Course Rhetoric Advanced Grade 13 Level of Undergraduate Name English Writing Specialization Instructor 杨劲 Professional Professor Size of Class S(30students) Classroom 2 松 Tittle Hours Chapter of Lesson Rhetoric at Syntactic Level Main Course Book Advanced English Writing & ECNUP Reference Books Objective Requirements: Parataxis and hypotaxis is the most distinguishing features in linguistics between Chinese and English. Emphasis is laid upon the form in English texture while in Chinese upon the meaning.This difference in language expression is deeply rooted in the culture,geography and history of each country.This course aims at explaining the difference with examples and finding the the reasons for the difference. Contents of Teaching,Timing of Instruction Teaching Methods Contents of Teaching,Timing of Instruction: 1.Lead in (5 minutes) 2.Parataxis and Hypotaxis(50 minutes) Definition Examples Practice Sample analysis of hypotaxis 3.Sentence expansion(20 minutes) Sample analysis Practice 4 Summary and assignments(5 minutes) Teaching method:CAJ,Explanation,talking,discussion,demonstration Key Points Difficult Points: Difficult Points Parataxis and Hypotaxis Sentence Tree Important Points: Sentence expansion Review Comments of Faculty Director: Signature of Faculty Director: Date Month Year Teaching Plan Lesson No.8 Lecture Schedule:2016-4-20 Content Aids Methods Time Allocation
Course Name Rhetoric & Advanced English Writing Grade 13 Level of Specialization Undergraduate Instructor 杨劲 松 Professional Tittle Professor Size of Class S(30students) Classroom Hours 2 Chapter of Lesson Rhetoric at Syntactic Level Main Course Book & Reference Books Advanced English Writing ECNUP Objective & Requirements： Parataxis and hypotaxis is the most distinguishing features in linguistics between Chinese and English. Emphasis is laid upon the form in English texture while in Chinese upon the meaning. This difference in language expression is deeply rooted in the culture, geography and history of each country. This course aims at explaining the difference with examples and finding the the reasons for the difference. Contents of Teaching, Timing of Instruction & Teaching Methods Contents of Teaching, Timing of Instruction: 1. Lead in (5 minutes) 2. Parataxis and Hypotaxis (50 minutes) Definition Examples Practice Sample analysis of hypotaxis 3. Sentence expansion (20 minutes) Sample analysis Practice 4 Summary and assignments (5 minutes) Teaching method: CAJ,Explanation, talking, discussion, demonstration Key Points & Difficult Points： Difficult Points Parataxis and Hypotaxis Sentence Tree Important Points: Sentence expansion Review Comments of Faculty Director： Signature of Faculty Director： Date___Month____Year_____ Teaching Plan Lesson No.8 Lecture Schedule：2016-4-20 Content Aids & Methods & Time Allocation
Lead in 5 minutes 下雨了，我回家吧。 CAJ Stepl:ask the students It is raining, to compare the two let's go Let's go home sentences and point out home. as it is raining. the error of the first sentence. Step 2:define the error Step 3:define parataxis and hypotaxis. What does this picture suggest of? Sentence Structures in Enghish and Chinese [.paero'taksis 下雨了 我们回家吧 parataxis Explain what is parataxis Let's go home [.haipau'taksis] hypotaxis as it is raining Point out the characteristics of parataxis It is raining,let's go home. Comma Fault Examples for parataxis What is parataxis? Parataxis (means the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. In Chinese there is no restrictions on the syntax framework which allows the noun phrases as well as verb phrases in line without link words.So the sentence arrangement is lineal based on time order,space order or logical order.Look at the following sketch. 【例1】广东医学院依山傍水，是个读书的好地方。 No conjunctions to connect the two clauses 【例2】他吃完饭，穿上鞋，披上大衣，散步去了。 No conjunctions for sequences of successive verbs
Lead in What is parataxis? Parataxis (意合) means the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. In Chinese there is no restrictions on the syntax framework which allows the noun phrases as well as verb phrases in line without link words. So the sentence arrangement is lineal based on time order, space order or logical order. Look at the following sketch. 5 minutes CAJ Step1: ask the students to compare the two sentences and point out the error of the first sentence. Step 2: define the error Step 3: define parataxis and hypotaxis. Explain what is parataxis Point out the characteristics of parataxis Examples for parataxis
English enjoys rich prepositions,conjunctions as well as relative adverbs, Explain what is relative pronouns,participles and gerund which are absent in Chinese.So it hypotaxis can set aside the natural order and turns to space structure,scaffolding and tree structure. 英语有着极为丰富的介词、连词和汉语中没有的关系代词、关系副词、 Point out the 分词、动名词等。它可以撇开按动作顺序造句的限制，而依赖于从句结 characteristics of 构和上述词类作为钩子着重在空间操作、搭架，形成树型构造。见图： hypotaxis Examples for hypotaxis Practice Samples Analysis The students are 1冬天已经来了，春天还会远吗？（意合） expected to fill in the f winter comes,can spring be far behind?G形合) blank with the missing words for a better 2前途是光明的道路是曲折的。億合) understanding the While the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns. 形合) function in hypotaxis. 3玩火自荧。（意合） Whoeverplays with fire will perish by fire.(形合) 0 10 minutes Practice Tree diagram is used to analyze the sentence structure. Ask the students to fill in the blank with the connective words for better understanding of hypotaxis
English enjoys rich prepositions, conjunctions as well as relative adverbs, relative pronouns, participles and gerund which are absent in Chinese. So it can set aside the natural order and turns to space structure, scaffolding and tree structure. 英语有着极为丰富的介词、连词和汉语中没有的关系代词、关系副词、 分词、动名词等。它可以撇开按动作顺序造句的限制，而依赖于从句结 构和上述词类作为钩子着重在空间操作、搭架，形成树型构造。见图： Samples Analysis Explain what is hypotaxis Point out the characteristics of hypotaxis Examples for hypotaxis Practice The students are expected to fill in the blank with the missing words for a better understanding the function in hypotaxis. 10 minutes Practice Tree diagram is used to analyze the sentence structure. Ask the students to fill in the blank with the connective words for better understanding of hypotaxis
这里，我想就中国纺织品出口的明题谈些看明清两个朝代封键统始者实布闭关烟政策。 15 minutes 法，希望有助于话位对现状的了解。 阻得了中帼的进步和中外交流。 Step 1: Group discussion Here,I would like to make an account onDming the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the feudal The students are the export of China's textile products rulers adopted a policy of secusion, expected to analyze the in the hope that all of you will have a which hampered China's progress and its long sentence clearer picture on the present situation. exchanges with the outside world Step2: Ask the students to translate the sentence 中国是一个有五千年文明历史的国家，从历史文 for a better 化来了解和以识中国，是一个重要的视角。 understanding the sentence structure China is a countrywith,00 years of Step 3: civilization Therefore,it is important to approach The students are Chinaa historical and cutural perspective. supposed to draw a tree graph to illustrate the sentence structure 对于工业化国家和发展中国家，这都是一个他们 Step 4: 日益关切的阿题，切需国际合作。 The students are expected to do more To both industrialized and developing countries, practicing. this is an issue of growing concern inwhich intemational cooperation is essential. ◆原打算五月份访华，后不得不推迟，深感失望。由于贵公 司的努力，访问这么快得以重新安排，非常高兴。 It was a keen disaopointment.when.I had to postpone the visit whichI had intended to pay to China in May.I was delighted when as a result of the effort of your company,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. Based on animal tests of nearly 1000 chemicals,the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich,which contains traces of aflatoxin(黄曲霉素)(a naturally occurring mold carcinogen(霉菌致癌物)in peanuts)is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. Sample Analysis Adverbial ciause Oe过Clause No.1 Based on animal 恤in Clau5e that daily tests ofneady the data show consumption of the 1000 chemicals, average peanut buter sandwich. O吻eeC3aw5r26.3 is 100 times more and thata glass of the most polluied dangerous than our well water in the Silicon Valley is daily intahe of DDT from fod 1000 times less ofcancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. which contains traces 体文：以#流10加叶化手物质作的动物试给所得 of aflatoxin 到的餐临表明。车日所济托香通花生者三明治 Ao克ie 中含有竹概量黄南喜素《花生中天然存在竹一叶 基商数菜物】比表们海日从食物中极DDT竹 〔a naturally occurring 段大100。一杯装谷度灸污委的井水比-一杯而 mold carcinogenin 函酒兹字酒盘華的克险委小100格 peanuts)
Based on animal tests of nearly 1000 chemicals, the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich, which contains traces of aflatoxin(黄曲霉素)(a naturally occurring mold carcinogen (霉菌致癌物)in peanuts) is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. 15 minutes Step 1: Group discussion The students are expected to analyze the long sentence Step2: Ask the students to translate the sentence for a better understanding the sentence structure Step 3: The students are supposed to draw a tree graph to illustrate the sentence structure. Step 4: The students are expected to do more practicing
Television,the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth,is moving into a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world. reshapeour lvez and our wr且 Television is moving into snewera he most pervasive and persuasive ol modern technologies Sentence Expansion 20 minutes 【例l】In order to live a happy life,it is becoming Practice important for people to learn knowledge well. The students are expected to do sentence +adverbial: expansion In order to live a happy life,it is becoming increasingly important for people to learn knowledge well. 【例2】Ve saw a bear yesterday. +prep phrase Hiking through the woods yesterday,we saw a bear
Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. Sentence Expansion 20 minutes Practice The students are expected to do sentence expansion
Samples of sentence expansion The project turned out to be mostly low level findings. +parenthesis +Clause +modifiers Sad to say,the project that Sad to say,the joumalism The project turned project tumed credibility was out tobe surveyed tumed out to be mostly mostly low-- out to be mostly low--level level findings low--level findings about about factual findings about factual errors and errors ad factual emors spelling and spelling and and spelling and grammar grammar mistakes. granuar mistakes. mistakes The revival continued for quite some time. The revival of the ancient world in the Renaissance continued for quite some time. As many people know,the revival of the ancient world in the Renaissance continued for quite some time,and there is having some truth in the assertion As many people know,the revival of the ancient world in the Renaissance continued for quite some time,and there is having some truth in the assertion that the political thinkers of the 17th and 18th century (including the American founding fathers were continuing the Renaissance and consciously trying to recreate the Roman republic
Samples of sentence expansion
Summary 5 minutes Parataxis(意合) The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.The sentence is lineal. Hypotaxis(形合)： The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.The sentence is hierarchical. Assignments Sentence expansion 1)The debate invited anyone. 2)London had world's foreign-exchange market. 3) The factory is more like a family. 4)4)Toronto is a city. Chinese is paratactic in that it has no a bamboo paratactic Chinese is Inflections and does not need connectives for sentence organization.The meanings of different parts help indicate the relationship within a sentence.The structure of Chinese can be compared to bamboo. Summary To clarify the relations between words,phrases or clauses,English more often resorts to overt cohesion,frequently using various cohesive ties such as coordinators (e.g.and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,either...or..., neither...nor...),subordinators (e.g.when,while,as,since,until,so...that
Summary Parataxis (意合) The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. The sentence is lineal. Hypotaxis(形合) : The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. The sentence is hierarchical. Assignments Sentence expansion 1) The debate invited anyone. 2) London had world’s foreign-exchange market. 3) The factory is more like a family. 4) 4) Toronto is a city. 5 minutes Summary Chinese is paratactic in that it has no a bamboo paratactic Chinese is Inflections and does not need connectives for sentence organization. The meanings of different parts help indicate the relationship within a sentence. The structure of Chinese can be compared to bamboo. To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion, frequently using various cohesive ties such as coordinators (e.g. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, either… or…, neither… nor…),subordinators (e.g. when, while, as, since, until, so… that…
unless,lest),relative pronouns and adverbs (e.g.who,whom,whose,that,which, when,where,why,how),prepositions and others. Sentence expansion 1)The debate invited anyone. Homework 2)London had world's foreign-exchange market. 3)The factory is more like a family. 4)4)Toronto is a city. Writing Effective Sentences Zero Theory and Typical Sentence Pattern Theoretical interpretation of sentence patterning Key Points of Pre- Operation of sentence patterns based on zero theory studying Making sentence with typical patterns Typical patterns I patterns of reasoning 2 patterns of emphasizing 3 patterns of comparing and contrasting 4 patterns of exemplification 5 patterns of cause and effect Implementation and Analysis
unless, lest), relative pronouns and adverbs ( e.g. who, whom, whose, that, which, when, where, why, how), prepositions and others. Homework Sentence expansion 1) The debate invited anyone. 2) London had world’s foreign-exchange market. 3) The factory is more like a family. 4) 4) Toronto is a city. Writing Effective Sentences Key Points of Prestudying Zero Theory and Typical Sentence Pattern Theoretical interpretation of sentence patterning Operation of sentence patterns based on zero theory Making sentence with typical patterns Typical patterns 1 patterns of reasoning 2 patterns of emphasizing 3 patterns of comparing and contrasting 4 patterns of exemplification 5 patterns of cause and effect Implementation and Analysis