LESSON ONE WHAT PLANTS NEED To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth light, water, carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil WARMTH Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6C(42F). Growth is best between 16C(60F)and 27C(80F). These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground. Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher temperature requirements Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth. Crop plants differ in their abil ity to withstand very cold conditions. For example, winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats. Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost. Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in anuary ma s left in th Without light, plants cannot produce carbohydrates and will soon die. The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of day light and partly to the intensity of the sunlight. Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth rding to the distance from season. This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introdu crops into a country. grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here WATER Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration. Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of ry matter produced CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration. Another limiting factor is the small amount(0.03%)of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide. This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances e needed. These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles. Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare(a few pounds to one or more hundredweight hectare)are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the mINOR nutrients or trace elements Words and Expressions dioxide[ dai'oksaid]n.二氧化物 element ['elimant]n.要素,成分,元素 apply [a' plai]vi.适用,适 thermometer[0 a'momita]n.温度计,寒暑表 reading 'ri: d n]n.读数,仪器指示数
LESSON ONE WHAT PLANTS NEED To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth, light, water, carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil. WARMTH Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6℃(42℉). Growth is best between 16℃ (60℉) and 27℃(80℉). These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground. Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher temperature requirements. Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth. Crop plants differ in their ability to withstand very cold conditions. For example, winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats. Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost. Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in December and January may destroy crops left in the ground. LIGHT Without light, plants cannot produce carbohydrates and will soon die. The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of daylight and partly to the intensity of the sunlight. Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth. The lengths of daylight and darkness periods vary according to the distance from the equator and also from season to season. This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introducing new crops into a country. Grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here. WATER Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration. Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed. Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration. Another limiting factor is the small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide. This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed. These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles. Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare (a few pounds to one or more hundredweight per acre) are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per hectare (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the MINOR nutrients or trace elements. Words and Expressions dioxide [dai'oksaid] n. 二氧化物 element ['elimant] n. 要素，成分，元素 apply [a’plai] vi. 适用，适合 thermometer [θa'momita] n. 温度计，寒暑表 reading |’ri:diη] n. 读数，仪器指示数
requirement[ ri'kwaiamant] r.需要,要求,必要的条件。 Frost[ roost]n.霜,冰冻 frosty[ frosti]a.霜冻的, 严寒的 differ ['difa]ⅵ.不同,相异 withstand [wi stand]vt抵挡,经受住, withstand the storm顶得住 暴风雨; withstand severe tests经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake耐震; withstand wear[irel耐穿 rye[ra]n黑麦,裸麦 oat out]n.燕麦 store [sto:]vt貯藏bolt[ boult] v.迅速成长并结实 【植物学】 To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette 过早的生子(结实)植物未成熟期开花或结实,从蔷薇结长为花柄 germination[d3 minel∫an]n.萌芽,发生 carbohydrate [ ka: bou'haidreit]n.碳水化合物,糖类 amount|a^ mount]n.总数,数量,数额 photosynthesis[foutou' sin e asis] n光合作用,光能合成 ntensity[in' tensity]n.强度,剧烈vary[vεoriⅵ.变化,不同;ⅵ.改变 equator[ i'kweita]n.赤道 affect [a'fekt]vt.影响 grass (gra:s]n.草,禾本科植物 remain[ rimein]vi.仍是,保持 shoot∫u:t]n.嫩枝,发芽,苗 extravagant [iks'traevigant ] a.过高的,过分的 transpiration[ transpIre∫en]n蒸腾作用,蒸发 stoma [touma](复数 stomata[stomata]n气孔 atmosphere [aetmasfia]n.大气,空气 release[ri'list.释放,放出 function v.起作用,活动 substance[ sAbstans]n.物质,实质 solution[sa'ju:∫an]n.溶液,溶解,解决clay[klei]n.粘土,泥土 particle [pa:tik]n.粒子,微粒 hectare [hkta]n.公顷(略作ha.) hundredweight[ hAndradweit]n.英担 acre ['eika]n.英亩 nutrient[nju: triant] r.营养品,养料 ounce [auns)n.盎司,英两(略作oz.) trace[treis] n丝毫,微量 Notes 900本文选自 Lockhart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 9016℃,读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度 42F读作 forty- two degrees Fahrenheit [ faerenhait,fa:r,华氏四十二度 9024f,读作 four feet. 903 go to seed= run to seed花谢结子。 9.04 take place发生,举行; take the place of代替,替代 905 take up吸收(液体)溶解(固体);占(时间、空间);接受;接纳(乘客);拿起;继续;学习。 Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced 植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水 How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt?溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢? My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。 he building takes up400 square meters这座楼占地400平方米。 We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战 The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来,让这些工人上车。 They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely.他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗 Let' s take up the work where they' ve left off让l我们接着他们干下去。 He takes up English。他学习英语
