2018/5/16 国上活大坐 Overview of Lectures 国上清大学 0.Overview 14/15 Performance(a,b) 1.Introduction 16.Aircraft certification 2.Overall configuration 17.Aviation economics 18.System integration and 3.Preliminary weight estimation confiquration management Aircraft Design 4.Refined weight estimation 19.Multidisciplinary design 5.Fuselage design optimization （飞行器设计) 6/7/8.Aerodynamic design(a,b,c) 20.Military aircraft design-overview 9.Thrust/Weight ratio and wing loading 21.Environmental issues 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 22.Design skills 11.Power plant Wenbin Song 12.Stability and control School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 13.Loads,materials and structures sa0a9e3aee的 oorornenin ong oorn enin Song Effects of Aviation on Environment 国上活我道大坐 Major Considerations in Aircraft Design 国上道大坐 ·Certification ·Direct The effects of Aviation on the Environment and 。Operation Operating particularly Global Warming Cost Although Aviation only contributes 2-4%of man's impact Safety Economics today,it is due to become 10-15%or more without major imorovements The price and availability of Fossil Oil Comfort Environ- ment .Cabin Noise Environment ·Emission ·Flight dynamics nwentin ong Environmental Impact of Aviation 国上洋大坐 Overall Picture of Aviation and Environment 园上海发大坐 Aircraft Noise Aviation -Cabin noise -one of the cabin comfort indicators Aircraft Emission Noise Emissions Local air quality around airports-NOx Green House Gas effect-emission during cruise (CO2) local local global ·But challenges are -Impact of aviation on climate change is predicted to increase from around 3%to 6%-10%in 2050 -Year 2000 level of emissions may not be "sustainable" Metrics? r5%per annum;double year Community health Local air quality Cimate change Regulations,Charges,external costs 1
2018/5/16 1 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University swb@sjtu.edu.cn Aircraft Design （飞行器设计） © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Overview of Lectures 0. Overview 1. Introduction 2. Overall configuration 3. Preliminary weight estimation 4. Refined weight estimation 5. Fuselage design 6/7/8. Aerodynamic design(a, b, c) 9. Thrust/Weight ratio and wing loading 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 11.Power plant 12.Stability and control 13.Loads, materials and structures 14/15 Performance(a, b) 16.Aircraft certification 17.Aviation economics 18.System integration and configuration management 19.Multidisciplinary design optimization 20.Military aircraft design – overview 21.Environmental issues 22.Design skills © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics • The effects of Aviation on the Environment and particularly Global Warming • Although Aviation only contributes 2-4% of man’s impact today, it is due to become 10-15% or more without major improvements. • The price and availability of Fossil Oil Effects of Aviation on Environment © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Major Considerations in Aircraft Design • Noise • Emission • Cabin Environment • Flight dynamics • Direct Operating Cost • Certification • Operation Safety Economics Environment Comfort © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Environmental Impact of Aviation • Aircraft Noise – Airport noise – local issue affecting local community near busy airports – Cabin noise – one of the cabin comfort indicators • Aircraft Emission – Local air quality around airports - NOx – Green House Gas effect – emission during cruise (CO2) • But challenges are – Impact of aviation on climate change is predicted to increase from around 3% to 6%-10% in 2050 – Year 2000 level of emissions may not be “sustainable” – Air travel grows at approx. 5% per annum; double year 2020 and triple 2030 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Overall Picture of Aviation and Environment
