上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 冷战的原因 On the Causes of the Cold War 金毅萍 5102049003 媒体与设计学院 广播影视编导 F1020401班 中文摘要： 第二次世界大战结束后，以美国与苏联为首的资本主义阵营与社会主义阵营在热战时的 盟友关系破裂，继而转变为争夺世界霸权的对手，在政治、外交、经济、军事、文化、意识 形态等多个领域开始了长达将近五十年的对抗、冲突和竞争。导致冷战的原因是多方面的， 笔者认为导致冷战发生的直接原因是美苏两国的国家战略的矛盾和利益的冲突，而最根本的 原因则是美苏两阵营的意识形态和社会制度的不同所导致的深刻的、不可调和的对立。同时， 因为世界刚刚经历过战争的摧残，对和平的强烈渴望才没有使冷战发展成世界规模的热战。 反观历史，我们必须清醒地认识到人类不能忘记历史的教训。 关键词：冷战原因战略利益意识形态 Abstract: After the Second World War,the United States and the Soviet Union led to capitalist camp and socialist camp competed with each other in the politics,diplomacy,economy,military,culture, ideology and many other fields,which lasted nearly fifty years.The reasons why the Cold War broke out were complex.The Cold War was a direct result of the contradiction of the national strategies and the conflict of benefits between the Soviet Union and United States.However,the most fundamental reason was the deeply differences and irreconcilable opposites for ideologies and social systems in the socialist camp and the capitalist camp.What's more,the world had just experienced the devastation of the war,people's desire for peace was so strong that the anti-war movements spread into the world scale.Reviewing the history,human beings can not forget the lessons of history. Key Words:cold war cause benefit ideology In December,1991,drastic changes had taken place in Eastern Europe,and the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union declared the end of the Cold War.It ended just twenty years ago,however,it had made a profound effect on the whole world in history.What caused the Cold War that lasted for nearly fifty years?Taking a close look into the background and the history of that time,we can find it was the result of the various factors. The direct reason was that the United States and the Soviet Union had the conflicts about the national strategies and benefits.And the fundamental reason was that the United States and the Soviet Union was in two camps of different ideologies and social systems.Due to the influence of the World War Two and the conditions of two countries,both of them tried to avoid the direct combats which may lead to a large-scale worldwide war.So,the Cold War was "mutual containment,but not to appeal to arms",and two camps had a competition in the politics, diplomacy,economy,military,culture,ideology and many other fields. 1
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 1 冷战的原因 On the Causes of the Cold War 金毅萍 5102049003 媒体与设计学院 广播影视编导 F1020401 班 中文摘要： 第二次世界大战结束后，以美国与苏联为首的资本主义阵营与社会主义阵营在热战时的 盟友关系破裂，继而转变为争夺世界霸权的对手，在政治、外交、经济、军事、文化、意识 形态等多个领域开始了长达将近五十年的对抗、冲突和竞争。导致冷战的原因是多方面的， 笔者认为导致冷战发生的直接原因是美苏两国的国家战略的矛盾和利益的冲突，而最根本的 原因则是美苏两阵营的意识形态和社会制度的不同所导致的深刻的、不可调和的对立。同时， 因为世界刚刚经历过战争的摧残，对和平的强烈渴望才没有使冷战发展成世界规模的热战。 反观历史，我们必须清醒地认识到人类不能忘记历史的教训。 关键词：冷战 原因 战略 利益 意识形态 Abstract: After the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union led to capitalist camp and socialist camp competed with each other in the politics, diplomacy, economy, military, culture, ideology and many other fields, which lasted nearly fifty years. The reasons why the Cold War broke out were complex. The Cold War was a direct result of the contradiction of the national strategies and the conflict of benefits between the Soviet Union and United States. However, the most fundamental reason was the deeply differences and irreconcilable opposites for ideologies and social systems in the socialist camp and the capitalist camp. What's more, the world had just experienced the devastation of the war, people’s desire for peace was so strong that the anti-war movements spread into the world scale. Reviewing the history, human beings can not forget the lessons of history. Key Words: cold war