物理 化 学 第三章列题
物 理 化 学 第三章例题
·例1. 413.2K下,CHC1和CHB的蒸汽压分别为 1.236atm和0.6524atm.两者形成理想溶液,此溶液在 413.2K,1atm下沸腾,求体系液相和气相的组成? ·解:理想溶液服从拉乌尔定律: ● PI=PI'xI P2-P2 X2 ·下标1代表氯苯;下标2代表溴苯 已知: p1*=1.236atm p2*=0.6524atm ·溶液在413.2K沸腾,故有: P1+P2=P1'x1+p2*x2=1.0 p1*x1tp2*(1-x)=1.0 1.236x1+0.6524(1-x1)=1 ·解得: x1=0.5956 x2=0.4044(液相组成)
• 例1. 413.2K下,C6H5Cl和C6H5Br的蒸汽压分别为 1.236atm和0.6524atm.两者形成理想溶液,此溶液在 413.2K,1atm下沸腾,求体系液相和气相的组成? • 解: 理想溶液服从拉乌尔定律: • p1=p1 * x1 p2=p2 * x2 • 下标1代表氯苯;下标2代表溴苯. • 已知: p1 *=1.236atm p2 *=0.6524atm • 溶液在413.2K沸腾,故有: • p1+p2= p1 * x1+p2 * x2=1.0 • p1 * x1+p2 * (1- x1 )=1.0 1.236x1+0.6524(1-x1 )=1 • 解得: x1=0.5956 x2=0.4044 (液相组成)
。气相中各组分的分压为: p1=1.2360×0.5956=0.7362atm ● P2=0.6524×0.4044=0.2638atm(气相组成) ·达平衡时体系的组成为: 。液相: C6H5C:59.56% CHsBr: 4044% 。气相: C6HC:73.62% C6LBr:26.38%
• 气相中各组分的分压为: • p1=1.2360×0.5956=0.7362 atm • p2=0.6524×0.4044=0.2638 atm(气相组成) • 达平衡时体系的组成为: • 液相: C6H5Cl: 59.56% C6H5Br: 4044% • 气相: C6H5Cl: 73.62% C6H5Br: 26.38%
。例2. 298.15K下,从大量浓度为0.01M的水溶液 中迁移1摩尔溶质入另一大量浓度为0.001M的溶液 中,试计算此过程的△G? 设两者溶液各组分的活 度系数为1. ·解:设溶剂为A,溶质为B,此过程为溶质B的吉布斯自 由能发生变化,A的变化可以忽略不计: ● △G=μB,2一B,1 ● =uB+RTInM2-uB+RTInM =RTIn(M2/Mj) ● =RTIn0.1 =-5708 J/mol溶质
• 例2. 298.15K下,从大量浓度为0.01M的水溶液 中 迁移1摩尔溶质入另一大量浓度为0.001M的溶液 中,试计算此过程的G? 设两者溶液各组分的活 度系数为1. • 解: 设溶剂为A,溶质为B,此过程为 溶质B的吉布斯自 由能发生变化,A的变化可以忽略不计: • G =B,2-B,1 • =B +RTlnM2- B +RTlnM1 • =RTln(M2 /M1 ) • =RTln0.1 • =-5708 J/mol溶质
·更详细的解为: ·设从含n摩尔B的0.01m的溶液中取出1摩尔B放入 含n摩尔B的0.001m的溶液中. ·求溶液的摩尔分数: ·0.01m溶液中B的摩尔分数为: ● xg=0.01/(1000/18.02)=1/5550 ● x4=5549/5550 0.001m溶液中B的摩尔分数为: ● xB=0.001/(1000/18.02)=1/55500 ● x4=55499/55500
• 更详细的解为: • 设从含n摩尔B的0.01m的溶液中取出1摩尔B放入 含n摩尔B的0.001m的溶液中. • 求溶液的摩尔分数: • 0.01m溶液中B的摩尔分数为: • xB=0.01/(1000/18.02)=1/5550 • xA=5549/5550 • 0.001m溶液中B的摩尔分数为: • xB=0.001/(1000/18.02)=1/55500 • xA=55499/55500
·过程前: 。 0.01m溶液: n摩尔B, 5550n摩尔A, XB=1/5550; x4=5549/5550 44=μ⅓*+RTIn(5549/5550) LB=HB+RTIn(1/5550) 0.001m溶液: n摩尔B, 55500n摩尔A, XB=1/55500;X=55499/55500 ● 4A=u⅓+RTln(55499/55500) uB=uB*+RTIn(1/55500) 。 两种溶液的总G为: G=∑nμ=HALA+nBμB =5550nlua*+RTln(5549/5550)1+nlug*+RTln(1/5550)川 +55500nlμa*+RTln(55499/55500)川+nlμg*+RTln(1/55500)1
