Copyrighted Materials HCM2010 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES WASHINGTON,DC WWW.TRB.ORG
HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL HCM2010 WASHINGTON, DC | WWW.TRB.ORG
2010ERECUATVSCOMMARCE BOARD chaikaMcelRMec.DiaisrceCrampehn RabeaMBeasnatandCoO,Amreanga EacPmRobct inner,r Transportation Allen D. on of ca lo Adib K. na Tu (),lacob/ 兰之 Polly Tre Chief of Kirk.Steudle Director,Michigan Department of t人n 9 thrwe volumes (ex offcio) Membership as of December2010
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* Chair: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington Vice Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, Kentucky Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi Department of Transportation, Jackson Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia William A. V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, Minnesota Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, D.C. Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2009) Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of Transportation, Carson City Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka (Past Chair, 2008) Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, Louisiana Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, Washington Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/ Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, Georgia David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing Douglas W. Stotlar, President and Chief Executive Officer, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (Past Chair, 1991) Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) * Membership as of December 2010. Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia (ex officio) George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) (Past Chair, 1992) Tara O’Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (ex officio) Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (ex officio) Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB. org, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-0-309-16077-3 [Slipcased set of three volumes] ISBN 978-0-309-16078-0 [Volume 1] ISBN 978-0-309-16079-7 [Volume 2] ISBN 978-0-309-16080-3 [Volume 3]
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 27 FREEWAY WEAVING:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY WEAVING SEGMENTS . .27-1 Determining the Weaving Segment Capacity .27-2 Effect of Demand on Performance. .273 Effect of Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal on the Exit Ramp.27-4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 27 FREEWAY WEAVING: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY WEAVING SEGMENTS .27‐1 Determining the Weaving Segment Capacity . 27‐2 Effect of Demand on Performance . 27‐3 Effect of Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal on the Exit Ramp. 27‐4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 28 FREEWAY MERGES AND DIVERGES:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY RAMPS .28-1 Problem1：Ramp-Metering Effects. 28-1 Problem 2:Conversion of Leftmost Lane to an HOV Lane. .28-4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 28 FREEWAY MERGES AND DIVERGES: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY RAMPS.28‐1 Problem 1: Ramp‐Metering Effects . 28‐1 Problem 2: Conversion of Leftmost Lane to an HOV Lane . 28‐4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 29 URBAN STREET FACILITIES:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 29-1 2.BASIC EXAMPLE PROBLEM CONFIGURATION. 29-2 3.SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DESIGN .29-4 Deterministic STPD Tools. 294 Performance Measures. .29-5 Initial Timing Plan Design. 29-7 Initial Timing Plan Performance. 29-8 Adjustments to Improve Progression Quality .29.9 Time-Space Diagrams. .29-9 Other Graphic Displays 29-11 Potential Improvements from Phasing Optimization. 29-15 4.EFFECT OF MIDSEGMENT PARKING ACTIVITIES.9-17 5.EFFECT OF PLATOONED ARRIVALS AT A ROUNDABOUT.29-20 6.QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS BASED ON VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES.29-23 Queuing Characteristics .29.23 BOQ Assessment. 29-26 29.28
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 29 URBAN STREET FACILITIES: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION.29‐1 2. BASIC EXAMPLE PROBLEM CONFIGURATION.29‐2 3. SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DESIGN .29‐4 Deterministic STPD Tools . 29‐4 Performance Measures. 29‐5 Initial Timing Plan Design. 29‐7 Initial Timing Plan Performance . 29‐8 Adjustments to Improve Progression Quality. 29‐9 Time–Space Diagrams. 29‐9 Other Graphic Displays . 29‐11 Potential Improvements from Phasing Optimization . 29‐15 4. EFFECT OF MIDSEGMENT PARKING ACTIVITIES .29‐17 5. EFFECT OF PLATOONED ARRIVALS AT A ROUNDABOUT.29‐20 6. QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS BASED ON VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES.29‐23 Queuing Characteristics . 29‐23 BOQ Assessment . 29‐26 7. REFERENCES .29‐28
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 30 URBAN STREET SEGMENTS:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.TRAFFIC DEMAND ADJUSTMENTS. 30-1 Capacity Constraint and Volume Balance 30-1 Origin-Destination Distribution. .30-3 Spillback Check. 30-5 2.SIGNALIZED SEGMENT ANALYSIS. .30-11 Discharge Flow Profile30-11 Running Timne30-12 Projected Arrival Flow Profile 30.12 Proportion of Time Blocked30-15 3.DELAY DUE TO TURNS30-17 Delay due to Left Turns .30-17 Delay due to Right Tumns 30-22 4.QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD. 30-26 .30-26 Input Data Requirements. 30-26 30-27 Example Problem. 30-32 5.FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 30-35 Free-Flow Speed. .30-35 Average Travel Speed. 30-36 6 COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION. 30-39 Flowcharts. 30-39 Linkage Lists 30-42 7.REFERENCES. 30-45
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 30 URBAN STREET SEGMENTS: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1. TRAFFIC DEMAND ADJUSTMENTS.30‐1 Capacity Constraint and Volume Balance . 30‐1 Origin–Destination Distribution. 30‐3 Spillback Check. 30‐5 2. SIGNALIZED SEGMENT ANALYSIS.30‐11 Discharge Flow Profile. 30‐11 Running Time . 30‐12 Projected Arrival Flow Profile . 30‐12 Proportion of Time Blocked . 30‐15 3. DELAY DUE TO TURNS .30‐17 Delay due to Left Turns . 30‐17 Delay due to Right Turns . 30‐22 4. QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD.30‐26 Introduction. 30‐26 Input Data Requirements . 30‐26 Methodology. 30‐27 Example Problem. 30‐32 5. FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES.30‐35 Free‐Flow Speed . 30‐35 Average Travel Speed. 30‐36 6. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION.30‐39 Flowcharts . 30‐39 Linkage Lists . 30‐42 7. REFERENCES .30‐45
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 31 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONCEPTS. 31-1 Types of Traffic Signal Control 31-1 Intersection Traffic Movements. 31-2 Signal Phase Sequence. .31-2 Operational Modes. *4444444 31-4 Left-Turn Phase Sequence. 31-5 Traffic Flow Characteristics. 31-6 2.CAPACITY AND PHASE DURATION. 31-10 Actuated Phase Duration. .31-10 Lane Group Flow Rate on Multiple-Lane Approaches. 31-30 Pretimed Phase Duration. 31-37 Pedestrian and Bicycle adiustment Factors. .31-42 3.QUEUE ACCUMULATION POLYGON. .31-48 Introduction. 31-48 Concepts. .31-48 General Procedure. 31-49 Procedure for Selected Lane Groups. 31-51 4.QUEUE STORAGE RATIO .31-68 .31-68 Concepts. 31-68 Procedure for Selected Lane Groups31-75 5.QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD 31-83 Introduction31-83 31-83 31-84 6.FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES. 31-97 Field Measurement of Intersection Control Delay. .31-97 Field Measurement of Saturation Flow Rate 31-103
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 31 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONCEPTS.31‐1 Types of Traffic Signal Control. 31‐1 Intersection Traffic Movements. 31‐2 Signal Phase Sequence . 31‐2 Operational Modes. 31‐4 Left‐Turn Phase Sequence . 31‐5 Traffic Flow Characteristics. 31‐6 2. CAPACITY AND PHASE DURATION.31‐10 Actuated Phase Duration . 31‐10 Lane Group Flow Rate on Multiple‐Lane Approaches . 31‐30 Pretimed Phase Duration . 31‐37 Pedestrian and Bicycle Adjustment Factors. 31‐42 3. QUEUE ACCUMULATION POLYGON.31‐48 Introduction. 31‐48 Concepts . 31‐48 General Procedure. 31‐49 Procedure for Selected Lane Groups . 31‐51 4. QUEUE STORAGE RATIO.31‐68 Introduction. 31‐68 Concepts . 31‐68 Procedure for Selected Lane Groups . 31‐75 5. QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD.31‐83 Introduction. 31‐83 Input Requirements. 31‐83 Methodology. 31‐84 6. FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES.31‐97 Field Measurement of Intersection Control Delay. 31‐97 Field Measurement of Saturation Flow Rate . 31‐103
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Z.COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION. .31-109 Flowcharts. 31-109 Linkage Lists. 31-111 SIMULATION EXAMPLES. .31-117 Introduction. 31-117 Effect of Storage Bay Overflow. 31-117 Effect of Right-Turn-on-Red Operation 31-119 Effect of Short Through Lanes. 31-12 Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections .31-123 REFERENCES 31-125
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 7. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION.31‐109 Flowcharts. 31‐109 Linkage Lists. 31‐111 8. SIMULATION EXAMPLES .31‐117 Introduction. 31‐117 Effect of Storage Bay Overflow. 31‐117 Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red Operation. 31‐119 Effect of Short Through Lanes . 31‐122 Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections . 31‐123 9. REFERENCES .31‐125
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 32 STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ON TWSC POTENTIALCAPACITY.32-1 2.TWSC MOVEMENT CAPACITY ACCOUNTING FOR PEDESTRIAN EFFECTS】 32.3 Step 6:Rank 1 Movement Capacity 32-3 Step7:Rank 2Movement Capacity. .32.3 Step 8:Compute Movement Capacities for Rank 3 Movements. 32-5 Step 9:Compute Movement Capacities for Rank 4 Movements.32-6 3.TWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS. .32-7 TWSC Example Problem3:Flared Approaches and Median Storage 32.-7 TWSC Example Problem 4:TWSC Intersection Within Signalized Urban Street Segment 32-23 TWSC Example Problem 5:Six-Lane Street with U-Turns and Pedestrians .32-34 4.METHODOLOGY FOR THREE-LANE AWSC APPROACHES. 32-42 5.AWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS. 32-52 Headway Adjustment Factor Calculation Details for AWSC Example Problem 1. .32-52 AWSC Example Problem2:Multilane,Four-Leg Intersection .32-53
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 32 STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ON TWSC POTENTIAL CAPACITY.32‐1 2.TWSC MOVEMENT CAPACITY ACCOUNTING FOR PEDESTRIAN EFFECTS .32‐3 Step 6: Rank 1 Movement Capacity . 32‐3 Step 7: Rank 2 Movement Capacity . 32‐3 Step 8: Compute Movement Capacities for Rank 3 Movements. 32‐5 Step 9: Compute Movement Capacities for Rank 4 Movements. 32‐6 3.TWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS.32‐7 TWSC Example Problem 3: Flared Approaches and Median Storage . 32‐7 TWSC Example Problem 4: TWSC Intersection Within Signalized Urban Street Segment . 32‐23 TWSC Example Problem 5: Six‐Lane Street with U‐Turns and Pedestrians . 32‐34 4.METHODOLOGY FOR THREE‐LANE AWSC APPROACHES.32‐42 5.AWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS .32‐52 Headway Adjustment Factor Calculation Details for AWSC Example Problem 1. 32‐52 AWSC Example Problem 2: Multilane, Four‐Leg Intersection. 32‐53
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 33 ROUNDABOUTS:SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1.SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCE. 33-1 Variability and Uncertainty. 33-1 Lane-Use Assignment. .33-1 Capacity Model Calibration .33-3 2.REFERENCES. 33-4 Page 33-i Contents
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 CHAPTER 33 ROUNDABOUTS: SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENTS 1. SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCE .33‐1 Variability and Uncertainty. 33‐1 Lane‐Use Assignment. 33‐1 Capacity Model Calibration. 33‐3 2. REFERENCES .33‐4 Chapter 33/Roundabouts: Supplemental Page 33-i Contents December 2010