cause benefit ideology In December, 1991, drastic changes had taken place in Eastern Europe, and the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union declared the end of the Cold War. It ended just twenty years ago, however, it had made a profound effect on the whole world in history. What caused the Cold War that lasted for nearly fifty years? Taking a close look into the background and the history of that time, we can find it was the result of the various factors. The direct reason was that the United States and the Soviet Union had the conflicts about the national strategies and benefits. And the fundamental reason was that the United States and the Soviet Union was in two camps of different ideologies and social systems. Due to the influence of the World War Two and the conditions of two countries, both of them tried to avoid the direct combats which may lead to a large-scale worldwide war. So, the Cold War was "mutual containment, but not to appeal to arms", and two camps had a competition in the politics, diplomacy, economy, military, culture, ideology and many other fields
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 The background of the world situation After the Second World War,Yalta System was formed,which was leaded by the United States and the Soviet Union.It meant that the new world pattern established,and the center of the pattern became the US-Soviet instead of the old Europe countries.The world was divided into two parts --the capitalist camp which leaded by the United States and the socialist camp which leaded by the Soviet Union.The two camps had the totally different ideologies and social system.Each of them wanted to get the world hegemony,and they cannot agree with each other and in fear for each other After the honeymoon period during the war,the alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union was broken.The Communist Empire of the Soviet Union and the Free Enterprise Nation, the United States,treated each other as profound enemies instead of an ally that they were during the World War Two.After the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, the goal of defeating the fascism was completed,so both the America and the Soviet Union had other plans.The common enemy disappeared,and then they became the enemies of each other. They found that there were more and more disagreements and conflicts,and two countries were the strongest opponent for each other to contend for the world hegemony. The affairs as pushing hands In March 5,1946,Winston Churchill,the former British Prime Minister,went to the United States and delivered a speech which he condemned the Soviet Union's policies in Europe.The primary purpose of his speech was to argue for an closer relationship between the United States and Great Britain in organizing and policing the post war world.In his speech,he declared that from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,an iron curtain has descended across the continent.And this Iron Curtain Speech served as a convenient beginning of the Cold War. After the president Franklin D.Roosevelt died in 1945,Harry Truman became the president of the America.In March 12,1947,the United States put forward the Truman doctrine "which was part of the United States'political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East and it marked that the Cold War officially began. The different national strategies and conflicts of benefit between two countries When the World War Two finally ended in September 1945,the goal of defeating the fascism was completed,and then the goals of two countries were contradictory.The clash of the interests of two countries became clear,so they were bound to clash,and there were no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism. The United States gained a great wealth from the war and greatly expanded and enhanced on its strength.Thus the ambition of the United States was also growing,and the United States felt it had the power to establish American leadership in the world.The United States government believed in the cosmopolitanism,and attempted to a global expansion.In order to carry out the strategy of 1魏啸飞，《美国文明史英文教程》，北京：北京大学出版社，2008年，第256页 2