• 过程前: • 0.01m溶液: n摩尔B, 5550n摩尔A, xB=1/5550; xA=5549/5550 • A= A *+RTln(5549/5550) • B= B *+RTln(1/5550) • 0.001m溶液: n摩尔B, 55500n摩尔A, xB=1/55500; xA=55499/55500 • A= A *+RTln(55499/55500) • B= B *+RTln(1/55500) • 两种溶液的总G为: • G=nii= nAA+ nBB • =5550n[A *+RTln(5549/5550)]+n[B *+RTln(1/5550)] • +55500n[A *+RTln(55499/55500)]+n[B *+RTln(1/55500)]
·过程后: 0.01m溶液:n-1摩尔B,5550n摩尔A, xg=(n-1)/5550n; xA=(5549n+1)/5550n ● μA=4⅓*+RTIn[(5549n+1)/5550nl 0 μs=μg*+RTIn(n-1)/5550] 0.001m溶液: n+1摩尔B, 55500n摩尔A, xg=(n+1)/55500n; x4=(55499n-1)/55500n 4a=4a+RTIn(55499n-1)/55500nl HB=uB+RTIn[(n+1)/n55500] 溶液的G为: G=5550n{u4*+RTIn[(5549n+1)/5550n} +(n-1)Hμs*+RTln[(m-1)/n5550]} +55500nkμa*+RTln[(55499n-1)/55500nl} +(n+1){ug*+RTIn(n+1)/n55500]}
• 过程后: • 0.01m溶液: n-1摩尔B, 5550n摩尔A, xB=(n-1)/5550n; xA=(5549n+1)/5550n • A= A *+RTln[(5549n+1)/5550n] • B= B *+RTln[(n-1)/n5550] • 0.001m溶液: n+1摩尔B, 55500n摩尔A, xB=(n+1)/55500n; xA=(55499n-1)/55500n • A= A *+RTln[(55499n-1)/55500n] • B= B *+RTln[(n+1)/n55500] • 溶液的G为: • G=5550n{A *+RTln[(5549n+1)/5550n]} +(n-1){B *+RTln[(n-1)/n5550]} +55500n{A *+RTln [(55499n-1)/55500n]} +(n+1){B *+RTln[(n+1)/n55500]}
。过程的吉布斯自由能改变为: △G=G后-G前 =(-1)ug+RTIn[(n-1)/n5550]}-nluB+RTIn(1/5550)川 +(n+1){μg*+RTIn(n+1)/n55500]}-nlμg*+RTln(1/55500)川 +5550nμA*+RTIn[(5549n+1)/5550m}- 5550nlμ⅓*+RTn(5549/5550)l +55500n{μ⅓*+RTln[(55499n-1)/55500nl}- 55500nlμ⅓*+RTln(55499/55500)川 =(m-1)RTln[n-1)/n5550]-nRTIn(1/5550) +(n+1)RTIn[(n+1)/n55500]-nRTIn(1/55500) +5550nRTn(5549n+1)/5550nl-ln(5549/5550)} +55500nRT{n[(55499n-1)/55500n]-ln(55499/55500)} =(m-1)RTln[(n-1)/m-RTln(1/5550) +(n+1)RTIn[(n+1)/m]+RTIn(1/55500) +5550nRTn1+1/5549n] +55500 nRTIn[1-/55499n
• 过程的吉布斯自由能改变为: • G=G后-G前 • =(n-1){B *+RTln[(n-1)/n5550]}-n[B *+RTln(1/5550)] +(n+1){B *+RTln[(n+1)/n55500]}-n[B *+RTln(1/55500)] +5550n{A *+RTln[(5549n+1)/5550n]}- 5550n[A *+RTln(5549/5550)] +55500n{A *+RTln [(55499n-1)/55500n]}- 55500n[A *+RTln(55499/55500)] • = (n-1)RTln[(n-1)/n5550]-nRTln(1/5550) +(n+1)RTln[(n+1)/n55500]-nRTln(1/55500) +5550nRT{ln[(5549n+1)/5550n]-ln(5549/5550)} +55500nRT{ln [(55499n-1)/55500n]-ln(55499/55500)} • = (n-1)RTln[(n-1)/n]-RTln(1/5550) +(n+1)RTln[(n+1)/n]+RTln(1/55500) +5550nRTln[1+1/5549n] +55500nRTln[1-/55499n]
·△G=RTIn(5550/55500) +limnRTIn[(n-1)/n]0-1 tlim→RTIn[n+1)/n]1 +limn 5550nRTIn[1+1/5549n] +limn55500nRTIn[1-/55499n] =-5707.692 +RT[-In(e)]+RTIn(e) +RTI5550/5549-55500/554991 ● =-5707.692+0.402 =-5707.3 J/mol
• G = RTln(5550/55500) +limn→ RTln[(n-1)/n]n-1 +limn→ RTln[(n+1)/n]n+1 +limn→ 5550nRTln[1+1/5549n] +limn→ 55500nRTln[1-/55499n] • =-5707.692 +RT[-ln(e)]+RTln(e) +RT[5550/5549-55500/55499] • =-5707.692+0.402 • =-5707.3 J/mol
。 例3.求323.2K,100atm下C02的逸度?设C02服从范德华方程,其有关参数 为:a=3.56m2.atm/mol2; b=0.0427m3/mol ·解:由范德华方程 (p+a/Vm2)(Vm-b)-RT 代入题给条件,解得C02的摩尔体积为:Vm0.10975L p=RT/(V-b)-a/V2 等温下: dp=[-RT/(V-b)2+2a/V3]dV JVdp=-RTJV/(V-b)2dV+2a/1/V2dV =-RTIn(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V 由逸度的计算公式: RT/dlnf-Vdp 。 RTInf-RTInf=-RTln(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTIn(V*-b)-RTb/(V*-b)-2a/V* p→0时:f→pV*→o1/W*→01/V*-b)0V-b=RT/p* .RTlnf=RTInf"-RTIn(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTIn(RT/p) RTInf-RTIn(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTInRT-RTInp" =RTIn(V-b)+bRT/(V-b)-2a/V 代入相应数值,得:lnf=4.172 f=64.85atm
• 例3. 求323.2K,100atm下CO2的逸度? 设CO2服从范德华方程,其有关参数 为: a=3.56 m2 .atm/mol2 ; b=0.0427 m3 /mol • 解: 由范德华方程: • (p+a/Vm 2 )(Vm-b)=RT • 代入题给条件,解得CO2的摩尔体积为: Vm=0.10975 L • p=RT/(V-b)-a/V2 • 等温下: dp=[-RT/(V-b)2 + 2a/V3 ]dV • ∫Vdp=-RT∫V/(V-b)2dV+2a∫1/V2dV • =-RTln(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V • 由逸度的计算公式: • RT∫dlnf=∫Vdp • RTlnf-RTlnf* =-RTln(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTln(V* -b)-RTb/(V* -b)-2a/V* • p *→0时: f * →p * V* →∞ 1/V*→0 1/(V* -b) →0 V* -b=RT/p* • ∴ RTlnf=RTlnf* -RTln(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTln(RT/p* ) • = RTlnf* -RTln(V-b)+RTb/(V-b)-2a/V+RTlnRT-RTlnp* • =RTln(V-b)+bRT/(V-b)-2a/V • 代入相应数值,得: lnf=4.172 f=64.85 atm