CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 第八讲 ●关系代词、疑问代词和疑问形容词 ●基数词与序数词 形容词(2)：第2类形容词 ●Paulus et Lucia(VII) Part1语法 一 关系代词、疑问代词和疑问形容词 I关系代词qui,quae,quod 关系代词qui,quae,quod相当于英语中的who/which/that。用于引导从句，指向前面的某 个名词或代词，即它的“先行词”。引导出的从句本身起形容词的作用，提供关于先行词的 描述性信息。 qui,quae,quod变格形式如下： sg. P以 m f 力 m n qui quae quod qui quae quae quem quam quod quos quas quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 注意：单数较复杂，但复数基本按照-us-a-um变格，中性复数主格和宾格有例外：quae 用法示例 The woman whom you are praising is talented. 主句： The woman is talented Femina est docta 从句 whom you are praising you are praising laudas whom宾格单数阴性quam 故有：Femina quam laudas est docta 基本原则：先行词决定关系代词的性、数，从句决定关系代词的格 例句：试分析下面句子中关系代词的性、数、格 (1)Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit.I admire the girl who came from Italy diligo,diligere,dilexi,dilectum 3 love,hold dear;value/esteem/favor;have special regard for, (2)Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus.The man about whom you were speaking is a dear friend. carus-a-um dear (3)Puella cui librum dat est fortunata.the girl to whom he is giving the book is fortunate
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 1 第八讲 关系代词、疑问代词和疑问形容词 基数词与序数词 形容词（2）：第 2 类形容词 Paulus et Lucia(VIII) Part1 语法 一 关系代词、疑问代词和疑问形容词 1 关系代词 qui, quae, quod 关系代词 qui, quae, quod 相当于英语中的 who/which/ that。用于引导从句，指向前面的某 个名词或代词，即它的“先行词”。引导出的从句本身起形容词的作用，提供关于先行词的 描述性信息。 qui, quae, quod 变格形式如下： sg. pl. m f. n m f n qui quae quod qui quae quae quem quam quod quos quas quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 注意：单数较复杂，但复数基本按照-us-a-um 变格，中性复数主格和宾格有例外：quae 用法示例 The woman whom you are praising is talented. 主句： The woman is talented Femina est docta 从句 whom you are praising you are praising laudas whom 宾格 单数 阴性 quam 故有：Femina quam laudas est docta 基本原则：先行词决定关系代词的性、数，从句决定关系代词的格 例句: 试分析下面句子中关系代词的性、数、格 (1) Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit. I admire the girl who came from Italy diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum 3 love, hold dear; value/esteem/favor; have special regard for; (2) Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus. The man about whom you were speaking is a dear friend. carus-a-um dear (3) Puella cui librum dat est fortunata. the girl to whom he is giving the book is fortunate
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII (4)Timeo idem periculum quod timetis.I fear the same danger which you fear. 试着翻译：爱上你所爱的恨你所恨的 想你所想的做你所做的 我看着你所看的听你说听的 梦你所梦的忘你所忘的 amare,odire,putare,facere(-io),videre,audire,sominare,dediscere 3 2疑问代词quis,quae,quid 拉丁语疑问代词quis,quid询问人或事物的身份(who,whose,whom,what,which) Quid legis? What are you reading？ Quis illum librm legit? Who is reading that book? g Pl 名 ? m f n quis/qui quae quid/quod qui quae quae quem quam quid/quod quos quas quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus (与关系代词的变格基本相同，特别是复数的变格) 3疑问形容词 拉丁语疑问形容词qui,quae,quod要求对人或事物的身份做更加具体的确认。例如： Quem librum legis which/what book are you reading Quae femina illum librum legit?Which woman is reading that book? 疑问形容词的形式与关系代词的形式完全相同。 4关系代词与疑问代词、疑问形容词的区分 关系代词RP.)引导一个从句，有一个先行词，而且不是在问问题（事实上，关系从句在 回答问题)： 疑问代词(Qp.)问的是人或事物的身份，没有先行词，经常引导一个问句。 疑问形容词(Q.a)要求对人或事物的身份作更加具体的确认，位于它所询问的名词之前， 并且在性数格上与该名词保持一致。 辨析： Ouis librum tibi dedit?Who give the book to you?Q.p.nom. Vir qui librum tibi dedit te laudavit.The man who gave you book praised you.R.p.nom. Quem librum tibi dedit?Which book did he give you?Q.a.acc. Cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit?Whose book did Cicero give to you?Q.a.gen. Vir cui Cicero librum dedit te laudavit.The man to whom Cicero gave the book praised you.R.p. dat Ouid dedit?What did he give?Q.p.acc. 2