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 2 The background of the world situation After the Second World War, Yalta System was formed, which was leaded by the United States and the Soviet Union. It meant that the new world pattern established, and the center of the pattern became the US-Soviet instead of the old Europe countries. The world was divided into two parts ——the capitalist camp which leaded by the United States and the socialist camp which leaded by the Soviet Union. The two camps had the totally different ideologies and social system. Each of them wanted to get the world hegemony, and they cannot agree with each other and in fear for each other. After the honeymoon period during the war, the alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union was broken. The Communist Empire of the Soviet Union and the Free Enterprise Nation, the United States, treated each other as profound enemies instead of an ally that they were during the World War Two. After the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, the goal of defeating the fascism was completed, so both the America and the Soviet Union had other plans. The common enemy disappeared, and then they became the enemies of each other. They found that there were more and more disagreements and conflicts, and two countries were the strongest opponent for each other to contend for the world hegemony. The affairs as pushing hands In March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, the former British Prime Minister, went to the United States and delivered a speech which he condemned the Soviet Union's policies in Europe. The primary purpose of his speech was to argue for an closer relationship between the United States and Great Britain in organizing and policing the post war world. In his speech, he declared that from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. And this Iron Curtain Speech served as a convenient beginning of the Cold War.1 After the president Franklin D. Roosevelt died in 1945, Harry Truman became the president of the America. In March 12, 1947, the United States put forward the " Truman doctrine ", which was part of the United States' political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East and it marked that the Cold War officially began. The different national strategies and conflicts of benefit between two countries When the World War Two finally ended in September 1945, the goal of defeating the fascism was completed, and then the goals of two countries were contradictory. The clash of the interests of two countries became clear, so they were bound to clash, and there were no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism. The United States gained a great wealth from the war and greatly expanded and enhanced on its strength. Thus the ambition of the United States was also growing, and the United States felt it had the power to establish American leadership in the world. The United States government believed in the cosmopolitanism, and attempted to a global expansion. In order to carry out the strategy of 1 魏啸飞，《美国文明史英文教程》，北京：北京大学出版社，2008 年,第 256 页