requirement [ri'kwaiamant] n. 需要，要求，必要的条件。Frost [rfost]n. 霜，冰冻 frosty [frosti]a. 霜冻的， 严寒的 differ ['difa] vi. 不同，相异 withstand [wiす'stænd] vt.抵挡，经受住, withstand the storm 顶得住 暴风雨; withstand severe tests 经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake 耐震; withstand wear [fire] 耐穿 [火]. rye [rai] n.黑麦，裸麦 oat [out] n. 燕麦store [sto：] vt.貯藏bolt [boult] vi. 迅速成长并结实 【植物学】 To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette. 过早的生子（结实）植物未成熟期开花或结实，从蔷薇结长为花柄 germination [dзmi'nei∫an] n. 萌芽，发生carbohydrate ['ka：bou'haidreit] n. 碳水化合物，糖类 amount [a^maunt] n. 总数，数量，数额 photosynthesis [foutou'sinθasis] n.光合作用，光能合成 intensity [in’tensiti] n. 强度，剧烈 vary ['vεɑri] vi. 变化，不同；vt. 改变 equator [i’kweita] n. 赤道 affect [a'fekt] vt. 影响 grass [gra:s] n. 草，禾本科植物 remain [ri'mein] vi. 仍是，保持 shoot [∫u：t] n. 嫩枝，发芽，苗 extravagant [iks'trævi9ant]a. 过高的，过分的transpiration [trænspi'rei∫en] n.蒸腾作用，蒸发 stoma [stouma] （复数 stomata [stoumata] n.气孔 atmosphere [‘ætmasfia]n. 大气，空气 release [ri’li:s] vt. 释放，放出 function vi.起作用，活动 substance ['sAbstans] n. 物质，实质 solution [sa’lju：∫an] n. 溶液，溶解，解决 clay [klei] n. 粘土，泥土 particle ['pa：tikl] n. 粒子，微粒 hectare ['hekta:] n. 公顷（略作 ha.） hundredweight ['hAndradweit] n. 英担 acre ['eika] n. 英亩 nutrient [‘nju：triant] n. 营养品，养料 ounce [auns] n. 盎司，英两（略作 oz.） trace [treis] n.丝毫，微量 Notes 9.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 9.01 6℃, 读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度。 42℉ 读作 forty-two degrees Fahrenheit [færenhait, fa: r-,华氏四十二度 9.02 4 ft, 读作 four feet, 9.03 go to seed=run to seed 花谢结子。 9.04 take place 发生，举行； take the place of 代替，替代 9.05 take up 吸收（液体）溶解 (固体) ；占 (时间、空间) ；接受；接纳 (乘客)；拿起；继续；学习。 Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced. 植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水。 How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt? 溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢？ My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。 The building takes up 400 square meters.这座楼占地 400 平方米。 We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战。 The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来，让这些工人上车。 They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely. 他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗。 Let’s take up the work where they’ve left off. 让我们接着他们干下去。 He takes up English。他学习英语
9.6 due to为一成语介词,意为:由于:应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如 The amount, of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight. fitE 天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。 These are errors due to carelessness这些是由于粗心而引起的错误 All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party 我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。 9.07 Grasses are now being tested in England which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here 现在,在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验,它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语 中的谓语 are being tested为正在进行时的被动语态。 Which引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语 grasses这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见 于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中 A few stars are known, which are hardly bigger than the earth 已知的星球,大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几 908“形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语,作定语时,其位置一般置于名词之后。如: The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter 在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上,二氧化碳的百分比会增多 Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen.水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。 909 In order that为一连接词词组,意为:以便;为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如: In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed.植物为了建 立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用,就需要很多简单的化学物质 I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it 我将用简易的文字写出,以便人人能看懂。 比较 in order to i为了…起见;以便 In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work 为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作 of the order of大约,左右;约与…相同,约与…相似(= in the order of 9.l0 build up为一动词短语,意为:树立,逐步建立;积累(资金);增进(健康);集结:增加。如: A plant can build up its cell structure.植物能建立其细胞结构。 We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies.我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。 He does morning exercises to build up his health.他做早操以增进健康。 We are building up our military forces.我们在集结我们的军队。 Our pressure on the enemy is building up.我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强 11 function as..起.的作用。如 a plant can function as a food factory。植物能起食品工厂的作用 Some English adverbs function as adjectives.有些英语副词有形容词的作用