2018/5/16 Targets 圆上活大学 Targets-2050 update 国上活大学 ACARE 2020 targets(Advisory Council for Aeronautical ACARE updated original 2020 target Research in Europe) Reduce fuel burn and CO2 by 50%(per passenger per kilometer) “RCatco,tmsomty75%(6o%2020j0erpas3eger Reduce perceived external noise by 50% -Reduce NOx by 80% NASA (relative to a typical new aircraft produced in 2000) oa5 Engine contribution to these goals is defined as to Reduce CO2 by 30% Reduction of NOx certification metric by 75% % boer fan- Airframe contribution needs to make up the rest 3%“ botxor ten T% 50% aplot notopeaonces Technologies 国上清文大些 New Environmental Friendly Aero Engine Concepts(NEWAC) 园上活道大整 。 Greener by Design (www.greenerbydesign.co.uk) Fuel consumption/CO2 emission -Fuel bu drag,reduced SFC mnative configurations,light weight structure,reduced 7c04 Emission:use of alternative fuels,energy efficiency,lean burn eqea2eAoeicoigtncaeaseeoneoaeaasueraio ow Noise:altemative configurations 620 ·Greener Operations 8 NEWAC:-6%CO -Reduce cruise altitude -Airport planning -Optimized flight planning 0 ACAHE Tare 200 2010 2015 021 2 ERA-Alternative Configurations 圈上洋文通大半 园上海发大坐 Altemate Configuration Concepts Many ideas,but... What combination of configuration and technology can meet the goais? What is possible in the N+2 timeframe? AIRCRAFT NOISE 54从 ERA:envio tal Res erslty-Dr.V(enbin Song www.aercnauncs.nasa.gows/.hom 2
2018/5/16 2 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Targets • ACARE 2020 targets (Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe) – Reduce fuel burn and CO2 by 50% (per passenger per kilometer) – Reduce perceived external noise by 50% – Reduce NOx by 80% • NASA © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Targets – 2050 update • ACARE updated original 2020 target – Reduce aircraft CO2 emission by 75% (50% for 2020) (per passenger kilometer) – Reduce perceived noise level by 65% (50% for 2020) – Reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by 90% (80% for 2020) (relative to a typical new aircraft produced in 2000) • Engine contribution to these goals is defined as to – Reduce CO2 by 30% – Reduction of NOx certification metric by 75% • Airframe contribution needs to make up the rest © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technologies • Greener by Design (www.greenerbydesign.co.uk) – Fuel burn: alternative configurations, light weight structure, reduced drag, reduced SFC – Emission: use of alternative fuels, energy efficiency, lean burn combustor, cooled cooling air, increase engine overall pressure ratio, increase BPR – Noise: alternative configurations • Greener Operations – Reduce cruise altitude – Airport planning – Optimized flight planning © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics New Environmental Friendly Aero Engine Concepts (NEWAC) • Fuel consumption/CO2 emission © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics ERA – Alternative Configurations ERA: environmental Responsible Aviation www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/isrp/era/index.htm © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIRCRAFT NOISE
2018/5/16 Some Basics 园上活大学 Sound Power and Sound Power Levels 国上清大学 Sound:propagation of pressure fluctuations Some typical examples Noise-unpleasant sound Audible frequency range [20,20000]Hz Sound Power (W) und Power Levels (dB) Sources Sound speed Frequency wave length,depends on the (0dB=1pW) characteristics of the media(air temperature) 100000000 200 Rocket engine Sound energy and sound power (W) 100000 170 Jetengine Sound intensity,sound power per unit area(W/m2) 100 140 Propeller engine cruise Sound pressure,pressure fluctuations 1 120 Truck Decibel (dB)is often used to describe quantities of sound 0.0001 Speech 0.00000001 40 Whisper 0.0000000001 Air conditioning outlet oorornenin ong oorn enin Song Sound Levels 国上活美大坐 Sound Frequency and Frequency Band 园上活道大整 Decibel (dB)is often used to describe sound levels Sound frequency range is wide for human ears [20-20000]Hz Octave and 1/30ctave frequency band For a sound pressure source Central Frequency Octave 1/30ctave Lp =10l0g 20log 20 Po Po 25 Po=20uPa 31.5 40 Example:background noise pressure level is 50 8odB,a machine operating will produce 85dB, 63 calculate the total noise level. 80 00 125 Aircraft Noise Issues 圈上大坐 Aircraft Noise Sources 国上洋大学 Aircraft Noise Issues Fan noise from duct hy-pass duct Fan noise from Je/flap Wing noise Turbine&o nois roise Cabin Noise landing Let norse Jet noise kt mixing noise from wing Retnoise463 3