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 2 (4) Timeo idem periculum quod timetis. I fear the same danger which you fear. 试着翻译：爱上你所爱的恨你所恨的 想你所想的做你所做的 我看着你所看的听你说听的 梦你所梦的忘你所忘的 . amare, odire, putare, facere(-io), videre, audire, sominare, dediscere 3 2 疑问代词 quis, quae, quid 拉丁语疑问代词 quis, quid 询问人或事物的身份(who, whose, whom, what, which) Quid legis? What are you reading? Quis illum librm legit? Who is reading that book? sg. pl. m f. n m f n quis/qui quae quid/quod qui quae quae quem quam quid/quod quos quas quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus (与关系代词的变格基本相同，特别是复数的变格) 3 疑问形容词 拉丁语疑问形容词 qui, quae, quod 要求对人或事物的身份做更加具体的确认。例如： Quem librum legis ? which/what book are you reading ? Quae femina illum librum legit? Which woman is reading that book? 疑问形容词的形式与关系代词的形式完全相同。 4 关系代词与疑问代词、疑问形容词的区分 关系代词(R.p.)引导一个从句，有一个先行词，而且不是在问问题（事实上，关系从句在 回答问题）； 疑问代词(Q.p.)问的是人或事物的身份，没有先行词，经常引导一个问句。 疑问形容词(Q.a.)要求对人或事物的身份作更加具体的确认，位于它所询问的名词之前， 并且在性数格上与该名词保持一致。 辨析： Quis librum tibi dedit? Who give the book to you? Q.p. nom. Vir qui librum tibi dedit te laudavit. The man who gave you book praised you. R.p.nom. Quem librum tibi dedit? Which book did he give you? Q.a. acc. Cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit? Whose book did Cicero give to you? Q.a. gen. Vir cui Cicero librum dedit te laudavit. The man to whom Cicero gave the book praised you.R.p. dat. Quid dedit? What did he give? Q.p. acc
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 二 基数词和序数词 拉丁语的数词实际上属于形容词，因为它们和形容词一样修饰名词和代词。数词分为基 数词(cardinals)和序数词(ordinals)。基数词表示数量，序数词表述顺序。例如，“unus”(one) 是基数词，“primus”(first)是序数词。 基数词描述数目多少，回答“有多少？”(quot?)问题。拉丁语的基数词只有1、2、3， 或以1、2、3结尾的数词需要变格，还有一百和一千以上的数也要变格。其它基数词永远 只有一种词形。拉丁语的所有序数词都要变格。 1基数词1、2、3 inus,na,inum,1,属于第一类变格法形容词(-us,-a,-um),但属格和与格略有不同。注意 “1”不可能有复数： dnus,-a,-um阳性 阴性 中性 单数主格 in-usūn-a ūn-um 宾格 in-umūn-amūn-um 属格 ūn-usin-sin-ius 与格 un-7 ūn-i un-7 夺格 un-6 un-a in-ō duo,duae,duo,2,混合了第一类变格法形容词和第二类变格法形容词（第3变格法）。注意 “2”不可能有单数： duo,duae,duo阳性 阴性 中性 复数主格 du-0 du-ae du-0 宾格 du-os du-as du-0 属格 du-orum du-arum du-orum 与格 du-obus du-abus du-obus 夺格 du-obus du-abus du-obus tres,tres,tria,3,属于第二类变格法形容词。注意“3”不可能有单数： tres,tres,tria阳性 阴性中性 复数主格 tr-es tr-es tr-ia 宾格 tr-es tr-es tr-ia 属格 tr-ium tr-iumtr-ium 与格 tr-ibus tr-ibus tr-ibus 夺格 tr-ibus tr-ibus tr-ibus 1-unus (m.),una(f.).,unum(n.)I 2-duo(m.),duae(f.),duo(n.) 3
