上海交通大学：《飞机设计 Aircraft Design》课程教学资源_Civil Aircraft Design - 1-Introduction

上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Aircraft Design (飞行器设计) Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Design （飞行器设计） Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Overview of Lectures 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 0.Overview 14/15 Performance(a,b) 1.Introduction 16.Aircraft certification 2.Overall configuration 17.Aviation economics 3.Preliminary weight estimation 18.System integration and 4.Refined weight estimation configuration management 5.Fuselage design 19.Multidisciplinary design optimization 6/7/8 Aerodynamic design(a,b,c) 20.Military aircraft design-overview 9.Thrust/Weight ratio and wing 21.Environmental issues loading 22.Design skills 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 11.Power plant 12.Stability and control 13.Loads,materials and structures Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Overview of Lectures 0. Overview 1. Introduction 2. Overall configuration 3. Preliminary weight estimation 4. Refined weight estimation 5. Fuselage design 6/7/8 Aerodynamic design(a, b, c) 9. Thrust/Weight ratio and wing loading 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 11.Power plant 12.Stability and control 13.Loads, materials and structures 14/15 Performance(a, b) 16.Aircraft certification 17.Aviation economics 18.System integration and configuration management 19.Multidisciplinary design optimization 20.Military aircraft design – overview 21.Environmental issues 22.Design skills

Overview 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Desired Attributes of Aerospace Engineers(Boeing) Historical Perspective Technology Evolution Design Process Requirement Analysis Features in the Design Process Design Organization and Team Work Design Tools and Software Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Overview • Desired Attributes of Aerospace Engineers (Boeing) • Historical Perspective • Technology Evolution • Design Process • Requirement Analysis • Features in the Design Process • Design Organization and Team Work • Design Tools and Software

Boeing list of desired attributes of an 上游充通大皇 engineer SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY A good understanding of engineering science fundamentals. Mathematics(including statistics) Physical and life sciences Information technology(far more than "computer literacy") A good understanding of design and manufacturing processes. (i.e.,understands engineering) A multi-disciplinary,systems perspective. A basic understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced. Economics (including business practices) -History The environment Customer and societal needs Good communication skills. -Written,oral,graphic and listening High ethical standards An ability to think both critically and creatively-independently and cooperatively. Flexibility.The ability and self-confidence to adapt to rapid or major change. Curiosity and a desire to learn for life. A profound understanding of the importance of teamwork [cited from http://www.boeing.com/educationrelations/attributes.html,September 2011] Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 4

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Boeing list of desired attributes of an engineer • A good understanding of engineering science fundamentals. – Mathematics (including statistics) – Physical and life sciences – Information technology (far more than "computer literacy") • A good understanding of design and manufacturing processes. – (i.e., understands engineering) • A multi-disciplinary, systems perspective. • A basic understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced. – Economics (including business practices) – History – The environment – Customer and societal needs • Good communication skills. – Written, oral, graphic and listening • High ethical standards • An ability to think both critically and creatively - independently and cooperatively. • Flexibility. The ability and self-confidence to adapt to rapid or major change. • Curiosity and a desire to learn for life. • A profound understanding of the importance of teamwork • [cited from http://www.boeing.com/educationrelations/attributes.html, September 2011] 4

Historical Perspective 莒8 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1903,Wright brother,first powered flight ● 1937,Britain's Frank Whittle and Germany's Hans von Ohain,jet engine developed First flight of the Whittle jet engine took place on May 15,1941 3rd May 1952,De Havilland Comet 1 carried out the first scheduled jet airline service (London to Johannesburg) B747,first twin-aisle four-engine superjumbo aircraft(1970) First aircraft developed with CAD/CAE (1995),B777 with only a nose mockup made before assembly A380,service entry in 2007,first full double Decker passenger aircraft in commercial service B787,first civil aircraft with more than 50%composite materials,135 partners across 24 countries 运十首飞，1980年9月26日首飞上天 AR]21-700,首飞2008年，2014年取证 C919飞机，首飞2015/16年，取证2020？ © 5

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Historical Perspective • 1903, Wright brother, first powered flight • 1937, Britain’s Frank Whittle and Germany’s Hans von Ohain, jet engine developed • First flight of the Whittle jet engine took place on May 15, 1941 • 3rd May 1952, De Havilland Comet 1 carried out the first scheduled jet airline service (London to Johannesburg) • B747, first twin-aisle four-engine superjumbo aircraft (1970) • First aircraft developed with CAD/CAE (1995), B777 with only a nose mockup made before assembly • A380, service entry in 2007, first full double Decker passenger aircraft in commercial service • B787, first civil aircraft with more than 50% composite materials, 135 partners across 24 countries • 运十首飞，1980年9月26日首飞上天 • ARJ21-700，首飞2008年，2014年取证 • C919飞机，首飞2015/16年，取证2020？ 5

B747/A380 development timeline 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Similar concepts: McDonnell Douglas MD-12 Boeing New Large Airplane (NLA) 2000-B747-400ER first delivery 2007 Airbus delivers first A380-800 1991-B747 Domestic,service entry with Japan 2006 Certification and delays Airlines 2005 Maiden flight 2004 1989-B747-400 service entry with Northwest First engine delivered 2003 Airlines 2002 Component-manufacturing starts 1990-B747-200B conversion to Air Force One 2001 Airbus consortium is merged 1988-B747-300 2000 Commercial launch of the A3XX 1970-B747-200B service entry with KLM 1999 1988 1970-B747-100 service entry with Pan 1997 American 1996 "Large Aircraft Division"formed 1969-certification and first delivery 1996 1969-Maiden flight 1994 1968-rolled out 1993 Boeing cancels similar project 1966-project launch with first order 1982 1981 Mid 1960-concept conceived Market demand researched Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 6

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics B747/A380 development timeline 6 • Similar concepts: • McDonnell Douglas MD -12 • Boeing New Large Airplane (NLA) 2000 – B747 -400ER first delivery 1991 – B747 Domestic, service entry with Japan Airlines 1989 – B747 -400 service entry with Northwest Airlines 1990 – B747 -200B conversion to Air Force One 1988 – B747 -300 1970 – B747 -200B service entry with KLM 1970 – B747 -100 service entry with Pan American 1969 – certification and first delivery 1969 – Maiden flight 1968 – rolled out 1966 – project launch with first order Mid 1960 - concept conceived

Airbus A380 Timelines 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1970-Airbus Industrie,forerunner of the current multi- May 2004-Assembly begins in the giant E240m nation consortium,is formed. factory. 1991-Airbus begins talks with major international carriers December 2004-Airbus owner EADS reveals the about requirements for a super-large passenger aircraft.Its project is f1bn(1.45bn euros)over budget,at more member partners work on individual schemes which later lead than f8.4bn(12bn euros). to the A3XX project. January 2005-After Airbus and Boeing agree to talks January 1993-Rival Boeing reveals it has begun studies to resolve their row over unfair subsidies,Airbus finally into "very large"commercial aircraft-with the four Airbus unveils the A380 to the media and dignitaries. partners -Aerospatiale,Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus, 27 April 2005 -The plane makes its maiden flight, Construcciones Aeronauticas and British Aerospace. taking off in Toulouse,France,and circling the Bay of June 1993-After Boeing opts instead for smaller "jumbos", Biscay for four hours before returning to base.The Airbus partners set up A3XX team to focus on the "super- maiden flight is followed by a year of flight-testing and jumbo"project. certification-programme work. 1996-Airbus Large Aircraft Division formed,and project June 2005-Airbus announces that the plane's delivery chiefs opt for specially designed engines rather than adapt schedule will slip by six months. existing types to cope with the size of the aircraft. March 2006-The plane passes a key evacuation test, 2000-Commercial launch of the A3XX,later to become the with 850 passengers and 20 crew managing to leave the A380. aircraft within 80 seconds,even though half the exits 2001-Airbus consortium formally becomes a single were blocked. integrated company,comprising the four partners from July 2006-The A380 suffers another production delay, France,Germany,Spain and the UK. with Airbus predicting a delay of another six to seven 2002-Work begins on manufacturing key components, months. including the wings in Filton,near Bristol,and at Broughton, October 2006 Airbus announces a further delay of one north Wales. year for the A380;the first plane will now go into February 2004-The first Airbus engines are delivered by commercial service about 20 months later than originally Rolls-Royce to the Airbus factory in Toulouse,southern planned. France,while two months later the first wing rolls off the October 2007 The super-jumbo is set to take off as a north Wales production line. commercial airliner,with Singapore Airlines operating the April 2004-Major redevelopment work begins at London's first trailblazing aircraft. Heathrow airport to_accommodate the new giant, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Source:BBC,http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4182641.stm

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Airbus A380 Timelines May 2004 - Assembly begins in the giant £240m factory. December 2004 - Airbus owner EADS reveals the project is £1bn (1.45bn euros) over budget, at more than £8.4bn (12bn euros). January 2005 - After Airbus and Boeing agree to talks to resolve their row over unfair subsidies, Airbus finally unveils the A380 to the media and dignitaries. 27 April 2005 -The plane makes its maiden flight, taking off in Toulouse, France, and circling the Bay of Biscay for four hours before returning to base. The maiden flight is followed by a year of flight-testing and certification-programme work. June 2005 - Airbus announces that the plane's delivery schedule will slip by six months. March 2006 - The plane passes a key evacuation test, with 850 passengers and 20 crew managing to leave the aircraft within 80 seconds, even though half the exits were blocked. July 2006 - The A380 suffers another production delay, with Airbus predicting a delay of another six to seven months. October 2006 Airbus announces a further delay of one year for the A380; the first plane will now go into commercial service about 20 months later than originally planned. October 2007 The super-jumbo is set to take off as a commercial airliner, with Singapore Airlines operating the first trailblazing aircraft. 1970 - Airbus Industrie, forerunner of the current multi￾nation consortium, is formed. 1991 - Airbus begins talks with major international carriers about requirements for a super-large passenger aircraft. Its member partners work on individual schemes which later lead to the A3XX project. January 1993 - Rival Boeing reveals it has begun studies into “very large” commercial aircraft – with the four Airbus partners – Aerospatiale, Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus, Construcciones Aeronauticas and British Aerospace. June 1993 - After Boeing opts instead for smaller “jumbos”, Airbus partners set up A3XX team to focus on the “super￾jumbo” project. 1996 - Airbus Large Aircraft Division formed, and project chiefs opt for specially designed engines rather than adapt existing types to cope with the size of the aircraft. 2000 - Commercial launch of the A3XX, later to become the A380. 2001 - Airbus consortium formally becomes a single integrated company, comprising the four partners from France, Germany, Spain and the UK. 2002 - Work begins on manufacturing key components, including the wings in Filton, near Bristol, and at Broughton, north Wales. February 2004 - The first Airbus engines are delivered by Rolls-Royce to the Airbus factory in Toulouse, southern France, while two months later the first wing rolls off the north Wales production line. April 2004 - Major redevelopment work begins at London's Heathrow airport to accommodate the new giant. Source: BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4182641.stm

A320 development history 上游充通大皇 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY The first Airbus 320 family variant,the A320-100,was launched in 1984 and entered into service in 1988 Winglet equipped A320-200 taking over production at aircraft #22. Some A320-100s were retrofitted to -200 specification excluding winglets. The A321 entered service in 1994,the A319 in 1996,and the A318 in2003. ·First about A320s The first fully digital fly-by-wire flight control system in a civil airliner, hence the first with relaxed stability The first civil airliner to use sidesticks instead of control columns Centralized maintenance diagnostics systems allowing technicians to do diagnostics of aircraft system items from the cockpit The first narrowbody airliner with a containerized cargo system Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 8

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics A320 development history • The first Airbus 320 family variant, the A320-100, was launched in 1984 and entered into service in 1988 • Winglet equipped A320-200 taking over production at aircraft #22. Some A320-100s were retrofitted to -200 specification excluding winglets. • The A321 entered service in 1994, the A319 in 1996, and the A318 in 2003. • First about A320s – The first fully digital fly-by-wire flight control system in a civil airliner, hence the first with relaxed stability – The first civil airliner to use sidesticks instead of control columns – Centralized maintenance diagnostics systems allowing technicians to do diagnostics of aircraft system items from the cockpit – The first narrowbody airliner with a containerized cargo system 8

Technology Innovation Engine 上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Jet engine evolution, From Turbojet to Turbofan Significant fuel burn improvement Turbofan by-pass ratio increasing (3,4,6,->10) Noise reduction MD80 B747-400 B737-800 B787 Engine P&W JT8D-219 PW-4056 CFM 56 7B2C Trent 1000 Thrust(lb) 21700 56750 20600 53000-70000 SFC(Ib/hr/Ib) 0.519 0.359 0.32 Bypass ratio 1.77 4.85 8.7-8.9 Year in service Feb 1986 1987 1998 2009 Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology Innovation - Engine • Jet engine evolution, – From Turbojet to Turbofan – Significant fuel burn improvement – Turbofan by-pass ratio increasing (3,4,6,->10) – Noise reduction MD80 B747-400 B737-800 B787 Engine P&W JT8D-219 PW-4056 CFM 56 7B2C Trent 1000 Thrust(lb) 21700 56750 20600 53000-70000 SFC(lb/hr/lb) 0.519 0.359 0.32 Bypass ratio 1.77 4.85 8.7-8.9 Year in service Feb 1986 1987 1998 2009

Fuel Consumption of Typical Jet 上游充通大皇 Engines SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 210 Turbojets 35000英尺，M=0.8,标准天气 CJ805-3 Low bypass 0.9 JT3C turbofans JT3D 0.8 CJ805-23 JT8D-15 0.7 JT8D-9 JT8D-209 CFM56-2 RB211-22B、 JT9D-7A RB211-524D4 High bypass CFM56-3JT9D-7R4 turbofans CF6-6D 0.6 ● TF39 CF6-80A1 CF6-50C1 CF6-80C GE90 0.5 CF6-50C2 Demo PW2037 T10% Unducted UDF engines 8}une、 with very high bypass 0.4 1993 EIS 2005 EIS 0.3 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 取得适航认证时间 Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Dr.Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Fuel Consumption of Typical Jet Engines