9．6 due to 为一成语介词，意为：由于；应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如 The amount, of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight.植物每 天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。 These are errors due to carelessness. 这些是由于粗心而引起的错误。 All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。 9.07 Grasses are now being tested in England which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here. 现在，在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验，它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语 中的谓语 are being tested 为正在进行时的被动语态。 Which 引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语 grasses。这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见 于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中。如： A few stars are known, which are hardly bigger than the earth. 已知的星球，大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几。 : 9.08 “形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语，作定语时，其位置一般置于名词之后。如： The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter. 在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上，二氧化碳的百分比会增多。 Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。 9.09 In order that 为一连接词词组，意为：以便；为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如：In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed. 植物为了建 立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用，就需要很多简单的化学物质。 I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 我将用简易的文字写出，以便人人能看懂。 比较 in order to i 为了…起见；以便 In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。 of the order of 大约，左右；约与…相同，约与…相似 (= in the order of) 9.10 build up 为一动词短语，意为：树立，逐步建立；积累（资金）；增进（健康）；集结；增加。如：A plant can build up its cell structure. 植物能建立其细胞结构。 We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies. 我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。 He does morning exercises to build up his health. 他做早操以增进健康。 We are building up our military forces. 我们在集结我们的军队。 Our pressure on the enemy is building up. 我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强。 9.11 function as… 起…的作用。如： A plant can function as a food factory。 植物能起食品工厂的作用。 Some English adverbs function as adjectives. 有些英语副词有形容词的作用
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil. Many different types are found but the main groups are (1) Bacteria the most numerous group. Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many kinds in the soil. Most of them feed on and break down organic matter. They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e. g. sugar, starches, cellulose, etc. ) and release carbon dioxide in the process. They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins. If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers. When this happens( e. g where straw is ploughed in)the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. Some types of bacteria can convert(fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants. Soil bacteria are most active in warm, damp, well aerated soils which are not acid (2) Fungi. Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter. They are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified(woody) tissue. They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers. The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small, but larger types are found in other soils e.g. peat. Fungi can live in acid cond itions and in drier conditions than bacteria.(Mushrooms are fungi, and"fairy rings"are produced by fungi. Sometimes disease-producing fungi develop in some fields e.g. those causing take-all and"eyespot" in cereals (3)Actinomycetes. These are organisms which are intermed iate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil. They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier, warmer soils. They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. Some types can cause plant diseases, e. g common scab in potatoes(worst in light, dry soils) (4)Algae. Soil algae are very small simple organ isms which contain chlorophy ll and so can build up their bod ies by using carbon dioxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil. algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. Algae growing in swampy (waterlogged)soils can use dissolved carbon dioxide from the water and release oxygen. This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice. Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weatherin (5)Protozoa, These are very small, single-celled animals. Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms. A few types contain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood, but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. In general, the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil. Many different types are found but the main groups are: (1) Bacteria the most numerous group. Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many kinds in the soil. Most of them feed on and break down organic matter. They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e. g. sugar, starches, cellulose, etc. ) and release carbon dioxide in the process. They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins. If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers. When this happens (e. g. where straw is ploughed in ) the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. Some types of bacteria can convert (fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants. Soil bacteria are most active in warm, damp, well aerated soils which are not acid. (2) Fungi. Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter. They are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified (woody) tissue. They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers. The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small, but larger types are found in other soils, e.g. peat. Fungi can live in acid conditions and in drier conditions than bacteria. (Mushrooms are fungi, and " fairy rings " are produced by fungi.)Sometimes disease-producing fungi develop in some fields, e. g. those causing “take-all” and "eyespot” in cereals. (3) Actinomycetes. These are organisms which are intermediate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil. They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier, warmer soils. They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. Some types can cause plant diseases, e. g. common scab in potatoes (worst in light, dry soils) . (4) Algae. Soil algae are very small simple organisms which contain chlorophyll and so can build up their bodies by using carbon dioxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil. Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. Algae growing in swampy (waterlogged) soils can use dissolved carbon dioxide from the water and release oxygen. This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice. Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weathering. (5) Protozoa, These are very small, single-celled animals. Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms. A few types contain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants. The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood, but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. In general, the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS Words and Expressions micro- -organism[ maikrou'o ganizam]n微生物; light soil轻质土,砂土; take all n.麦类全蚀病; organism[ 2: caniza]n生物体,有机体 fertile ['fa:tai; US fa: til]a.肥沃的,富饶的 numerous[nju: maras]a.许多的,为数众多的; single-celled ['siqgl-seld]a.单细胞的 microscope ['maikraskoup]n显微镜; feed fi;dlⅵi吃东西; organIc[O: gaenik]a有机的; matter ['meta]n.物质; source [ so:s]n.来源,根源 fertilizer ['fa: tianze]a肥料; straw [stro ] n.稻草,麦杆; plough[plau]ⅵt犁,耕 following ['folouiq] a接着的; suffer ['sAfa]ⅵi.受痛苦,患病,受损害 extra 'ekstra]a.额外的: convert [kanva: t]ⅵt.改变,转变;fⅸ[ikslⅵt.固定 damp daemo]a.潮湿的; aerate l'eiareitIⅵt.使……通气,使……暴露于空气中 acid[asid]a.酸性的,酸的; fungus ['fAgas]复数 fungi ['fAqgai]n.真菌 lignify ['lignifai]]ⅵt.使…木质化;wody[wuda.木质的: tissue [ tisju:n.[生物学]组织; proper[ propa]a.适当的 arable[ arabi] a.可耕的;peat[pi:切]n.泥炭; eyespot laispot]n.全腐病(眼状)颜色斑点,眼点病 cereal [siarial]n.[常用复]谷类a.谷类的; actinomycete [aektinou' maisi::n放线菌 intermed iate[inta( midjat]a中间的; effect [i'fekt]n.影响,作用,效果;vt.产生 scab[skaeb]n[植]斑点病; alga [algal,复数 algae[ε eld 31]n.藻类 expose[ iks pouzjlvt.暴露,揭发; swampy[ swompi]a.沼泽的,潮湿的 waterlogged'wo: talked]a.涝的,水淹的; dissolve [di zolv]vt.分解,溶解; colon ize. kolanaiz ⅵt,殖民,拓殖;bare[bεa]a.荒的,赤裸的,空的,不毛的 stage [steid3]n.阶段,时期; weather'wea]vt,vi.风化,受侵蚀; protozoa[ proutazoua]n.[复]原生动物;actⅳ ity laek'tiviti]n活动,活动性,能动性; complex kompleks]a.复杂的; fully [fuli]ad.完全地,充分地; Improve[im'pmu:]ⅵt.改善; productivity prodAk'tiviti]n.生产力,生产率 1100本文选自 Lockhart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 1.0 thousands of millions of..数以十亿计的,成十亿的 1102 feed on(或upon)意为:以.食物。如: Most of bacteria feed on organic matter多数细菌以有机物质为食物 Sheep feed chiefly on gras羊主要以草为食物。 注意:动词feed在上列两例中不及物在下列例中及物fed.on.意为“以…喂.”。 如 She feeds her baby on the best of food.她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。 1103 break down,意为:分解;坏掉;(计划)失败;中止,停顿;身体或精神衰弱,如:Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter 大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。 My watch broke down, please see it right我的表坏了,请修理一下。 His plan was well conceived, but it broke down他的计划设想得很好,但是失败了。 How did the talks break down?谈判怎么会中止的? He has broken down from illness.他由于生病而身体衰弱。 1104“etc.“是拉丁语" 'et cetera"的简写式。意为:及其他:等等。等于英语的 and so on,and so forth. and the rest: and other things 1l05 suffer from为一习惯用法,意为:受.的害;患;以.为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛 苦,但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西,对主语产生直接不利的影响。如:
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS Words and Expressions micro-organism [‘maikrou’o:ganizam] n.微生物；light soil 轻质土, 砂土； take all n.麦类全蚀病；organism [O:ganizam] n.生物体，有机体 fertile ['fa：tail；US 'fa:til] a.肥沃的，富饶的； numerous ['nju：maras] a. 许多的，为数众多的；single-celled ['siqgl-seld] a. 单细胞的 microscope ['maikraskoup] n.显微镜；feed [fi：d] vi.吃东西； organic [O：'gænik] a.有机的；matter ['mæta] n. 物质；source [so：s] n. 来源，根源 fertilizer ['fa：tilaize] a.肥料；straw [stro:] n. 稻草，麦杆；plough [plau] vt.犁，耕 following ['folouiq] a.接着的；suffer ['sAfa] vi. 受痛苦，患病，受损害 extra ['ekstra] a. 额外的；convert [kan'va:t] vt. 改变，转变；fix [fiks] vt. 固定 damp [dæmp] a. 潮湿的；aerate ['eiareit] vt.使……通气，使……暴露于空气中 acid [‘æsid] a. 酸性的，酸的；fungus ['fAgas] 复数 fungi ['fAqgai] n.真菌 lignify ['lignifai] vt. 使…木质化；woody [‘wudi] a. 木质的； tissue [tisju:] n. [生物学] 组织；proper ['propa] a. 适当的 arable ['ærabl] a. 可耕的；peat [pi：t] n. 泥炭； eyespot [aispot] n. 全腐病 （眼状）颜色斑点，眼点病 cereal [‘siarial] n. [常用复]谷类 a. 谷类的；actinomycete [æktinou’maisi：t] n 放线菌 intermediate [inta(:)'midjat] a. 中间的； effect [i'fekt] n. 影响，作用，效果； vt. 产生； scab [skæb]n.[植]斑点病； alga [ælga] , 复数 algae ['ældэi:] n. 藻类 expose [iks'pouzj]vt. 暴露，揭发； swampy ['swompi] a. 沼泽的，潮湿的； waterlogged ['wo：talogd] a. 涝的，水淹的；dissolve [di'zolv] vt. 分解，溶解；colonize .['kolanaiz] vt, 殖民，拓殖； bare [bεa] a. 荒的，赤裸的，空的，不毛的； stage [steidз] n. 阶段，时期；weather ['we す a] vt., vi. 风化，受侵蚀； protozoa ['prouta'zoua] n. [复] 原生动物； activity [æk’tiviti] n 活动，活动性，能动性；complex ['kompleks] a. 复杂的；fully ['fuli] ad. 完全地，充分地；improve [im’pru：v] vt. 改善；productivity [prodAk'tiviti] n.生产力，生产率 Notes 11.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 11.01 thousands of millions of … 数以十亿计的，成十亿的 11.02 feed on (或 upon) 意为：以……为食物。如： Most of bacteria feed on organic matter.大多数细菌以有机物质为食物。 Sheep feed chiefly on grass.羊主要以草为食物。 注意：动词 feed 在上列两例中不及物,在下列例中及物 feed……on...... 意为“以……喂……”。 如： She feeds her baby on the best of food. 她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。 11.03 break down，意为：分解；坏掉；（计划）失败；中止，停顿；身体或精神衰弱，如：Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter。 大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。 My watch broke down, please see it right.我的表坏了，请修理一下。 His plan was well conceived, but it broke down.他的计划设想得很好，但是失败了。 How did the talks break down? 谈判怎么会中止的？ He has broken down from illness. 他由于生病而身体衰弱。 11.04 “etc.“ 是拉丁语 "et cetera" 的简写式。意为：及其他；等等。等于英语的 and so on, and so forth, and the rest； and other things. 11.05 suffer from 为一习惯用法，意为：受……的害；患；以……为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛 苦，但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西，对主语产生直接不利的影响。如：