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 global domination,the United States gave up the wartime alliance with the Soviet Union.And also for the pursuit of the national benefits,the United States wanted to open the world market to American goods and capital.So the Soviet Union was the biggest obstacle of the strategy of the United States,it wanted to break down the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.2 The Soviet Union suffered a serious damage and loss after the war.Facing the reality,the Soviet Union needed a peaceful and stable environment to recover the native economy and the condition. A thousand things waited to be done after the war,therefore,the Soviet Union took the national security strategy for the main principle.Out of its own security concern and fear for capitalist encirclement,the Soviet Union was determined to keep its hold on the Eastern European countries and defend the threat of invasion and the capitalism of the west countries and ensure the national security.The Soviet Union put forward the theory that the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism which represented by the United States.3 The United States and the Soviet Union developed by different countries strategies,which led to the interests of both sides be pinned down and threated The contradictions of two kinds of Ideology and social system Ideological differences leaded to the different goals and the paths of capitalism and communism. As the center of the capitalism camp,the United States believed that free competition in the market economy system was right,and liberal democracy was the most reasonable social system. And the United States wanted to hold the hegemony and it held the logic that the whole world should carry out this kind of system. While the Soviet Union was the first socialist country and also had a strong military power,the Soviet Union believed that socialism and communism were the ultimate form of society,and the establishment of the Communist society was the most beautiful human society.The realization of communism was the highest ideal and ultimate goal.The capitalism was wrong and vice,and it should not exist in the world. These two kinds of ideology are incompatible,so the social systems of the United States and the Soviet Union were also different.Most important matter was that both of them wanted to replace each other and there was only one doctrine in the world. The Cold War was the result of the conflicts of two countries'strategies,as well as it rooted in both ideology and social system differences.Moreover,I think that there were other reasons for the Cold War not being the direct combat but the competition between two camps. Be well-matched in strength between two countries After the end of World War Two,the world formed a polarized world pattern.The European original capitalist powers declined,but the politics,economy,and military strength of the United 2 Chapter17,American History(III )American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet) 3 Chapter17,American History(III )American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet) 3
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 3 global domination, the United States gave up the wartime alliance with the Soviet Union. And also for the pursuit of the national benefits, the United States wanted to open the world market to American goods and capital. So the Soviet Union was the biggest obstacle of the strategy of the United States, it wanted to break down the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. 