习题 1.1简要解释下列术语： (1)有机化合物(2)杂化轨道(3)键长 (4)赞能(5)键角 (6)诱导效应(7)共效应(8)σ雄 (9)π键(10)共振杂化体 （1)均裂反应 (12)异裂反应(13)协同反应(14)活性中间体 1.2指出下列化合物中碳原子的轨道杂化状态。 (I)HC=C-CH=CH-CH3 (2)H2C=C=CH2 -C=CH 0 (3) (4)HC-CHz-C-CCls (⑤)CH2=CH-CH2 (6)CH3-CH=CH-CH2 om-am 1.3键能和健的离解能是否为同一概念？ 1.4解释下列数据的差异： C一H键长/amC一H键能J·molr CH3-CH3 0.1093 410.0 CH2=CH2 0.1086 460.2 CH=CH 0.1058 506.3 1.5下列化合物是否有极性？若有，请以+一标明偶极矩方向。 CHz CI (1)H-Br (2) C=C (3)CH CH3 HC=G-CH C (4)CH2Cl2 (⑤)CHOH(O为sp杂化)()CH3OCH3(O为sp杂化) 1.6将下列各化合物按酸性排序 CI HO CI (1)HOCH2CH2COOH CH3CH2COOH HOOCCH2CHCOOH HOOCHCHCOOH (A) (B) (C) (D) 9 Br Br (2)CH;CHCOOH CHCHCOOH CH2CH2COOH CH;CHCOOH (A) (B) (C) (D) OH CH CHCOOH (E)
1.1 ✂✁✂✄✂☎✝✆✂✞✠✟☛✡✌☞ (1) ✍✂✎✠✏✠✑☛✒ ✓ 2 ✔✖✕☛✏✠✗✂✘ ✓ 3 ✔✚✙✝✛ ✓ 4 ✔✚✙✢✜ ✓ 5 ✔✣✙✝✤ (6) ✥✧✦☛★☛✩ ✓ 7 ✔✚✪✂✫✧★☛✩ ✓ 8 ✔✭✬✮✙ ✓ 9 ✔✰✯✱✙ ✓ 10 ✔✚✪✠✲✝✕☛✏✠✳ (11) ✴✂✵✷✶✸✩ ✓ 12 ✔✖✹☛✵✷✶✺✩ ✓ 13 ✔✚✻✽✼✾✶✺✩ ✓ 14 ✔✖✿✂❀❂❁✂❃✾✳ 1.2 ❄❂❅ ✆✂✞✏✂✑✂✒❆❁❈❇✧❉☛❊❆❋❈✗✂✘✝✕✂✏☛●✠❍✌■ (1) HC C CH CH CH3 (2) H2C C CH2 (3) C CH (5) CH2 CH CH2 (7) CH2 (4) H3C CH2 C O CCl3 (6) CH3 CH CH CH2 1.3 ✙✷✜✸❏✂✙✌❋✾❑✄ ✜☛▲✂▼✧◆❖✼✖P✂◗✂❘✽❙ 1.4 ✄✂☎✝✆✂✞✠❚☛❯ ❋❈❱✠✹ ☞ C❲H ✙✝✛/nm C❲H ✙✢✜/kJ ❳ mol❨❬❩ CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH 0.1093 0.1086 0.1058 410.0 460.2 506.3 1.5 ✆✂✞✏✂✑✂✒✝▲✠▼☛✍✠❭✂❀✌❙❈❪✂✍❂❫❈❴✭❵✣❛❝❜❜❜☛❞❆❡❈❢✂❭✂❣✝❤✽✐☛■ (1)H Br (2) C C CH3 Cl Cl CH3 (3) C C CH3 Cl Cl CH3 (4)CH2Cl2 (5) CH3OH(Osp 3 (7) CH3OCH3(Osp 3 1.6 ❥ ✆✠✞✂❦✏✂✑✂✒✠❧✠♠✂❀✂♥✠♦ ☞ . (1) HOCH2CH2COOH CH3CH2COOH HOOCCH2CHCOOH HOOCHCHCOOH Cl HO Cl (A) (B) (C) (D) (2) CH3CHCOOH CH3CHCOOH CH2CH2COOH CH3CHCOOH F Cl Br Br (A) (B) (C) (D) CH3CHCOOH OH (E)