She is suffering from cold.她在患感冒。 The following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied 除非另外施肥,否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。 The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis 东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机 l10 be responsible for意为:对负责。但往往不能直译,有时可译作:由于…而;因 为.而……;引起;造成,等等。句中主语可以是人,也可以不是人。例如 He is not responsible for that.那件事不能怪她。(直译:那件事不能由他负责。) Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue.真菌主要引起木质组织分解。 The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。 Her illness is responsible for her long silence.她因为有病而好久不写信。 1107 not so.as..不如.那样 so是副词,后接形容词或副词,as是连接词,引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如: Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。 The task is not so difficult as you think这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。 He does not study so hard as you.他学习没有你那样努力 ll08 be exposed to(暴)露于;易受。如 Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun 藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。 1109 as yet现在还,目前尚,到目前为止,到当时为止。如: As yet we havent heard from him 我们迄今尚未收到他的信 He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。 11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil 我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力 句中的do用来加强主要动词的语气,例如: Exceptions do, however,ocur但是例外情况一定要发生。 He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。 1 in general一般讲来,大体说来,通常。如: In general, your plan is good.你们的方案总的看来是好的 I am speaking of young people in general我是谈的一般年青人。 11 12 In general, the more fertile the soil, the more organisms there are present 般来说,土壤越肥沃,存在的有机体就越多 这个句子是一个“The+比较级…(从句),+the+比较级…(主句)”的结构。意为:越….越 愈,愈…。第一部分是比较状语从句,第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份,有时 主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如 The higher the tree, the stronger the wind.树愈高,风愈大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好 The more.. the more the more 越 越 就越…。这三个包括 the more的分句中,前两个是从句,表示条件或前提,最后一个是主句,表示结果。前提一般 只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+比较级的形容词或副词。如: The more the merrier[邀请客人时用语]人愈多愈热闹。 The higher up, the greater the fall爬得高,跌得重。 The greater the danger. the more must we drive ahead.越是艰险越向前 LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease. Having ascertained as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied
She is suffering from cold. 她在患感冒。 The following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. 除非另外施肥，否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。 The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis. 东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机。 11.06 be responsible for 意为：对……负责。但往往不能直译，有时可译作： 由于……而；因 为……而……; 引起；造成，等等。句中主语可以是人，也可以不是人。例如： He is not responsible for that. 那件事不能怪她。（直译：那件事不能由他负责。） Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue. 真菌主要引起木质组织分解。 The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。 Her illness is responsible for her long silence. 她因为有病而好久不写信。 11.07.not so……as…… 不如……那样…… so 是副词,后接形容词或副词， as 是连接词，引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如： Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. 放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。 The task is not so difficult as you think.这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。 He does not study so hard as you. 他学习没有你那样努力。 11.08 be exposed to （暴）露于；易受。如： Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. 藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。 11.09 as yet 现在还，目前尚，到目前为止，到当时为止。如：As yet we haven’t heard from him. 我们迄今尚未收到他的信。 He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。 11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. 我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力。 句中的 do 用来加强主要动词的语气，例如： Exceptions do, however, occur. 但是例外情况一定要发生。 He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。 11.11 in general 一般讲来，大体说来，通常。如： In general, your plan is good. 你们的方案总的看来是好的。 I am speaking of young people in general.我是谈的一般年青人。 11.12 In general, the more fertile the soil, the more organisms there are present. 一般来说，土壤越肥沃，存在的有机体就越多。 这个句子是一个“The+比较级……(从句)，+the+比较级……(主句)”的结构。意为：越……越……； 愈……, 愈……。第一部分是比较状语从句，第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份，有时 主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如： The higher the tree, the stronger the wind. 树愈高，风愈大。 The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The more……the……more……the more…… 越……,……越……, ……就越……。这三个包括 the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提，最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般 只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词 the+比较级的形容词或副词。如： The more the merrier. [邀请客人时用语] 人愈多愈热闹。 The higher up, the greater the fall. 爬得高，跌得重。 The greater the danger, the more must we drive ahead. 越是艰险越向前 LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease. Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied
L CROP ROTATIONS A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite. In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host. If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death but it should be remembered that (a) Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along, e.g. club-root of the brassicae family (b )Some parasites have alternative hosts, e.g. fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses 2 REMOVAL OF WEED HOST Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts. By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced, e.g cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root Both these preventative measures (land 2)illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops 3 CLEAN SEED The seed must be free from disease. This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain. Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean"seed", free from virus. In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent, potato seed may have to be bought every year 4 RESISTANT VARIETIES In plant breeding, al though the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood, it is not by any means simple For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance. However, with few exceptions, this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or"field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield. Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance 5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases, e. g control of the green-fly(aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows. Furthermore, fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects 6 REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early 7. THE USE OF CHEMICALS Broadly speaking, chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide. A fungicide may be applied to the seed, the growing plant, or to the soil. It can be used in the form of a spray, dust or gas. To be effective, it must in no way be harmful to the crop, nor after suitable precautions have been taken, to the operator or others, and it must certainly repay its cost THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Words and Expressions measure[me3a]n.措施 An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient 手段,策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动;权宜之计: e.g. desperate measures孤注一掷的办法 ascertain[ aesa'tein]vt.确定,查明,弄清 appropriate [a'prouprit] a.适当的 preventative [pri'vantativ] a.预防的,防止的adjn. Variant of preventive preventive的变体 Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle 预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的:作为障碍的 preventive measures.预防措施 Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces 防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的 Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic 防病的预防或延缓病情发展的;预防性的 preventive medicine; preventive health care.预防药,预防性保健 rotation[ routel∫an]n.轮作,轮流,旋转 Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or serie 轮换,轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动
l. CROP ROTATIONS A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite. In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host. If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death, but it should be remembered that: (a) Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along, e.g. club-root of the brassicae family. (b)Some parasites have alternative hosts, e.g. fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses. 2.REMOVAL OF WEED HOST Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts. By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced, e.g. cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root. Both these preventative measures (land 2) illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops. 3.CLEAN SEED The seed must be free from disease. This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain. Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop. With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean "seed" , free from virus. In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent, potato seed may have to be bought every year. 4.RESISTANT VARIETIES In plant breeding, although the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood, it is not by any means simple. For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance. However, with few exceptions, this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer resistant. Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield. Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance. 5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases, e. g. control of the green-fly (aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows. Furthermore, fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects. 6.REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early stage, 7. THE USE OF CHEMICALS Broadly speaking, chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide. A fungicide may be applied to the seed, the growing plant, or to the soil. It can be used in the form of a spray, dust or gas. To be effective, it must in no way be harmful to the crop, nor after suitable precautions have been taken, to the operator or others, and it must certainly repay its cost. THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Words and Expressions measure [meЗa] n. 措施 An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient: 手段，策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动；权宜之计： e.g. desperate measures. 孤注一掷的办法 ascertain [ æsa'tein] vt. 确定，查明，弄清 appropriate [a'proupriit] a. 适当的 preventative [pri'vantativ] a. 预防的，防止的 adj. n. Variant of preventive preventive 的变体 Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle: 预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的；作为障碍的： preventive measures. 预防措施 Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces. 防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的 Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic: 防病的预防或延缓病情发展的；预防性的： preventive medicine; preventive health care. 预防药，预防性保健 rotation [rou'tei∫аn] n. 轮作，轮流，旋转 Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or series: 轮换，轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动：