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 3 二 基数词和序数词 拉丁语的数词实际上属于形容词，因为它们和形容词一样修饰名词和代词。数词分为基 数词(cardinals)和序数词(ordinals)。基数词表示数量，序数词表述顺序。例如，“unus”(one) 是基数词，“primus”(first)是序数词。 基数词描述数目多少，回答“有多少？”（quot ?）问题。拉丁语的基数词只有 1、2、3， 或以 1、2、3 结尾的数词需要变格，还有一百和一千以上的数也要变格。其它基数词永远 只有一种词形。拉丁语的所有序数词都要变格。 1 基数词 1、2、3 ūnus, ūna, ūnum，1，属于第一类变格法形容词(-us, -a, -um)，但属格和与格略有不同。注意 “1”不可能有复数： ūnus, -a, -um 阳性 阴性 中性 单数主格 ūn-us ūn-a ūn-um 宾格 ūn-um ūn-am ūn-um 属格 ūn-īus ūn-īus ūn-īus 与格 ūn-ī ūn-ī ūn-ī 夺格 ūn-ō ūn-ā ūn-ō duō, duae, duō，2，混合了第一类变格法形容词和第二类变格法形容词（第 3 变格法）。注意 “2”不可能有单数： duō, duae, duō 阳性 阴性 中性 复数主格 du-ō du-ae du-ō 宾格 du-ōs du-ās du-ō 属格 du-ōrum du-ārum du-ōrum 与格 du-ōbus du-ābus du-ōbus 夺格 du-ōbus du-ābus du-ōbus trēs, trēs, tria，3，属于第二类变格法形容词。注意“3”不可能有单数： trēs, trēs, tria 阳性 阴性 中性 复数主格 tr-ēs tr-ēs tr-ia 宾格 tr-ēs tr-ēs tr-ia 属格 tr-ium tr-ium tr-ium 与格 tr-ibus tr-ibus tr-ibus 夺格 tr-ibus tr-ibus tr-ibus 1 – unus（m.）, una(f.)., unum(n.) I 2 – duo(m.) , duae(f.), duo(n.) II
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 3-tres(m.),tres(f.),tria (n.) Ⅲ 4-quattuor V 5-quinque V 6-sex VI 7-septem VI 8-octo VIl 9-novem X 10-decem X 11-undecim (1+10) XI 12-duodecim XII 13-tredecim XIⅢ 14-quattuordecim XIV 15-quindecim XV 16-sedecim XVI 17-septendecim XVII 18-duodeviginti(20-2,注意：11中的decim是decem的音变，此处中间的de则是介词from)XVⅢ 19-undeviginti (20-1) XIX 20-viginti XX 21-viginti unus XXI 28-duodetriginta XXVIII 30-triginta XXX 40-quadraginta XXXX 50-quinquaginta L 60-sexaginta LX 70-septuaginta LXX 80-octoginta LXXX 90-nonaginta XC 100-centum 200-ducenti,ducentae,ducenta cc 300-trecenti,trecentae,trecenta ccc 400-quadrigenti,quadrigentae,quadrigenta CCCO 500-quingenti,quingentae,quingenta 0 600-sescenti,sescentae,sescenta DC 700-septingenti,septingentae,septingenta DCC 800-octingenti,octingentae,octingenta DCCC 900-nongenti,nongentae,nongenta DCCCC 1000-mille M 2000-duo milia MM
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 4 3 – tres(m.), tres(f.), tria (n.) III 4 - quattuor IV 5 - quinque V 6 - sex VI 7 - septem VII 8 - octo VIII 9 - novem IX 10 - decem X 11 - undecim (1+10) XI 12 - duodecim XII 13 - tredecim XIII 14 - quattuordecim XIV 15 - quindecim XV 16 - sedecim XVI 17 - septendecim XVII 18 – duodeviginti ( 20-2,注意：11 中的 decim 是 decem 的音变，此处中间的 de 则是介词 from) XVIII 19 - undeviginti (20-1) XIX 20 - viginti XX 21 - viginti unus XXI 28 –duodetriginta XXVIII 30 - triginta XXX 40 - quadraginta XXXX 50 - quinquaginta L 60 - sexaginta LX 70 - septuaginta LXX 80 - octoginta LXXX 90 - nonaginta XC 100 - centum C 200 - ducenti, ducentae, ducenta CC 300 - trecenti, trecentae, trecenta CCC 400 - quadrigenti, quadrigentae, quadrigenta CCCC 500 - quingenti, quingentae, quingenta D 600 - sescenti, sescentae, sescenta DC 700 - septingenti, septingentae, septingenta DCC 800 - octingenti, octingentae, octingenta DCCC 900 - nongenti, nongentae, nongenta DCCCC 1000 - mille M 2000 - duo milia MM
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 2序数词 序数词要随着它们所修饰的名词或代词变格，变格方式一律是第一类变格法。下面列出常见 的序数词： primus,.-a,-um=第一 secundus,-a,-um或alter,,altera,alterum=第二 tertius,-a,-um=第三 quartus,-a,-um=第四 quintus,,-a,-um=第五 sextus,-a,-um=第六 septimus,-a,-um=第七 octavus,-a,-um=第八 nonus,-a,-um=第九 decimus,.-a,-um=第十 undecimus,.-a,-um=第十一 vicesimus,-a,-um=第二十 vicesimus primus,.-a,-um=第二十一[注意“vicesimus”和“primus”要同时变格] centesimus,a,-um=第一百 ducentesimus,-a,-um=第二百 millesimus,-a,-um=第一千 三 形容词(2)：第2类形容词 第二类形容词也叫做“第三变格法形容词”(~ium形容词)，因为它的变格词尾与第三变 格法名词(-is)一样（单数多格不同，形容词为-i,而第3变格名词为-e)。例如，omnia nomina(all names以，nos omnes(all of us)中的omnia(n.pl),omnes(m/f.pl.)都是由omnis变 格得到的。 第二类形容词按照单数主格词尾的形式分为三种类型： (1)三尾型即单数主格的阳性、阴性、中性的词尾各不相同，如： celeber(m),celebris(①，celebre(n.)famous,celebrated著名的 acer (m). acris (f). acre(n.)sharp,acute尖锐的 以acer,acris,,acre为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格”，以阴性单数为词千： sing. pl. m./f. n. m./f 0. nom. acer,acris acr-e acr-es acr-ia acc. acrem acr-e acr-es acr-ia gen. acr-is acr-ium dat. acr-i acr-ibus abl. acr-i acr-ibus (2) 双尾型 单数主格的阳性、阴性词尾相同，中性词尾不同，如omn-is,-is,omn-e 再如： brevis(m). brevis(①，breve(n)short,brief短的