2018/5/16 3 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Some Basics • Sound: propagation of pressure fluctuations • Noise – unpleasant sound • Audible frequency range [20,20000]Hz • Sound speed = Frequency * wave length, depends on the characteristics of the media (air temperature) • Sound energy and sound power (W) • Sound intensity, sound power per unit area (W/m2) • Sound pressure, pressure fluctuations • Decibel (dB) is often used to describe quantities of sound © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sound Power and Sound Power Levels • Some typical examples Sound Power (W) Sound Power Levels (dB) (0dB=1pW) Sources 100 000 000 200 Rocket engine 100 000 170 Jet engine 100 140 Propeller engine cruise 1 120 Truck 0.000 1 80 Speech 0.000 000 01 40 Whisper 0.000 000 000 1 20 Air conditioning outlet © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sound Levels © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sound Frequency and Frequency Band • Sound frequency range is wide for human ears [20-20000]Hz • Octave and 1/3Octave frequency band Central Frequency Octave 1/3Octave 20 x 25 x 31.5 x x 40 x 50 x 63 x x 80 x 100 x 125 x x © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Issues © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Sources Ref:noise463
2018/5/16 Aircraft Noise Source Breakdown 园上声克大学 Aircraft Noise Sources -airframe noise 国上活大学 ·Primary Noise Sources Landing gear Slotted slat Flap side-edges Ref:ESDU 02020 APPROACH(long range aircraft) APPROACH(short range aircraft) cavities Flat/slat tracks and slat track cut-outs Spoilers Gear-wake/flap interactions Ref:222 Source:Airbus Ref noise222 Aircraft Noise Sources-engine noise 圈上活大坐 Representation of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise 园上活道大整 Different engine types Turbofan turbojet High Bypass Ratio 8oa6ooT2四- Estimation Methods for Aircraft Noise 国上清大学 Empirical Noise Calulation 图上活大坐 Empirical methods Fink method(1976,ANOPP)with update recently -Based on experimental data(wind tunnel/flight tests) -Represents early effort to estimate noise using empirical -Fast.but less accurate methods -Only applicable to certain configurations Available in public domain Experiments Guo method (Boeing) -Used for certification process -Derived from a large database of phased array measurement -Costly,time-consuming -Can relate to certain design features of the airplane -Used for validation of methods Incorporated into ANOPP Computational methods(CAA,Computational Aeroacoustics) -Issues with applications to different configurations,proprietary -Developed over the last couple of decades,the focus ESDU method(UK) -Closely related to CFD -In the public domain,validated,software available for use -Computationally expensive -Has the potential for wider use in design process Onlybageometres and correlations ith parameters Large amount of wind tunnel tests necessary to build credibie methods slty-Dr.V(enbin Song 4
2018/5/16 4 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Source Breakdown Ref: noise222 Ref: ESDU 02020 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Sources – airframe noise • Primary Noise Sources – Landing gear – Slotted slat – Flap side-edges and slat sideedges including cavities – Flat/slat tracks and slat track cut-outs – Spoilers – Gear-wake/flap interactions Ref: 222 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Sources – engine noise © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Representation of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise • Different engine types turbojet Low Bypass Ratio Turbofan High Bypass Ratio Turbofan © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Estimation Methods for Aircraft Noise • Empirical methods – Based on experimental data (wind tunnel/flight tests) – Fast, but less accurate – Only applicable to certain configurations • Experiments – Used for certification process – Costly, time-consuming – Used for validation of methods • Computational methods (CAA, Computational Aeroacoustics) – Developed over the last couple of decades, the focus – Closely related to CFD – Computationally expensive – Has the potential for wider use in design process © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Empirical Noise Calulation • Fink method (1976, ANOPP) with update recently – Represents early effort to estimate noise using empirical methods – Available in public domain • Guo method (Boeing) – Derived from a large database of phased array measurement – Can relate to certain design features of the airplane – Incorporated into ANOPP – Issues with applications to different configurations, proprietary • ESDU method (UK) – In the public domain, validated, software available for use – Only cover basic geometries and correlations with parameters not strong • Large amount of wind tunnel tests necessary to build credible methods