2 The Soviet Union suffered a serious damage and loss after the war. Facing the reality, the Soviet Union needed a peaceful and stable environment to recover the native economy and the condition. A thousand things waited to be done after the war, therefore, the Soviet Union took the national security strategy for the main principle. Out of its own security concern and fear for capitalist encirclement, the Soviet Union was determined to keep its hold on the Eastern European countries and defend the threat of invasion and the capitalism of the west countries and ensure the national security. The Soviet Union put forward the theory that the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism which represented by the United States.3 The United States and the Soviet Union developed by different countries strategies, which led to the interests of both sides be pinned down and threated. The contradictions of two kinds of Ideology and social system Ideological differences leaded to the different goals and the paths of capitalism and communism. As the center of the capitalism camp, the United States believed that free competition in the market economy system was right, and liberal democracy was the most reasonable social system. And the United States wanted to hold the hegemony and it held the logic that the whole world should carry out this kind of system. While the Soviet Union was the first socialist country and also had a strong military power, the Soviet Union believed that socialism and communism were the ultimate form of society, and the establishment of the Communist society was the most beautiful human society. The realization of communism was the highest ideal and ultimate goal. The capitalism was wrong and vice, and it should not exist in the world. These two kinds of ideology are incompatible, so the social systems of the United States and the Soviet Union were also different. Most important matter was that both of them wanted to replace each other and there was only one doctrine in the world. The Cold War was the result of the conflicts of two countries' strategies, as well as it rooted in both ideology and social system differences. Moreover, I think that there were other reasons for the Cold War not being the direct combat but the competition between two camps. Be well-matched in strength between two countries After the end of World War Two, the world formed a polarized world pattern. The European original capitalist powers declined, but the politics, economy, and military strength of the United 2 Chapter17, American History( Ⅲ )American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet) 3 Chapter17, American History( Ⅲ )American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet)
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 States had a great development,and it became the most powerful country in the world.At the end of World War II,the United States had its own forces into continental Europe,far east area,and in the Atlantic,the Pacific,Western Europe,Northern Europe and the Mediterranean,where the United States built its own military base.In April 6,1946,in Chicago,Truman said in a speech:" the United States of America today is a powerful country,any country it is more powerful than the......This means,that we have strength,have challenged the burden of leadership and responsibility" When the Second World War was still going on,the Soviet Union expanded to the Eastern Europe and far east area,which made the United States and the Western world think it dangerous,and also led to a rapid change of attitude of the United States to the Soviet Union.For the protection of the Soviet Union its own security,expansion is one of the ways for this considerations,but the western world did not think so.On the other hand.The Truman doctrine and the Marshall plan and the measures in Germany and the threat of communism,made the Soviet Union had a strong sense of insecurity. The United States and the Soviet Union were both the superpowers.The Soviet Union was the largest