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation 员工的轮流替换;农作物的轮作 accumulation[akju:' mju'lei∫an]n积累,积聚 The act of gathering or amassing, as into a heap or pile 聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为 Little things grew by continual accumulation. " (Samuel Johnson) “小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊) he process of growing into a large amount or heap.积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程 A mass heaped up or collected:积聚物收集到或成堆的东西 an accumulation of rubbish.一堆垃圾 parasite[ par a sait]n.寄生虫,寄生菌,寄生(植)物 exist[ igzist] vi.存在,生存,生活 existed, existing,exis To have actual being; be real.实际存在;真实 To have life;live.有生命:生存 See: be To live at a minimal level; subsist:维生生活在极低的水平:维持生活: barely enough income on which to exist.仅够糊口的收入 To continue to be; persist继续存在;保持存在 old customs that still exist in rural areas.在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在 To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur 存在在一定情状或一定地点存在;存在: Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category"(Thomas G. Exter) 富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯G埃克斯特 host [houst]n.寄主,宿主,主人 starve[ sta:v]vt.使饥饿 spore[spo]n.孢子 susceptible [sa'septab]a易受影响的,敏感的,易感病的 clubroot(k∧bru:tn.(植物的)根肿病 alternative[o:l'ta: nativ]a.选择的,两者(或两者以上)挑一的 removal[ri’mu:val]n.除掉,移开 weed[wi:d]n.杂草,野草 cruciferous[kru:' sifaras]a.[植]十字花科的 charlolk[t∫a:lok]n.[植]田芥菜 illustrate[ ilastreit]vt.说明,阐明 sound[ saund]a.充分的,正确的 barley[ba:li]n.大麦 loose[lu:s]a.松散的 smut[smAt]n.[植]黑穗病,黑粉病 oose smut 散黑穗病 embed[ im bed]vt.埋置 vIrus[ valaras]n.病毒 aphid[ bifid]n.蚜虫 prevalent[' prevalant]a.流行的,盛行的 resistant[ri'’ istant]a.抵抗的,有抵抗力的 variety[va' nalati]n.品种,变种,多样化 breed[bri:dvt.,vi.育种,繁殖 gene[di:n]n.基因 race[reis]n.小种,宗,种,类 program[ program]n.计划,方案,纲要 multigene[’ mAlted 3 i:n]n.多基因 mean[mi:n]vt.意味着,就是,意指 characteristic[ karika’ ristik]n.特性,特征:a.独特的 tolerate[ tolareit]vt.忍受,容忍,有耐力 infection[in'fek∫an]n.感染,传染,影响
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation. 员工的轮流替换；农作物的轮作 accumulation [akju：’mju'lei∫an] n.积累，积聚 The act of gathering or amassing, as into a heap or pile: 聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为： “Little things grew by continual accumulation.” (Samuel Johnson) “小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊) The process of growing into a large amount or heap. 积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程 A mass heaped up or collected: 积聚物收集到或成堆的东西： an accumulation of rubbish. 一堆垃圾 parasite ['pærаsait] n. 寄生虫，寄生菌，寄生（植）物 exist [ig'zist] vi. 存在，生存，生活 existed; existing; exists; To have actual being; be real. 实际存在；真实 To have life; live. 有生命；生存 See: be To live at a minimal level; subsist: 维生 生活在极低的水平；维持生活： barely enough income on which to exist. 仅够糊口的收入 To continue to be; persist: 继续存在；保持存在： old customs that still exist in rural areas. 在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在 To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur: 存在在一定情状或一定地点存在；存在： “Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category” (Thomas G. Exter) “富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯 G.埃克斯特) host [houst] n. 寄主，宿主，主人 starve [sta:v] vt. 使饥饿 spore [spo:] n. 孢子 susceptible [sa'septabl] a.易受影响的，敏感的，易感病的 clubroot ['kl∧bru：t] n. （植物的）根肿病 alternative [o:l'ta:nativ] a.选择的,两者（或两者以上）挑一的 removal [ri'mu：val]n. 除掉，移开 weed [wi:d] n. 杂草，野草 cruciferous [kru：’sifaras] a. [植]十字花科的 charlolk [t∫a:lok] n. [植]田芥菜 illustrate ['ilastreit] vt. 说明，阐明 sound [saund] a. 充分的，正确的 barley ['ba:li] n. 大麦 loose [lu:s] a. 松散的 smut [smAt] n. [植]黑穗病，黑粉病 loose smut 散黑穗病 embed [im'bed] vt. 埋置 virus ['vaiaras] n. 病毒 aphid ['eifid] n. 蚜虫 prevalent ['prevalant] a. 流行的，盛行的 resistant [ri'zistant] a. 抵抗的，有抵抗力的 variety [va'raiati] n. 品种，变种，多样化 breed [bri:d] vt., vi.育种，繁殖 gene [d ㄋ i:n] n. 基因 race [reis] n. 小种，宗，种，类 program ['prougræm] n.计划，方案，纲要 multigene ['mAltid ㄋ i:n] n.多基因 mean [mi:n] vt. 意味着，就是，意指 characteristic [kærikta’ristik] n. 特性，特征；a.独特的 tolerate ['tolareit] vt. 忍受，容忍，有耐力 infection [in'fek∫an] n. 感染，传染，影响
range[ reind]n.范围,区域 emphasis[ emfasis]n.重点,强调,重要性 tolerance [ tolarans]n.忍受,容忍,耐性 carrier[' karia]n.带菌者,带虫者,带病体,载体,媒介物 green-fly['gri:n-flai]n.蚜虫 incidence[ insidans]n.发生率,发生 The act or an instance of happening; occurrence 发生,出现发生的行为或事件;出现 did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence. 受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊 Extent or frequency of occurrence:发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率: a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率 Physics【物理学】 The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface. 入射辐射或投影到某一表面 Angle of incidence.入射角 yellows[ je luz]n.[植]黄化病 furthermore[fa:寸a’ms:]ad.而且,此外 wound[wu.’nd]n.创伤,伤口;vt.,vi.伤害 remedy[ remidi]vt.补救,改善,纠正 deficiency[di'fi∫ansi]n.缺乏,不足 deficient[di'fi∫ant]a.缺乏的,不足的 chemical c[‘ kemikal]n.(常用复数)化学药品,化学制品 fungicide[fAnd3 isaid]n.杀真菌剂 spray[ spree]n.喷雾剂,喷雾(器) dust[dAst]n.粉剂 gas[gas]n.气体,煤气 suitable[sju:tabl]a.适宜的,合适的 precaution[pri’ko:∫an]n.预防,警惕 operator[ oparei ta]n.操作人员 repay[ri’pei]vt.补偿 cost [kost]n.成本,费用,代价 THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 13.00本文选自 Lockheart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 13.01 decide on( or upon)为一习惯用法,意为:决定。如 We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。 I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays. 我尚未决定在何处度假 13.02 as far as possible尽可能,尽力。这是一个常用词组。如: Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied. 在尽可能查明原因之后,便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。 He will help far as possible.他会尽力帮助你 es在许多情况下。如 In many cases the answers are almost perfect.就许多情况,这些答案几乎是完善的 13.04 live on(或upon)靠。。。生活,以。。。。为食。如 Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活 They live on rice.他们以大米为主食 13.05 except用作介词,后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语,而且可接when,that等连接词引导 的从句。如 In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host