2018/5/16 Empirical Noise Methods-ESDU 图上唐大学 Typical Noise Levels 国上清大学 Engine noise [ESDU02020] -Jet noise -Fan and compressor noise -Turbine noise -Core noise,including combustion noise -Propeller noise 60 Airframe noise[ESDU90023] Undercarriageo吵y Wing only -Wings -Landing gear (main and nose) -Horizontal tail -Vertical tail 40 Flaps Cabin noise-structure fatigue [ESDU02020] 6125250500100020004008000 Frequency (Hz) Computational Aeroacoustics 圈上活大坐 Computational Aeroacoustics 圈上活大整 Closely related to CFD,but there are significant differences Overall framework Basic elements Analytic RANS+SNGR URANSDES LES DNS oae Acoustic Sources Euler (non-in) URANS LEE-ORP Buffen'soonge zone Kcf元8 URANS+SNGR LEE-comoact Grid strelching E LES LEE-DGM PML LEE-polantia DNS DtN+other NRBC LES FW-H equation Kirchhotsra8E☐ DNS Ref CAA notes.pdf Ref:CAA notes.pdf Experimental Aeroacoustics 圆上清文大警 Some Typical Noise Reduction Technologies (1) 国上洋大学 。 Noise test is a challenge Flap Side Edge Noise data:Use of m 。 Validation to CAA models Certification requirements Noise reduction research GIn DNW-LLE ource:NASA rslty-Dr.V(enbin Song 5
2018/5/16 5 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Empirical Noise Methods - ESDU • Engine noise [ESDU02020] – Jet noise – Fan and compressor noise – Turbine noise – Core noise, including combustion noise – Propeller noise • Airframe noise[ESDU90023] – Wings – Landing gear (main and nose) – Horizontal tail – Vertical tail – Flaps • Cabin noise – structure fatigue [ESDU02020] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Typical Noise Levels © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Computational Aeroacoustics • Closely related to CFD, but there are significant differences • Basic elements Ref: CAA notes.pdf © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Computational Aeroacoustics • Overall framework Ref: CAA notes.pdf © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Experimental Aeroacoustics • Noise test is a challenge – Test facilities: closed/open sections with anechoic facilities (消声室) – Measurement and processing of noise data: Use of microphone arrays – Scale effect difficult to model, real size model tests are necessary for LG, HLD • Validation to CAA models • Certification requirements • Noise reduction research © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Some Typical Noise Reduction Technologies (1) • Flap Side Edge Noise
2018/5/16 Some Typical Noise Reduction 园上声文大学 Noise Certification Technologies(2) 国上洋文大坐 。Sat-cove-cover Annex 16 'effective perceived noise level (EPNL)'measured in dB is 三品品 used to quantify aircraft noise, duration,tone which covers frequency, NOYS:accounts for perceived annoyance A set of 24 consecutive one-third octave filters centered between 50Hz and 10kHz EPNL measured at three points(sideline,cutback,and approach)are used in certification EPNL is related to aircraft take-off weight Source:Khorrami,et.al./NASA Langley Airport authorities often adopt more strict regulations-e.g. London airports quota count (QC)in 1995 Aircraft Noise Certification Timeline 圈上活大坐 Future Trend for Noise Research 圈上活大整 Timeline of Aircraft Noise Certification and Phaseout Rules Technology Direction Next-Generation Technology-35 to-40 dBcum EIS 2012* Regulatory Trend 姜堂 Timeline and Major Work Programs of CAEP NASA Resaare Goals Ref noise538 国上清大学 Effect of Aircraft Emission 园上海发大坐 ·ocal air quality NO and NO2 (NOx)emissions in landing,take-off and taxiing phase Contribution to climate change Reduce fuel bum Reduce impact of NOx emissions at altitude Reduce formation of contrails and cirrus doud AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS Ref:Jeff lecture rslty-Dr.V(enbin Song 6