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 5 2 序数词 序数词要随着它们所修饰的名词或代词变格，变格方式一律是第一类变格法。下面列出常见 的序数词： primus, -a, -um = 第一 secundus, -a, -um 或 alter, altera, alterum = 第二 tertius, -a, -um = 第三 quartus, -a, -um = 第四 quintus, -a, -um = 第五 sextus, -a, -um = 第六 septimus, -a, -um = 第七 octavus, -a, -um = 第八 nonus, -a, -um = 第九 decimus, -a, -um = 第十 undecimus, -a, -um = 第十一 vicesimus, -a, -um = 第二十 vicesimus primus, -a, -um = 第二十一 [注意“vicesimus”和“primus”要同时变格] centesimus, -a, -um = 第一百 ducentesimus, -a, -um = 第二百 millesimus, -a, -um = 第一千 三 形容词（2）：第 2 类形容词 第二类形容词也叫做“第三变格法形容词”(-ium 形容词)，因为它的变格词尾与第三变 格法名词（-is）一样(单数多格不同，形容词为-i, 而第 3 变格名词为-e)。例如， omnia nomina( all names), nos omnes ( all of us) 中 的 omnia( n.pl), omnes(m/f. pl.)都是由 omnis 变 格得到的。 第二类形容词按照单数主格词尾的形式分为三种类型： （1） 三尾型 即单数主格的阳性、阴性、中性的词尾各不相同，如： celeber (m), celebris (f), celebre (n.) famous, celebrated 著名的 acer (m), acris (f), acre (n.) sharp, acute 尖锐的 以 acer, acris, acre 为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格”，以阴性单数为词干： sing. pl. m. / f. n. m. / f. n. nom. acer, acris acr-e acr-es acr-ia acc. acrem acr-e acr-es acr-ia gen. acr-is acr-ium dat. acr-i acr-ibus abl. acr-i acr-ibus （2） 双尾型 单数主格的阳性、阴性词尾相同，中性词尾不同，如 omn-is,-is, omn-e 再如： brevis (m), brevis (f), breve (n.) short, brief 短的
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII fortis(m.),fortis (f.) forte(n)brave勇敢的 以omnis为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格” sing. m./f n m./f n nom. omnis omn-e omn-es omn-ia acc. omn-em omn-e omn-es omn-ia gen. omn-is omn-ium dat. omn-i omn-ibus abl. omn-i omn-ibus (3) 一尾型单数主格的阳性、阴性、中性的词尾完全相同。 这样的词尾有：x(-ex,-ax,-ix,-ox),-s,-ns(-ans,-ens),-r(-ar-or),等等。例如 audax(m.),audar(f),audax(n.)audac-is(gen.),大胆的 felix felic-i(gen),幸福的 sapiens sapient--is(gen.),明智的 以sapiens,,sapient-is为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格” sing. pl. m./f. n. m./f. n. nom. sapiens sapient -e sapient -es sapient-ia acc. sapient-em sapient -e sapient -es sapient-ia gen. sapient-is sapient-ium dat. sapient-i sapient -ibus abl. sapient-i sapient -ibus 此时，单数属格词干是变格的关键。 示例： omnis amicus omnis ancila omne nomen 练习：教材85页 Part2课文Paulus et Lucia(VII) Quanti diligentiam aestimas? 'Sancti igitur,'inquit Stephanaus,'exempla nobis virtutum et pagani vitiorum monstrant. Sancti nos vitam bonam,pagani malam,docent.Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus fabulisque deorum sunt plena;sed nonne poetae deos esse falsos putaverunt?Lucretius certe in illos non credidit et originem superstitionum sic explicat: "Formido mortales continet omnes".Nunc poetarum opera magni aestimamus et in monasterii bibliotheca servamus:fabulas enim sicut allegorias tolerabimus nec damnabimus.Nos fortunatos!Nunc multos carminum libros in bibliotheca habemus. Nunc ergo ad legendum....hoc opus,hic labor est.' 'Cur tibi soli mortui poetae sunt grati,o Pater Stephane?'inquit Augustinus.'Poeta Martialis olim dicebat:"Nec laudas nisi mortuos poetas".' Hodie,o pueri,opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus:"Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem referens opera atque labores...."Quis est ille?' 'Ignoscas,Pater Stephane.' 6
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 6 fortis (m.), fortis (f.) forte (n.) brave 勇敢的 以 omnis 为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格” sing. pl. m. / f. n. m. / f. n. nom. omnis omn-e omn-es omn-ia acc. omn-em omn-e omn-es omn-ia gen. omn-is omn-ium dat. omn-i omn-ibus abl. omn-i omn-ibus （3） 一尾型 单数主格的阳性、阴性、中性的词尾完全相同。 这样的词尾有：-x( -ex, -ax, -ix, -ox), -s, -ns( -ans, -ens), -r(-ar, -or)， 等等。例如： audax (m.), audax(f.), audax(n.) audac-is (gen.), 大胆的 felix felic-is (gen.),幸福的 sapiens sapient-is (gen.),明智的 以 sapiens, sapient-is 为例，给出它的“两数”、“三性”、“五格” sing. pl. m. / f. n. m. / f. n. nom. sapiens sapient -e sapient -es sapient -ia acc. sapient-em sapient -e sapient -es sapient -ia gen. sapient -is sapient -ium dat. sapient -i sapient -ibus abl. sapient -i sapient -ibus 此时，单数属格词干是变格的关键。 示例： omnis amicus omnis ancila omne nomen 练习：教材 85 页 Part 2 课文 Paulus et Lucia(VIII) Quanti diligentiam aestimas? „Sancti igitur,‟ inquit Stephanaus, „exempla nobis virtutum et pagani vitiorum monstrant. Sancti nos vitam bonam, pagani malam, docent. Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus fabulisque deorum sunt plena; sed nonne poetae deos esse falsos putaverunt? Lucretius certe in illos non credidit et originem superstitionum sic explicat: “Formido mortales continet omnes”. Nunc poetarum opera magni aestimamus et in monasterii bibliotheca servamus: fabulas enim sicut allegorias tolerabimus nec damnabimus. Nos fortunatos! Nunc multos carminum libros in bibliotheca habemus. Nunc ergo ad legendum…. hoc opus, hic labor est.‟ „Cur tibi soli mortui poetae sunt grati, o Pater Stephane?‟ inquit Augustinus. „Poeta Martialis olim dicebat: “Nec laudas nisi mortuos poetas”.‟ „Hodie, o pueri, opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus: “Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem referens opera atque labores ....” Quis est ille?‟ „Ignoscas, Pater Stephane.‟
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 'Paule?Nunc ades?o male discipule!Cur lascive in silvis vacas ubi in bibliotheca adesse debes?Dolebis certe,o puer,et te castigabo.' Magister,erat puella in silva.' 'Ita vero.' ‘Saucia erat.' 'Saucia,puto,amore.' Ex equo cecidit,Magister.' 'Cecidit scilicet,puer.Unde?De caelo?Equus-ne in caelo volitabat?Ut poma de arboribus sic virgines de caelo cadunt?'Alii discipuli rident. Magister,vera tibi dico.' Vera?O tempora o mores!' Putas-ne studia esse nugas?Quanti diligentiam aestimas?' Magni,Pater Stephane,magni.' 'O Paule,magister non saevus sum,sed diligentiam te docebo.Vides-ne hunc Librum?' Video,Magister.' 