1.7下列各组化合物氢化时，哪一个的氢化热较高？ (1)(CH3C=CH2 (CH3C=CHCH3 CH3 CH (2) CH CHs (3)(反)2-己烯 (顺)-2-己烯 CH CH3 (4) CH(CH3)2 CH(CH3)2 =CH2 1.8下列分子中各存在哪些类型的共辄 (1)CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3 (2)CH=C-CH=CH-CH2CI (3)CH3-CH=CH-C-CH3 (4)CH3-CH=CH-C-CH3 H H (5)BrCH=CH-C-CH3 CH3 1.9判别下列各对化合物，哪个更稳定，简述理由。 CH3 (1) (2) 一CH3 —CH3 —CH (3)CH3-CH=C=CH2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (④)CH,CH,CH,C=CH CH;CH2C=CCH3 (5)CH:CH2CH2C=CH CH3CH=CHCH=CH2 1.10将下列碳正离子按稳定性增大的次序排列，并说明理由 (1)CH:CHCHs (2)CH2=CHCH2 (3)CH;CH2CHz (4)CICCHCH
1.7 ✆✂✞✠❦✠♣✏✂✑✂✒✂q✝✏✢r✝❫✺s✸P✂t❆❋❈q✠✏✠✉☛✈✷✇❖❙ (1) (CH3 )2C CH2 (CH3 )2C CHCH3 (2) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (3) ()-2- ()-2- (4) CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH(CH3 )2 CH3 CH3 CH(CH3 )2 1.8 ✆✂✞✠①❊❆❁❦✂②✂③s✸④☛⑤✷⑥❖❋❈✪✂✫✽❙ (1) CH2 CH CH CH CH3 (3) CH3 CH CH C H CH3 (5) BrCH CH C CH3 CH3 (2)CH C CH CH CH2Cl (4)CH3 CH CH C CH3 H 1.9 ⑦✠⑧✆✂✞✠❦☛⑨✏✂✑✂✒❂❫✺s✸t✠⑩✠❶✠❷❖❫ ☛❸✠❹✰❺ ■ (1) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (2) (3) (4) (5) CH3 CH C CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3CH2CH2C CH CH3CH2C CCH3 CH3CH2CH2C CH CH3CH CHCH CH2 1.10 ❥ ✆✠✞❇✧❻✂❑✂❊✂❧✠❶✠❷✂❀✠❼✂❽❆❋❿❾✺♦✂♥✞ ❫➁➀☛➂✌❡ ❹✭❺ ■ (1)CH3CHCH3 (2) CH2 CHCH2 (3)CH3CH2CH2 (4)Cl3CCHCH3
1.11给出下列结构的共轭结构式，并指出哪个贡献最大？ (1)CH2=CH-CH2 (2) (3) 0 (4)CH2=CH-CH=O (5)CH2=CH-OCH3 (6) 1.12判断下列共轭结构式的正误，说明理由。 1) (2)CCH,C=N-0←→CH,C=N-O] 「回一日] (3) (4) c-8一-8 1.13下列物种哪些是亲电试剂？那些是亲核试剂？ (1)H (2)C1 (3)H20 (4)CN (5)C2H5OH (6)CH3CH2 (7)CHC+ (8)o2 (9)H (10)C2H50 0 (11)OH (12)CH2CH
1.11 ➃❆❅ ✆✠✞✝➄☛➅ ❋❈✪✂✫➄☛➅✠➆ ❫➁➀☛❄❆❅➁s✸t✠➇✂➈✠➉✠❽✌❙ . (1) CH2 CH CH2 (3) O (5) CH2 CH OCH3 (2) (4) (6) CH2 CH CH O CH2 1.12 ⑦✷➊✆✂✞✪✂✫➄✺➅✠➆ ❋❿❻☛➋❂❫❿➂❆❡ ❹✭❺ ■ (1) C NH3 O C NH2 OH (2) CH3C N O CH3C N O (3) (4) CH2 N O O - H2C N O O - 1.13 ✆✂✞✒✂➌✢s✸④✝▲☛➍✽➎➐➏✧➑✌❙✣➒✝④✠▲✂➍✂➓☛➏✝➑✌❙ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) H + Cl + H2O CN C2H5OH CH3CH2 CH3C + O NO2 NH3 C2H5O OH CH2CH O