range [reind ㄋ] n. 范围，区域 emphasis ['emfasis] n. 重点，强调，重要性 tolerance ['tolarans] n. 忍受，容忍，耐性 carrier ['kæria] n. 带菌者，带虫者，带病体，载体，媒介物 green-fly ['gri：n-flai] n. 蚜虫 incidence ['insidans] n. 发生率，发生 The act or an instance of happening; occurrence: 发生，出现发生的行为或事件；出现： did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence. 受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊 Extent or frequency of occurrence: 发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率： a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率 Physics【物理学】 The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface. 入射辐射或投影到某一表面 Angle of incidence. 入射角 yellows ['jelouz] n. [植]黄化病 furthermore ['fa：す a'mэ:] ad. 而且，此外 wound [wu.'nd] n. 创伤，伤口；vt.，vi.伤害 remedy ['remidi] vt.补救，改善，纠正 deficiency [di'fi∫ansi] n. 缺乏，不足 deficient [di'fi∫ant] a. 缺乏的，不足的 chemical C[‘kemikal] n. （常用复数）化学药品，化学制品 fungicide [fAnd ㄋ isaid] n. 杀真菌剂 spray [sprei] n. 喷雾剂，喷雾（器） dust [dAst] n. 粉剂 gas [gæs] n. 气体，煤气 suitable ['sju:tabl] a. 适宜的，合适的 precaution [pri'ko: ∫an] n. 预防，警惕 operator ['opareita] n. 操作人员 repay [ri'pei] vt.补偿 cost [kost] n. 成本，费用，代价 THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Notes 13.00 本文选自 Lockheart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 13.01 decide on (or upon) 为一习惯用法，意为：决定。如： We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。 I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays. 我尚未决定在何处度假。 13.02 as far as possible 尽可能，尽力。这是一个常用词组。如： Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied. 在尽可能查明原因之后，便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。 He will help you as far as possible. 他会尽力帮助你， 13.03 in many cases 在许多情况下。如： In many cases the answers are almost perfect. 就许多情况，这些答案几乎是完善的。 13.04 live on (或 upon) 靠。。。。生活，以。。。。。。为食。如： Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活。 They live on rice. 他们以大米为主食。 13.05 except 用作介词，后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语，而且可接 when, that 等连接词引导 的从句。如： In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host
寄生菌除了靠寄主为生时以外,在许多情况下就不能生存 Condensed formulas are usually used by organic chemists except when the structural features are being stressed. 除了强调结构特点时以外,有机化学工作者通常使用分子简式 He has always been in good heal th except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days 除了过去几天来轻微头痛外,他的身体一直很健康 n a sense在某种意义上 What you say is right in a sense.在某种意上,你说的对 13.07 be starved to death饿死。如 If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death.如果田间沒有寄主植物,在某种意上来说,寄生菌就要饿死 13.08 come along快来,出现,进展,进步。如: Come along!快来!(祈使句,表示鼓励) Some parasites may come along again。有些寄生菌可能再出现。 Our whole cultural and educational undertakings is coming along vigorously 我们整个文化教育事业正在蓬勃发展 13.09 wait for等,等候,等待。如: Don' t wait for me!别等我! At this time tomorrow I shall be waiting for you in the railway station 明天这个时候,我在火车站等待着你 13.10 wait for sb. or sth. to do sth.为一习惯用法。如 Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along.有些寄生菌需要几年才死,他们可能在土壤里有休眠孢子,等待易感病 庄稼来临 I am waiting for him to come.我正在等他来 13. 11 have a… knowledge of知道,了解,懂得。如 Both these preventative measures illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops 这两顶预防措施说明了充分了解危害作物的寄生菌的重要1 He has a perfect knowledge of English。他精通英语。 13.12 free from或 free of无。。。的,没有。。的,免于。。的。如: The seed must be free from disease.种子必须是无病的。 These machine parts are free from defects.这些机器零件没有缺陷 13. 13 not by o means 决不。如: These goods are by no means satisfactory.这些货物决不令人滿意。 We have ideals, but we are by no means visionaries. [ 'vi 3 a, neri 我们有理想,但我们决不是空想家。 13. 14 For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or ma jor gene resistance. 若干年来,植物育种者集中注意所谓单一的、即主要的基因抗性 concentrate on(或upon)专心于,钴研。如 You should concentrate on your work.你应该专心致志于你的工作。 You will solve the problem if you concentrate upon 如果你肯贯注全部精神,你会解决这个问题 13.15 no longer不再,已不。如: He is no longer living here.他已不住在此处 I can wait no longer.我不能再等待了 13.16a。a。 range of。。 行,一。。。列,一。。系列。词组如: a magnificent range of mountains一条巍巍壮丽的山脉 a long range of cliffs一长列绝壁 a wide range of meadows一在片草地 ide range of fungi各种真菌 13 17 Breeding programs are now concentrating on multigene or field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield
寄生菌除了靠寄主为生时以外，在许多情况下就不能生存。 Condensed formulas are usually used by organic chemists except when the structural features are being stressed. 除了强调结构特点时以外，有机化学工作者通常使用分子简式。 He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了过去几天来轻微头痛外，他的身体一直很健康。 13.06 in a sense 在某种意义上。如： What you say is right in a sense. 在某种意上，你说的对。 13.07 be starved to death 饿死。如： If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death. 如果田间沒有寄主植物，在某种意上来说，寄生菌就要饿死。 13.08 come along 快来，出现，进展，进步。如： Come along! 快来！(祈使句，表示鼓励) Some parasites may come along again。有些寄生菌可能再出现。 Our whole cultural and educational undertakings is coming along vigorously。 我们整个文化教育亊业正在蓬勃发展。 13.09 wait for 等，等候，等待。如： Don't wait for me！别等我！ At this time tomorrow I shall be waiting for you in the railway station. 明天这个时候，我在火车站等待着你。 13.10 wait for sb. or sth. to do sth. 为一习惯用法。如： Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along. 有些寄生菌需要几年才死，他们可能在土壤里有休眠孢子，等待易感病 庄稼来临。 I am waiting for him to come. 我正在等他来。 13.11 have a … knowledge of 知道，了解，懂得。如： Both these preventative measures illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops. 这两顶预防措施说明了充分了解危害作物的寄生菌的重要性。 He has a perfect knowledge of English。他精通英语。 13.12 free from 或 free of 无。。。的，没有。。。的，免于。。。的。如： The seed must be free from disease. 种子必须是无病的。 These machine parts are free from defects.这些机器零件没有缺陷。 13.13 not by any means = by no means 决不。如： These goods are by no means satisfactory.这些货物决不令人滿意。 We have ideals, but we are by no means visionaries. [‘viзa,neri:] 我们有理想，但我们决不是空想家。 13.14 For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance. 若干年来，植物育种者集中注意所谓单一的、即主要的基因抗性。 concentrate on (或 upon) 专心于，钻研。如： You should concentrate on your work.你应该专心致志于你的工作。 You will solve the problem if you concentrate upon it. 如果你肯贯注全部精神，你会解决这个问题。 13.15 no longer 不再，已不。如： He is no longer living here. 他已不住在此处。 I can wait no longer. 我不能再等待了。 13.16 a 。。。range of 。。。 一。。。行，一。。。列，一。。。系列。词组如： a magnificent range of mountains 一条巍巍壮丽的山脉 a long range of cliffs 一长列绝壁 a wide range of meadows 一在片草地 a wide range of fungi 各种真菌 13.17 Breeding programs are now concentrating on multigene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield