What is SPSS Lecture 1 SPSS can take data from almost any type of file and use them to generate tabulated ports, charts, and plots of distribution and trends, descriptive statistics, and Introduction to sPss complex statistical analysis SPSS makes statistical analysis convenient for the experienced user and approachable for the begin What is SPSS Using SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Getting started with SPSS Open a data file SPSS has been the most commonly used program for quantitative data analysis in · SPSS Windows the social sciences Basic Data File structure It provides a powerful statistical analysis Sources and organization of data and data management system Creating and Editing a Data File
1 1 Lecture 1 Introduction to SPSS 2 What is SPSS • Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) • SPSS has been the most commonly used program for quantitative data analysis in the social sciences. • It provides a powerful statistical analysis and data management system. 2 3 What is SPSS • SPSS can take data from almost any type of file and use them to generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and trends, descriptive statistics, and complex statistical analysis. • SPSS makes statistical analysis convenient for the experienced user and approachable for the beginner. 4 Using SPSS • Getting Started with SPSS • Open a Data File • SPSS Windows • Basic Data File Structure • Sources and Organization of Data • Creating and Editing a Data File
Using SPSS After starting Windows, double clicking on the SPSS icon Define data Or From the Start menu choose: Programs Insert and select Case/Variable SPSS for Windows SPSS for windows Import data Data Analysis Data process and transformation When "sPss 11.0 for windows is first entered the display will be similar to Figure 1 below Getting Started with SPSS
3 5 Using SPSS • Define Data • Insert and select Case/Variable • Import Data • Data Analysis • Data Process and Transformation 6 Getting Started with SPSS 4 7 After starting Windows, double clicking on the SPSS icon . Or From the Start menu choose: Programs > SPSS for Windows > SPSS for Windows. 8 When “SPSS 11.0 for windows” is first entered the display will be similar to Figure 1 below
SPSS is a Windows package The Data Editor displays the File To create a new SPSS file, open an existing file or read in spreadsheet or database files created contents of the working data file by other software program Each window has its own toolbar Edit To modify or copy text from the output or syntax When you put the mouse cursor on a tool, a brief description of the View To define Toolbars, to change Fonts, Grid Lines tool pops up Value Labels Main menu SPSS for Windows is menu driven most such as merging files, transposing variables and cases, or creating subsets of cases for of the features are accessed by selections from the menus the main menu bar Transform To make changes to selected variables in th contains 10 menus are similar to other data file and to compute new variables based Windows applications, e.g. Microsoft Excel on the values of existing ones.These changes
5 9 • SPSS is a Windows package. The Data Editor displays the contents of the working data file. Each window has its own toolbar. When you put the mouse cursor on a tool, a brief description of the tool pops up. 10 Main Menu • SPSS for Windows is menu driven. Most of the features are accessed by selections from the menus. The main menu bar contains 10 menus are similar to other Windows applications, e.g. Microsoft Excel. 6 11 To define Toolbars, to change Fonts, Grid Lines, Value Labels. View To modify or copy text from the output or syntax windows. Edit To create a new SPSS file; open an existing file; or read in spreadsheet or database files created by other software program. File 12 To make changes to selected variables in the data file and to compute new variables based on the values of existing ones. These changes do not affect the permanent file unless you explicitly save the changes. Transform To make global changes to SPSS data files, such as merging files, transposing variables and cases, or creating subsets of cases for analysis. Data
Analyze To select the various statistical procedures you want to use, such as crosstabs, analysis of variance,correlation, and linear regression. Open a data file Graphs To create the various graphs, such as bar arts, pie charts, histograms, scatterplots. All phs can be customized with the Chart Utilities Display information on the contents of SPSS Open a data file data files, define Variable Sets, Run Script From the Menus, Choose File-OpenData Window To switch between SPSS windows or to Alternatively, you can use the Open File minimize all open SPSS windows button a]on the toolbar. The Open File dialog box will appears By default, SPSS-format data files(.sav Help Help window containing information on how to use the many features ofSPSSContext extension)are displayed. You can display sensitive help is also available through the ther file formats using the Files of Type drop- down list. Select a data file and click Oper The data file will display in the Data editor
7 13 To create the various graphs, such as bar charts, pie charts, histograms, scatterplots. All graphs can be customized with the Chart Editor. Graphs To select the various statistical procedures you want to use, such as crosstabs, analysis of variance, correlation, and linear regression. Analyze 14 Help window containing information on how to use the many features of SPSS. Contextsensitive help is also available through the dialog boxes. Help To switch between SPSS windows or to minimize all open SPSS windows. Window Display information on the contents of SPSS data files, define Variable Sets, Run Script. Utilities 8 15 Open a data file 16 Open a data file • From the Menus, Choose File Open Data • Alternatively, you can use the Open File button on the toolbar. The Open File dialog box will appears. • By default, SPSS-format data files (.sav extension) are displayed. You can display other file formats using the Files of Type dropdown list. Select a data file and click Open. The data file will display in the Data Editor
The Data Editor provides a convenient, spreadsheet-like a session, the Data Editor window opens automatically SPSS Window Data view-Displays the actual data values or define value labels information, including defined variable and value labels, data type(for example, string, date, and numeric), measurement scale(nominal, ordinal, or scale), and user-defined missing values In both views, you can add, change, and delete information contained in the data file Galt itit Medow Hot Output Window 国画型国击国Q The viewer window displays the tables, matically the first time you r command that produces output. Data Vew Variable view
9 17 SPSS Window 18 The Data Editor Window 10 19 The Data Editor provides a convenient, spreadsheet-like method for creating and editing data files. When you start a session, the Data Editor window opens automatically. The Data Editor provides two views of your data: Data view － Displays the actual data values or define value labels. Variable view － Displays variable definition information, including defined variable and value labels, data type (for example, string, date, and numeric), measurement scale (nominal, ordinal, or scale), and user-defined missing values. In both views, you can add, change, and delete information contained in the data file. 20 Output Window • The Viewer window displays the tables, statistics, and charts. The Viewer opens automatically the first time you run a command that produces output
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11 21 22 Basic Data File Structure 12 23 The Data Editor reflects the basic data file structure. Each row represents a case or an observations, each row corresponds to a unit to be analyzed. 24 Each column represents a variable or characteristic being measured. Each cell contains a single value of a variable for a case
You can enter and edit data in the data Editor and use many different data types, A sample survey of income And the i.e. Numeric, String(alphanumeric), Date questionnaire shown below. Dollar(currency). However, you cant enter formulas or perform calculations in the data editor please use the transform 2. What is the highest education degree you have received? menu to calculate new values and Diploma Bachelor's degree Master's degree/Others variables and recode data elow $8000/S80015001500125000aboe25001 Suppose we have a data set. There are 10 sample rows of the data below: Sources and Organization of Data low$8000 s15001-25000 s8000-515000 25 Bachelor's degree s15001-25000 emale below $8000 35 Master's degree above S25001
13 25 • You can enter and edit data in the Data Editor and use many different data types, i.e. Numeric, String (alphanumeric), Date, Dollar (currency). However, you can’t enter formulas or perform calculations in the Data Editor. Please use the Transform menu to calculate new values and variables and recode data. 26 Sources and Organization of Data 14 27 A sample survey of income. And the questionnaire shown below: 28 Suppose we have a data set. There are 10 sample rows of the data below:
Design a Coding Scheme A coding scheme is a way to associate a particular data code with a questionnaire Creating and Editing a Data File response. The codes are what you enter into a data file. Coding schemes are arbitrary. For example, for nominal variables, either coding ay is acceptable for SPSS Numeric In question 4(i.e. Sex)in sample questionnaire Entering Data you can define the Sex as two strings value 1. Select a cell and enter the number. The data valu the cell and in the cell In question 3 (i.e. Income per month)in editor sample questionnaire, you can define the 2. Press Enter to record the value. If you Income" as four numeric value(i.e 1-=below haven t named the variable. the data Editor 8000.2=800015000.3=$15001-25000 assigns a unique variable name 4-=above $25001) In question 2 (i. e. Education Level)in sample E Fin Yrv Dab laudon Tabar Gaph This Widow El questionnaire, you can define the Education 回“回回上测们面国击国则 as four numeric value(i.e. 1=Diploma, 2=Bachelor, 3-=Master, 4=Others)
15 29 Design a Coding Scheme A coding scheme is a way to associate a particular data code with a questionnaire response. The codes are what you enter into a data file. Coding schemes are arbitrary. For example, for nominal variables, either coding way is acceptable for SPSS. 30 • In question 4 (i.e. Sex) in sample questionnaire, you can define the “Sex” as two strings value (i.e. f=female, m=male). • In question 3 (i.e. Income per month) in sample questionnaire, you can define the “Income” as four numeric value (i.e. 1=below $8000, 2=$8000-$15000, 3=$15001-25000, 4=above $25001) • In question 2 (i.e. Education Level) in sample questionnaire, you can define the “Education” as four numeric value (i.e. 1=Diploma, 2=Bachelor, 3=Master, 4=Others) 16 31 Creating and Editing a Data File 32 Entering Data 1. Select a cell and enter the number. The data value appears in the cell and in the cell editor. 2. Press Enter to record the value. If you haven't named the variable, The Data Editor assigns a unique variable name
Entering Data 4. Select the data type in the Define"Variable 1. To enter non-numeric data, you need to define Type"dialog box. For example, to enter data alues that contain letters, select String 2. Double-click on the variable name at the top of 5. Then click OK the column or click the variable view tab the Variable view appears as below ym curency 3. Click the Type cell in the row for the variable, and then click the button in the cell Define data
17 33 Entering Data 1. To enter non-numeric data, you need to define the variable. 2. Double-click on the variable name at the top of the column. Or click the Variable View tab. The Variable View appears as below. 34 3. Click the Type cell in the row for the variable, and then click the button in the cell. 18 35 4. Select the data type in the Define "Variable Type" dialog box. For example, to enter data values that contain letters, select String. 5. Then click OK. 36 Define Data
In addition to defining data type, you can also B. Variable label define descriptive variable and value labels To define a variable label click the label cel for data values in the row for the variable and then enter the descriptive label. Give more detail description 回山E but not over 120 characters. These labels are used in statistical reports and charts 回回回回画国国 width Decina Ao daol an五aB These label s are used in statistcal reports and charts A. Variable Names The following rules apply to valid Variable Names Question 1-You can type " Age"in the The name must begin with a lette Label cell in the row 1 ariable names cannot end with a period Question 2- You can type"Education"in The length of the name cannot exceed eight the label cell in the row 2 characters Question 3- You can type " Income pe Variable names must be unique; duplication is month "in the label cell in the row 3 not allowed Question 4- You can type "Gender in the Blank& Special characters cannot be used Label cell in the row 4
19 37 In addition to defining data type, you can also define descriptive variable and value labels for data values. 38 A. Variable Names The following rules apply to valid Variable Names: • The name must begin with a letter. • Variable names cannot end with a period • The length of the name cannot exceed eight characters. • Variable names must be unique; duplication is not allowed. • Blank & Special characters cannot be used. 20 39 B. Variable Label To define a variable label, click the Label cell in the row for the variable and then enter the descriptive label. Give more detail description but not over 120 characters. These labels are used in statistical reports and charts. 40 For example: • Question 1 - You can type "Age" in the Label cell in the row 1. • Question 2 - You can type "Education" in the Label cell in the row 2. • Question 3 - You can type "Income per month" in the Label cell in the row 3. • Question 4 - You can type "Gender" in the Label cell in the row 4