socialist country,while the United States was the most powerful country in the world.But the military and economic strength were roughly the same.Therefore,both of them had not the absolute certainty of victory.So,both of them did not want to wage the war.But in the misunderstanding,the situation became more and more tensional. The strong desire for peace The Second World War caused a terrible shadow to the whole world,and it did not go far away. The countries and people suffering from war,had a strong desire for peace rather than the war. During World War Two,the role of anti-war movements to accelerating the end of World War Two can not be ignored.The United States and the Soviet Union as two superpowers should try best to avoid the war in order not to endanger the whole world.Therefore,both the United States and the Soviet Union,and all the human beings do not want another war.But the conflicts and contradiction s between two countries and two camps can not to be solved in a gentle way, therefore,it formed the Cold War. In December,1991,the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union declared the end of the Cold War.But the effect on the Cold War for the development and the progress of human is profound.The contention of hegemony devastated the world peace and stability.Facing the background of globalization today,and reviewing the history,we should be vigilant.We live for a better life,and the better development of human,so all mankind should work together,try to maintain the peace and stability of world.Peace is the theme of the time,and all the nations in the world should make a contribution to the world peace. 4 Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech(materials shared on the Internet) 4
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 4 States had a great development, and it became the most powerful country in the world. At the end of World War II, the United States had its own forces into continental Europe, far east area, and in the Atlantic, the Pacific, Western Europe, Northern Europe and the Mediterranean, where the United States built its own military base. In April 6, 1946, in Chicago, Truman said in a speech: " the United States of America today is a powerful country, any country it is more powerful than the... ... This means, that we have strength, have challenged the burden of leadership and responsibility ". 4 When the Second World War was still going on, the Soviet Union expanded to the Eastern Europe and far east area, which made the United States and the Western world think it dangerous, and also led to a rapid change of attitude of the United States to the Soviet Union. For the protection of the Soviet Union its own security, expansion is one of the ways for this considerations, but the western world did not think so. On the other hand, The Truman doctrine and the Marshall plan and the measures in Germany and the threat of communism, made the Soviet Union had a strong sense of insecurity. The United States and the Soviet Union were both the superpowers. The Soviet Union was the largest socialist country, while the United States was the most powerful country in the world. But the military and economic strength were roughly the same. Therefore, both of them had not the absolute certainty of victory. So, both of them did not want to wage the war. But in the misunderstanding, the situation became more and more tensional. The strong desire for peace The Second World War caused a terrible shadow to the whole world, and it did not go far away. The countries and people suffering from war, had a strong desire for peace rather than the war. During World War Two , the role of anti-war movements to accelerating the end of World War Two can