Antimicrobial Agents General Consideration Liming Zhou Department of pharmacology
Antimicrobial Agents General Consideration Liming Zhou Department of pharmacology
Contents Introduction Classification of antimicrobial drugs Special terms ■ Mechanism of action Resistance of antimicrobial agent
Contents ◼ Introduction ◼ Classification of antimicrobial drugs ◼ Special terms ◼ Mechanism of action ◼ Resistance of antimicrobial agent
Introduction Joseph Lister 1867-Father of Antisepsis. Introduced use of carbolic acid Paul Ehrlich 1908-10-first suggest using chemical compounds to treat microbial diseases Penicillium notatum inhibited the growth ofmold Alexander Fleming 1928-observed that the Staphylococcus aureus colonies-unable to purify the compound Gerhard Domagk 1935- Therapeutic value of sulfonamides against streptococcus and other organisms a Penicillin became available in quantities sufficient for clinical use in 1941
Introduction ◼ Joseph Lister 1867 - Father of Antisepsis. Introduced use of carbolic acid. ◼ Paul Ehrlich 1908-10 - first suggest using chemical compounds to treat microbial diseases． ◼ Alexander Fleming 1928 - observed that the mold Penicillium notatum inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus colonies - unable to purify the compound. ◼ Gerhard Domagk 1935 - Therapeutic value of sulfonamides against streptococcus and other organisms. ◼ Penicillin became available in quantities sufficient for clinical use in 1941
ntroduction After that, Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were discovered since then numerous classes of antimicorabial agents have been identified, and a lot of drugs are available for use today Antimicrobials are among the most commonly used drugs
Introduction ◼ After that ，Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were discovered. Since then, numerous classes of antimicorabial agents have been identified, and a lot of drugs are available for use today. ◼ Antimicrobials are among the most commonly used drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs Antibacterial bacterial drugs Antiviral drugs ● Antifungal drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs ⚫ Antibacterial bacterial drugs ⚫ Antiviral drugs ⚫ Antifungal drugs
Host atient Antimicrobial effects Infectious Drug pathogen resistance Fig. 1 The relationship of Host-Drug-Pathogen in chem otherapy
Fig.1 The relationship of Host-Drug-Pathogen in chemotherapy
Antimicrobial Therapy Selective toxicity: bacterial infections provide differences in physiology that can be targeted for therapy Cell wall Protein synthesis: Ribosome Metabolism: antifolates DNA Synthesis: topoisomerase RNA Synthesis Membrane
Antimicrobial Therapy Selective toxicity: bacterial infections provide differences in physiology that can be targeted for therapy Cell wall Protein synthesis: Ribosome Metabolism: antifolates DNA synthesis: topoisomerase RNA synthesis Membrane
Antibacterial agent(抗菌药) a Antibacterial agent can be defined as substances from microorganisms(bacteria, fungi or synthesized substance that produce bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects Antibiotics(抗生素) can be defined as substances from microorganisms(bacteria, fungi) that produce bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects
Antibacterial agent(抗菌药） ◼ Antibacterial agent can be defined as substances from microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) or synthesized substance that produce bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects. ◼ Antibiotics(抗生素） can be defined as substances from microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) that produce bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects．
Special terms Antimicrobial spectrum Antimicrobial spectrum of a drug means the species of microorganisms that the drug can inhibit or kill 1. Narrow spectrum The agents act against a single or limited group of microorganisms, for example, isoniazid is active only against mycobacteria
Special terms Antimicrobial spectrum Antimicrobial spectrum of a drug means the species of microorganisms that the drug can inhibit or kill. 1.Narrow spectrum The agents act against a single or limited group of microorganisms, for example, isoniazid is active only against mycobacteria
Special terms Broad spectrum The agent affect a wide variety of microbial species and are referred to as broad spectrum antibiotics For example, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol a Using broad spectrum antibiotics interfere the nature of the normal bacterial flora and can precipitate a superinfection of an organism
Special terms Broad spectrum ◼ The agent affect a wide variety of microbial species and are referred to as broad spectrum antibiotics. ◼ For example, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. ◼ Using broad spectrum antibiotics interfere the nature of the normal bacterial flora and can precipitate a superinfection of an organism