations • Select forage legume – consider forage program objectives – use best adapted forage legume for site • soil drainage and type, potential cold damage • Buy high quality seed and inoculum • Inoculate __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume Pasture Principles -- page 2 • Plan legume acreage needs carefully – consider seed costs • Prepare site • Use best seeding method available • Develop a plan for late spring growth – graze – hay ??? – reseeding

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Manage for Reseeding? • Can you afford to defer grazing – do you have more forage than your cattle can use in the late spring? – Can you accept a slow start on warm season grass • Risk level (high risk = no reseeding) – ball, white and rose = low – arrowleaf = low if you allow seed to mature – crimson = medium (high if summer is wet) – red and berseem = high __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Any Questions? __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 On completion of this part you should learn: • The morphology of alfalfa • The biological characteristics of alfalfa • The feeding value of alfalfa • Cultivate of alfalfa • Usage of alfalfa 第一节紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Medicago sativa L.） __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系学名：紫花苜蓿别名：紫苜蓿、苜蓿 • 全世界有60多种，主要分布于温，主要分布于温带地区，北半球为北纬，北半球为北纬35~40°, 年平均降雨量400－500mm，年平均温度5－12℃地区。我国主要分布在黄河流域及各省及新疆、东北等地。栽培较多的有多年生。栽培较多的有多年生的紫花苜蓿(M.sativa L)，其次有黄花苜蓿（M.falcata.L)、杂花苜蓿等。 Scientific name:Medicago sativa L. Common name: Alfalfa，Lucerne 60 of different varieties have been developed worldwide distribution，but mainly in temperate zone,with yearly rainfall of 400-500mm and average temp 5－12℃ . Species description—Alfalfa __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系（一）绿色粮仓根据美国研究按能量计算，其替代率为1.6:1，即 1.6kg苜蓿干草相当于1kg 粮食的能量，苜蓿又富含蛋，苜蓿又富含蛋白质，如按能量和蛋白质综，如按能量和蛋白质综合效能，苜蓿的代粮率可达，苜蓿的代粮率可达 1.2:1 。（二）增设功能蛋白库增设功能蛋白库鲜草粗蛋白4%左右,优质干草含粗蛋白20%~22%，叶蛋白粗蛋白含量可达70% 含以上（三）建植地下生物氮肥厂建植地下生物氮肥厂苜蓿茬增产粮食幅度达 20%~30%,调整后苜蓿实行粮草轮作，可增产粮食 800~1200万吨. Green barn according to energy, the replace rate to grain is 1.2:1 Functional CP warehouse 20-22% content in quality hay and more than 70% in leaf Nitrogen-fixing ability-- Underground biology N factory Estimates of annual rates range from 85 to 360 kg N/ha with a wide variation among sites (Witty et al., l983 ; Heichel and Henjum, l99l). The importance in agriculture Species description—Alfalfa（continued） __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Species description—Alfalfa（continued） •Alfalfa is a very palatable and productive herbaceous perennial legume with worldwide distribution. • It is high yielding and high in quality, but requires high fertility and large quantities of water for optimum productivity. It is grown primarily for hay, but can be ensiled, or used as pasture, either alone or in combination with grasses (typically orchardgrass or smooth bromegrass). Dehydrated alfalfa can be pelleted, cubed, or sold as meal

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系苜蓿草捆 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系苜蓿草压缩块 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Root 根 •With a prominent taproot. However, typically 60-70 percent of the root system is concentrated in the upper 0-30 cm of soil, with fibrous roots predominating and bearing most of the nodules. Alfalfa’s tap root 主根入土深达三、四十米。 60%-70%根系分布于土层0- 30cm处。有共生根瘤；根颈为根之最上部，位于地表以下，随生长年限延长不断下延— 抗旱、耐寒；分枝由此产生，一般有25-40个，因肥力不同而异。 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★茎直立或斜生，绝对高度达 60~150cm，草层高度达 60~80，棱形，较柔嫩，粗2~4mm，花期生长最迅速，产草量此时最高。 Stem: upright, growing 60-90 cm in height. Regrowth occurs from crown buds or axillary stem buds. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★叶三出羽状复叶，中间叶柄较长，叶缘上端近1/3处有锯齿。小叶长圆状倒卵形或倒披针形，顶端凹形有尖刺顶端凹形有尖刺，两面无毛或疏被绒毛，托叶狭披针形，叶片占鲜草重的叶片占鲜草重的 45%~50%. Leaf Trifoliate with the central leaflet having an extend stalk and midrib tip. Alfalfa is identified by the "sawtooth" tip of the leaflet

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 ★花短总状花序,花萼筒状钟形，花冠蝶形，紫色，花期长，虫媒异花授粉 Flower Short raceme; Purple; papilionaceous entomoplily __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 • 果实及种子：荚果2~4转螺旋，每荚种子8粒，肾形，黄色或黄绿色，黄色或黄绿色，陈种子暗褐色。千粒重1.44-2.30g。种子产量低，每亩约40公斤。种子生活力强。种子生活力强，发芽率高，但有硬实，不易吸水，须经处理后才能发芽。 Fruit and seeds Pod with 2-4 screws,8 seeds per pod. Thousand seeds weight:1.44- 2.30g. Low seed yield, high seed germination rate, but with 20% of hard seeds. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系三、生物学特性 biological characteristics Temptature： Dry/warm/more fine day weather condition, the temperature optima is 25℃－30 ℃ during growth, prefer to warm but very cold tolearance(-20℃—-30℃) Water： 400－800mm yearly rainfall is required for better performance，bad performance above 1000mm。 Evaporation coefficient is 800,strong drought tolerance， It is best grow in warm and dry area but with irrigation system. Soil： best on well-drained soils with a neutral pH of 6.8 – 7.5 , a great deal of potash Sunshine： Yes, long-day plant __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系秋眠反应：秋季刈割后，适应南方气候的品种，其再生植株生长，其再生植株生长，其再生植株生长其再生植株生长的高大、挺直、强壮－－非秋眠的，适应北方气候的，适应北方气候的，适应北方气候的品种则相反，其再生植株生，其再生植株生，其再生植株生长的茎长短不一长的茎长短不一、非常细弱－－秋眠的，但在夏季这两种类型的再生差异不明显。 Fall dormancy Fall dormancy： A character that direct relates to the cold tolerance and production potential of alfalfa. It is divided into 9 classes:1-3 dormancy;4-6 semidormancy;7-9 undormancy. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系中国苜蓿的秋眠性润布勒 1 天水苜蓿 1 晋南苜蓿 2 淮阴苜蓿 1 准格尔 1 肇东苜蓿 2 图牧2号 1 草原2号 1 公农1号 2 陇中苜蓿 1 草原1号 1 新牧1号 2 甘农1号 1 陕北苜蓿 1 沧州 2 陇东苜蓿 1 河西苜蓿 1 关中 3-4 公农2号 1 蔚县苜蓿 1 新疆大叶 4-5 敖汉苜蓿 1 北疆苜蓿 1 品种秋眠等级品种秋眠等级品种秋眠等级 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系四、利用价值 Feeding value （一）产草量高。（二）利用年限长。（三）再生性强，耐刈割。一般一年可刈割一般一年可刈割 2—4次，多者可刈割 5—6次。（四）草质好、适口性强。（五）营养丰富。（六）肥田增产。（七）保持水土。（八）蜜源植物。 High yield Long growing period Strong regrowth ability Good quality and palatable Nutritious Fertility Soil and water conservation Honey plant

__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系五、利用技术 Usage • 1.青刈：30－40cm；调制干草：初花期左右。 • 2.收种适宜期：植株上1/2-2/3的荚果由绿色变成黄褐色时进行。种子田应每隔。种子田应每隔1－2年收草一次。 • 3.放牧时，以猪、鸡、马属家畜最适宜马属家畜最适宜。放牧反刍畜易得臌胀病。——轮牧，间隔35－40天；禾本科牧草占50％以上；避免家畜在饥饿状态时采；避免家畜在饥饿状态时采食苜蓿，放牧前要先喂以燕麦，放牧前要先喂以燕麦、苏丹草等禾本科、苏丹草等禾本科干草，还能防止家畜腹泻，还能防止家畜腹泻。 • 4.调制干草时，要选择晴朗天气，要选择晴朗天气。 • 5.有计划地生产种子和草产品，提供商品经营，提供商品经营 • 6.利用年限，应视种子和产草量最高年限而定，应视种子和产草量最高年限而定。 when 65-75% of the seed pods are dark brown, to avoid loss of seed by shedding. spraying with a crop desiccant to speed up drying . 阿杜1 阿杜2 幻灯片 55 阿杜1 为防止膨胀，可在放牧前口服普鲁卡因青霉素钾盐，成畜每次量50－75毫克。杜世平, 2004-12-16 阿杜2 hh 杜世平, 2004-12-16 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Anti-quality factors • Bloat（臌胀病） is a hazard when grazing lush （繁茂的） lucerne stands . • Lucerne contains oestrogens雌激素 which reduce conception rates in cattle and sheep if grazed or fed lucerne prior to mating. • Saponin (皂角苷）content in the forage has a dual effect of causing adverse haemolytic effects in stock, but also conferring plant resistance to pests (Tava et al., l993) US and Canada cattle death losses due to bloat are 0.5% __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 cultivate （一）土壤耕作与施肥土壤耕作与施肥 ★深翻，整地精细，地面平整。每亩施有机肥1500—2500 公斤，过磷酸钙20～30公斤为底肥。对土壤肥力低下的，播种时再施入硝酸铵等速效氮肥，促进幼苗生长。刈割后要追肥，每亩需过磷酸钙10—20公斤或磷二氨 4—6公斤。 For good growth performance of alfalfa, it required: Well-cultivated, uniform and firm seed bed; Organic manure 1500- 2500kg/mu; __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Sowing ★seed treatment ①播前晒种2－3天打破休眠；②接种苜蓿根瘤菌，每公斤种子用，每公斤种子用5克菌剂，制成菌液洒在种子上，充分搅拌，随拌随播。无菌剂时，用老苜蓿地土壤，用老苜蓿地土壤与种子混合，比例最少为1：1. 3． ★ seeding rate Usually 13 – 20 kg/hm2 ★seeding depth Generally 1.0—2.5cm,depend on soil moisture and structure. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Sowing time Spring is normally the best time since temperature and moisture conditions are usually satisfactory for good seed germination and efficiency of Rhizobium action. Lucerne can also be sown conventionally or drilled into the stubble of a cereal crop in autumn, provided there is sufficient time for the plants to develop enough to withstand winter cold and possible frost heaving of the soil