not be ignored. The United States and the Soviet Union as two superpowers should try best to avoid the war in order not to endanger the whole world. Therefore, both the United States and the Soviet Union, and all the human beings do not want another war. But the conflicts and contradiction s between two countries and two camps can not to be solved in a gentle way, therefore, it formed the Cold War. In December, 1991, the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union declared the end of the Cold War. But the effect on the Cold War for the development and the progress of human is profound. The contention of hegemony devastated the world peace and stability. Facing the background of globalization today, and reviewing the history, we should be vigilant. We live for a better life, and the better development of human, so all mankind should work together, try to maintain the peace and stability of world. Peace is the theme of the time, and all the nations in the world should make a contribution to the world peace. 4 Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech( materials shared on the Internet)
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 第二次世界大战刚结束，以美国与苏联为首的资本主义阵营与社会主义阵营由于各种分 歧和冲突，从热战时的盟友关系转变为互相敌对的对手，在政治、外交、经济、军事、文化、 意识形态等多个领域开始了将近五十年的对抗、冲突和竞争，由于对抗双方都尽力避免武装 冲突和直接交战而导致世界范围内的大规模战争爆发，就以局部代理人战争、科技和军备竞 赛、外交竞争等“冷”对抗的方式进行，相互遏制，却又不诉诸武力，因此称这一时期的美 苏对抗为“冷战”。1947年3月12日，美国提出“杜鲁门主义”表明冷战的正式开始，而 直到1991年12月东欧发生剧变，德国统一、苏联解体才宣告冷战的结束。 导致冷战的原因是多方面的，最直接的原因是美苏两国的国家战略的矛盾和国际利益的 冲突导致冷战不可避免的发生，而最根本的原因则是美苏两阵营的意识形态和社会制度的不 同所导致的深刻的、不可调和的对立。 美苏两国国家战略及利益的冲突 在二战后期，美苏两国就在全球范围内为自己扩张势力，而因此发生的两国利益的冲突 和矛盾就初露端倪。 第二次世界大战结束以后，欧洲原来的资本主义强国受到战争的重创而逐渐没落，而美 国的政治、经济、军事实力却得到了空前的发展和膨胀，成为了世界头号强国，在国家实力 逐渐强大的驱使下，美国想成为世界的领导者和主宰者的野心也与日俱增，美国政府奉行世 界主义，企图向全球扩张以夺取世界霸权。然而以苏联为首推行社会主义的革命运动，阻碍 了美国推行称霸全球的战略，此时苏联己成为美国最大的障碍，因此美国放弃了战时与苏联 的同盟关系，转而反共反苏，为本国的霸权战略扫除障碍。 在第二次世界大战后期，苏联也乘机在东欧、中近东和远东进行扩张，这一扩张的趋势 是西方世界感受到了威胁，这导致了二战后美国对苏对共产主义态度的急速转变。另一方面， 对于苏联本国来说，其向外扩张是为了保障本国自身的安全，虽然二战时期苏联的军事实力 得到大幅增强，但在二战中遭受的严重破坏和损失依然不得不让斯大林首先考虑的是防御侵 略威胁，确保苏联国家安全。战后百废待兴，苏联需要和平的环境恢复本国经济，因此，苏 联在制定对外政策时都以保障国家安全战略为主要的原则。特别是美英在西德采取的措施、 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划的提出都显示出对苏联国家安全的威胁，对共产主义的推行和社会 主义的生存不利的形势，使得苏联感到深切的不安。 冷战的形成可以说是美苏两阵营相互猜测、相互怀疑和相互惧怕下一个共同促成的结 局。而美国的全球扩张战略和苏联的保障国家安全战略之间的激烈碰撞和冲突，导致了他们 对外政策和行动上的对立，最终形成冷战的格局。 两种意识形态和社会制度的矛盾 美苏两国制定的不同的国家战略导致双方利益受到牵制和威胁，但究其根本原因是两种 意识形态和社会制度的水火不容。意识形态的分歧导致资本主义和共产主义目标和道路的分 歧。 虽然战后欧美老牌资本主义强国衰落了，但是资本主义体系却在美国身上有着强有力的 支撑。作为资本主义阵营的中心，美国是当时世界最富有的国家，美国认为奉行自由竞争的 市场经济制度才是正确的，自由民主制度是最合理的社会制度，而且美国的霸权主义认为全 世界都应当推行这种制度。正如罗斯福的亲密助手霍普金斯所说：“努力利用我们的外交力 量，推进和鼓励民主政权在全世界建立。我们不应当害怕向世界表明我们的外交立场，即要求 世界上的人民都享有建立一个真正民选政府和权利。我们坚信，我们具有生命力的民主政体 是全世界上最好的”。 二战后，随着社会主义革命、民族解放运动的蓬勃兴起和发展，人民民主国家相继诞生， 社会主义阵营建立起来，并且不断增强，冲击着资本主义世界。社会主义阵营的中心苏联是 5
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 5 第二次世界大战刚结束，以美国与苏联为首的资本主义阵营与社会主义阵营由于各种分 歧和冲突，从热战时的盟友关系转变为互相敌对的对手，在政治、外交、经济、军事、文化、 意识形态等多个领域开始了将近五十年的对抗、冲突和竞争，由于对抗双方都尽力避免武装 冲突和直接交战而导致世界范围内的大规模战争爆发，就以局部代理人战争、科技和军备竞 赛、外交竞争等“冷”对抗的方式进行，相互遏制，却又不诉诸武力，因此称这一时期的美 苏对抗为“冷战”。1947 年 3 月 12 日，美国提出“杜鲁门主义”表明冷战的正式开始，而 直到 1991 年 12 月东欧发生剧变，德国统一、苏联解体才宣告冷战的结束。 导致冷战的原因是多方面的，最直接的原因是美苏两国的国家战略的矛盾和国际利益的 冲突导致冷战不可避免的发生，而最根本的原因则是美苏两阵营的意识形态和社会制度的不 同所导致的深刻的、不可调和的对立。 美苏两国国家战略及利益的冲突 在二战后期，美苏两国就在全球范围内为自己扩张势力，而因此发生的两国利益的冲突 和矛盾就初露端倪。 第二次世界大战结束以后，欧洲原来的资本主义强国受到战争的重创而逐渐没落，而美 国的政治、经济、军事实力却得到了空前的发展和膨胀，成为了世界头号强国，在国家实力 逐渐强大的驱使下，美国想成为世界的领导者和主宰者的野心也与日俱增，美国政府奉行世 界主义，企图向全球扩张以夺取世界霸权。然而以苏联为首推行社会主义的革命运动，阻碍 了美国推行称霸全球的战略，此时苏联已成为美国最大的障碍，因此美国放弃了战时与苏联 的同盟关系，转而反共反苏，为本国的霸权战略扫除障碍。 在第二次世界大战后期，苏联也乘机在东欧、中近东和远东进行扩张，这一扩张的趋势 是西方世界感受到了威胁，这导致了二战后美国对苏对共产主义态度的急速转变。另一方面， 对于苏联本国来说，其向外扩张是为了保障本国自身的安全，虽然二战时期苏联的军事实力 得到大幅增强，但在二战中遭受的严重破坏和损失依然不得不让斯大林首先考虑的是防御侵 略威胁，确保苏联国家安全。战后百废待兴，苏联需要和平的环境恢复本国经济，因此，苏 联在制定对外政策时都以保障国家安全战略为主要的原则。特别是美英在西德采取的措施、 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划的提出都显示出对苏联国家安全的威胁，对共产主义的推行和社会 主义的生存不利的形势，使得苏联感到深切的不安。 冷战的形成可以说是美苏两阵营相互猜测、相互怀疑和相互惧怕下一个共同促成的结 局。而美国的全球扩张战略和苏联的保障国家安全战略之间的激烈碰撞和冲突，导致了他们 对外政策和行动上的对立，最终形成冷战的格局。 两种意识形态和社会制度的矛盾 美苏两国制定的不同的国家战略导致双方利益受到牵制和威胁，但究其根本原因是两种 意识形态和社会制度的水火不容。意识形态的分歧导致资本主义和共产主义目标和道路的分 歧。 虽然战后欧美老牌资本主义强国衰落了，但是资本主义体系却在美国身上有着强有力的 支撑。作为资本主义阵营的中心，美国是当时世界最富有的国家，美国认为奉行自由竞争的 市场经济制度才是正确的，自由民主制度是最合理的社会制度，而且美国的霸权主义认为全 世界都应当推行这种制度。正如罗斯福的亲密助手霍普金斯所说：“努力利用我们的外交力 量,推进和鼓励民主政权在全世界建立。我们不应当害怕向世界表明我们的外交立场,即要求 世界上的人民都享有建立一个真正民选政府和权利。我们坚信,我们具有生命力的民主政体 是全世界上最好的”。 二战后，随着社会主义革命、民族解放运动的蓬勃兴起和发展，人民民主国家相继诞生， 社会主义阵营建立起来，并且不断增强，冲击着资本主义世界。社会主义阵营的中心苏联是
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 第一个社会主义国家，也是世界的军事强国，认为社会主义和共产主义才是人类最终的社会 形态，实行生产资料公有制和由中央指令的计划经济制度，建立共产主义社会才是人类最美 好的社会。苏联作为共产主义的先锋队，把推动世界革命，在全球实现共产主义作为最高理 想和最终目标。 丘吉尔发表的反共反苏的铁幕演说也可以说是促使这两种不同意识形态和社会制度对 立起来的助推力，为了巩固资本主义体系，以美国为首建立起“北大西洋公约”组织，来联 合保护自身利益、遏制共产主义和社会主义革命运动。而与此对应的“华沙条约”组织，在 苏联的国际威望得到大幅度提升后，社会主义阵营为了遏制美国为首的资本主义的威胁，同 美国和西欧抗衡，另一方面也可以使苏联加紧对东欧的控制。这两个组织不仅是意识形态的 外在联合，也标志着冷战局面的最终形成。 冷战的起因除却美苏两国实行的国家战略和利益的冲突，以及深植于两国的意识形态和 社会制度的不同，是导致两国对抗的必然原因外，我认为两国发生冷战而避免直接交战也有 另外两点原因。原因之一是美苏两国一个是最大的资本主义国家，一个是最大的社会主义国 家，二战结束后，全球形成两极化的世界格局，虽然美国以世界最强的国家自居，但是综合 来说两国的军事实力和经济实力是不相上下的，美国依然不能小觑了苏联的实力，因此在双 方都没有绝对的必胜把握下，如果美苏发生直接交战的话，所造成的损失和伤亡可能是相当 的，所以说与其两败俱伤，不如暗中较量各自的实力。 其二，第二次世界大战对全世界造成的可怕阴影是如此的深刻，经历了战争的国家和人 民饱受战争之苦，都希望和平而非战争，二战时期的反战运动对于加快二战结束的作用也是 不可忽视的。而且，二战所造成的损失和伤害都并没有恢复和消散，美苏作为两个超级大国 发生战争必然危及全世界，那么整个人类的存亡都不堪想象。因此，二战刚刚结束的背景下， 不管是美国还是苏联，全世界的人民也都不希望再爆发战争，但是两国、两阵营之间的冲突 和矛盾又不能以温和的方式解决，因此，在经济、政治、军事、外交、文化上的竞争和较量 成为两国一决高下的对抗方式。 总结 冷战对于世界的发展和进程有着重要的影响，大国争夺世界霸权的后果是世界的不和 平、不安稳。面对全球化的今天，面对美苏争霸的历史教训，我们应当警醒，现在的世界格 局虽然以友好合作为名，但各国之间的竞争却无时无刻不存在，但我们所有人的目的是更好 的生活，是人类更好的发展，因此全人类应当以携手合作，共同发展为目标，维护世界的和 平和稳定。 参考文献： [1]丁鑫南，《关于冷战起源的多维度思考》，史志鉴研究，2008年第16期 [2]刘金质，《关于冷战的几点思考》，国际政治研究，2001年第4期 [3]苗杨，《“冷战”起源研究的历史回顾》，周口师范学院学报，2008年第25卷第三期 [4]魏啸飞，《美国文明史英文教程》，北京：北京大学出版社，2008.6第255-257页 [5]赵茜，《美苏冷战起源的三个主要因素》，西北第二民族学院学报，2001年第一期 [6]American History(III)American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),Chapter17,The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet) [7]Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech(materials shared on the Internet) 6
上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 6 第一个社会主义国家，也是世界的军事强国，认为社会主义和共产主义才是人类最终的社会 形态，实行生产资料公有制和由中央指令的计划经济制度，建立共产主义社会才是人类最美 好的社会。苏联作为共产主义的先锋队，把推动世界革命，在全球实现共产主义作为最高理 想和最终目标。 丘吉尔发表的反共反苏的铁幕演说也可以说是促使这两种不同意识形态和社会制度对 立起来的助推力，为了巩固资本主义体系，以美国为首建立起“北大西洋公约”组织，来联 合保护自身利益、遏制共产主义和社会主义革命运动。而与此对应的“华沙条约”组织，在 苏联的国际威望得到大幅度提升后，社会主义阵营为了遏制美国为首的资本主义的威胁，同 美国和西欧抗衡，另一方面也可以使苏联加紧对东欧的控制。这两个组织不仅是意识形态的 外在联合，也标志着冷战局面的最终形成。 冷战的起因除却美苏两国实行的国家战略和利益的冲突，以及深植于两国的意识形态和 社会制度的不同，是导致两国对抗的必然原因外，我认为两国发生冷战而避免直接交战也有 另外两点原因。原因之一是美苏两国一个是最大的资本主义国家，一个是最大的社会主义国 家，二战结束后，全球形成两极化的世界格局，虽然美国以世界最强的国家自居，但是综合 来说两国的军事实力和经济实力是不相上下的，美国依然不能小觑了苏联的实力，因此在双 方都没有绝对的必胜把握下，如果美苏发生直接交战的话，所造成的损失和伤亡可能是相当 的，所以说与其两败俱伤，不如暗中较量各自的实力。 其二，第二次世界大战对全世界造成的可怕阴影是如此的深刻，经历了战争的国家和人 民饱受战争之苦，都希望和平而非战争，二战时期的反战运动对于加快二战结束的作用也是 不可忽视的。而且，二战所造成的损失和伤害都并没有恢复和消散，美苏作为两个超级大国 发生战争必然危及全世界，那么整个人类的存亡都不堪想象。因此，二战刚刚结束的背景下， 不管是美国还是苏联，全世界的人民也都不希望再爆发战争，但是两国、两阵营之间的冲突 和矛盾又不能以温和的方式解决，因此，在经济、政治、军事、外交、文化上的竞争和较量 成为两国一决高下的对抗方式。 总结 冷战对于世界的发展和进程有着重要的影响，大国争夺世界霸权的后果是世界的不和 平、不安稳。面对全球化的今天，面对美苏争霸的历史教训，我们应当警醒，现在的世界格 局虽然以友好合作为名，但各国之间的竞争却无时无刻不存在，但我们所有人的目的是更好 的生活，是人类更好的发展，因此全人类应当以携手合作，共同发展为目标，维护世界的和 平和稳定。 参考文献： [1]丁鑫南，《关于冷战起源的多维度思考》，史志鉴研究，2008 年第 16 期 [2]刘金质，《关于冷战的几点思考》，国际政治研究，2001 年第 4 期 [3]苗杨，《“冷战”起源研究的历史回顾》，周口师范学院学报，2008 年第 25 卷第三期 [4]魏啸飞，《美国文明史英文教程》，北京：北京大学出版社，2008.6 第 255-257 页 [5]赵茜，《美苏冷战起源的三个主要因素》，西北第二民族学院学报，2001 年第一期 [6]American History( Ⅲ )American in Post-W W.11 Era(1945-1980s),Chapter17,The Origins of the Cold War(materials shared on the Internet) [7]Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech(materials shared on the Internet)