2018/5/16 6 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Some Typical Noise Reduction Technologies (2) • Slat-cove-cover © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Noise Certification • International framework for aircraft noise certification: ICAO Annex 16 • ‘effective perceived noise level (EPNL)’ measured in dB is used to quantify aircraft noise, which covers frequency, duration, tone • NOYS: accounts for perceived annoyance • A set of 24 consecutive one-third octave filters centered between 50Hz and 10kHz • EPNL measured at three points (sideline, cutback, and approach) are used in certification • EPNL is related to aircraft take-off weight • Airport authorities often adopt more strict regulations – e.g. London airports quota count (QC) in 1995 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Certification Timeline © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Future Trend for Noise Research Ref: noise538 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Effect of Aircraft Emission • Local air quality – NO and NO2 (NOx) emissions in landing, take-off and taxiing phase • Contribution to climate change – Reduce fuel burn – Reduce impact of NOx emissions at altitude – Reduce formation of contrails and cirrus cloudRef: Jeff lecture
2018/5/16 Aircraft Emission 圆上活大学 Distribution of Aircraft Emissions 国上清大学 1 kg Fuel 3.4kg02 1.23kgH,0 Greenhouse 3.16kgC02 gases 8 In variable quantities: forms depletes ozone O. re the airc Nitrogen oxides NOx -4-40g os depletes methane CH,(甲烧) t important parameter Sulphur oxides -0.6-1g Particles scot -0.01-0.03g Ozone and methane are Contrails(航迹云，凝尾迹) greenhouse gases. 10 CEAS n128t2007 Radiative Forcing (RF) 国上活大坐 Aircraft Radiative Forcing(RF) 圈上活大整 ·Concept Aircraft RF -Climate char t20 00- 口192PCC,199 20001nearty acaled from PCC,199 -RF is defined as the change in net radiation at the top of the troposhere 819a25nsk,00阴 2000 (TRADEOFF,2000,mean) -Linear relationship between global mean radiative forcing and global mean 0.33-1.Kwm) mperature change( E 60 △T=AF Forcing wm 40 9 CH am NO, Ref:Sousen et al 2005 Lerel of understanding Economic Costs of Environmental 国上洋大坐 Design for Environment Issues 圆上活大学 Emission Trading Schemes(ETS) -Charging for aircraft emission:difficult to implement Configuration -Negative economic impact -Renewal of old fleet Weights Around Airports -Hub airports have higher concentration of noise and local emission -Restrictions of aircraft with higher noise -Optimized operation procedures also leads to increased efficiency Drag Thrust Noise Consumption Emissions Aircraft design tomorrow Atm.Impact 7
2018/5/16 7 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Emission （甲烷） （航迹云，凝结尾迹） © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Distribution of Aircraft Emissions © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Radiative Forcing (RF) © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Radiative Forcing(RF) Ref: Sausen et al., 2005 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Economic Costs of Environmental Issues • Emission Trading Schemes (ETS) – Charging for aircraft emission: difficult to implement – Negative economic impact – Renewal of old fleet • Around Airports – Hub airports have higher concentration of noise and local emission issues – Restrictions of aircraft with higher noise – Optimized operation procedures also leads to increased efficiency © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Design for Environment
2018/5/16 Summary of Environmental Related Research Projects 园上声哀通大学 Greener by Design,www.greenerbydesign.com New Environmental Friendly Aero Engine Core Concepts(NEWAC) CleanSky,www.cleansky.eu VITAL,enVironmenTALly friendly engines,EU NASA ERA,www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/isrp/era/index.htm oorornenin ong 8
2018/5/16 8 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Summary of Environmental Related Research Projects • Greener by Design, www.greenerbydesign.com • New Environmental Friendly Aero Engine Core Concepts (NEWAC) • CleanSky, www.cleansky.eu • VITAL, enVironmenTALly friendly engines, EU • NASA ERA, www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/isrp/era/index.htm