'Hodie liber est exscribendus:etiam in noctem,si necesse est,laborabis.' Hodie?' Vocabula nova ad legendum (books)ought to be read exemplum-i [n]example,precedent lego,legere,legi,lectum 3.read explico-are-cui-tum I unfold,explain aestimamus aestimo-are-vi-tum value,consider, exsiribendus-a-um to be written out judge exscribere+-ndus形动词，见第9讲 agamus we should do.agere的虚拟式见第12讲 fabula-ae [f]story alii the other falsus-a-urn false allegoria-ae [f]allegory "formido..." 见注释6 "Aurero..." see注释9 fortunatus-a-um happy,lucky cadunt (they)fall hoc(n)...hic(m) this...this cado,cadere,cecidi,casum 3;fall drop hune (acc.sg)this cecidit (s/he)fell in illos in them certe at least,of course laborabis you will work credidit (s/he)believed/has belived labor-is [m]work credo-ere,credidi,creditum 3.believe lascive wantonly damnabimus magni much,greatly damno-arel condemn/sentence,condemnation of; mortuus-a-um dead find fault; nec and...not de [+abl.]from,about nugae-arum [pl.]trifles,nonsense dicebat (s/he)said o tempora o mores!see Unit I diligentia-ae [f]attentiveness olim once (upon a time) docent doceo docere docui doctum 2 teach origo-inis[臼origin doleo-ere hurt;feel/suffer pain paganus-i [m]pagan ergo so,therefore plenus-a-um [+abl.]filled (with)
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 7 „Paule? Nunc ades? o male discipule! Cur lascive in silvis vacas ubi in bibliotheca adesse debes? Dolebis certe, o puer, et te castigabo.‟ „Magister, erat puella in silva.‟ „Ita vero.‟ „Saucia erat.‟ „Saucia, puto, amore.‟ „Ex equo cecidit, Magister.‟ „Cecidit scilicet, puer. Unde? De caelo? Equus-ne in caelo volitabat? Ut poma de arboribus sic virgines de caelo cadunt?‟ Alii discipuli rident. „Magister, vera tibi dico.‟ „Vera? O tempora o mores!‟ Putas-ne studia esse nugas? Quanti diligentiam aestimas?‟ „Magni, Pater Stephane, magni.‟ „O Paule, magister non saevus sum, sed diligentiam te docebo. Vides-ne hunc Librum?' „Video, Magister.‟ „Hodie liber est exscribendus; etiam in noctem, si necesse est, laborabis.‟ „Hodie?‟ Vocabula nova ad legendum （books） ought to be read lego, legere, legi, lectum 3. read aestimamus aestimo-are-vi-tum value, consider, judge agamus we should do. agere 的虚拟式 见第 12 讲 alii the other allegoria-ae [f] allegory "Aurero..." see 注释 9 cadunt (they) fall cado, cadere, cecidi, casum 3; fall drop cecidit (s/he) fell certe at least, of course credidit (s/he) believed/ has belived credo-ere, credidi, creditum 3. believe damnabimus damno-are1 condemn/sentence, condemnation of; find fault; de [+abl.] from, about dicebat (s/he) said diligentia-ae [f] attentiveness docent doceo docere docui doctum 2 : teach doleo-ere hurt; feel/suffer pain ergo so, therefore exemplum-i [n] example, precedent explico-are-cui-tum 1 unfold, explain exsiribendus-a-um to be written out exscribere+ndus 形动词，见第 9 讲 fabula-ae [f] story falsus-a-urn false "formido..." 见注释 6 fortunatus-a-um happy, lucky hoc(n)... hic(m) this... this hunc （acc.sg） this in illos in them laborabis you will work labor-is [m] work lascive wantonly magni much, greatly mortuus-a-um dead nec and ...not nugae-arum [pl.] trifles, nonsense o tempora o mores! see Unit I olim once (upon a time) origo-inis [f] origin paganus-i [m] pagan plenus-a-um [+abl.] filled (with)
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII poeta-ae [m]poet studium [n]study pomum-i[n]fruit,pome tibi [dative](to)you putaverunt (they)thought tolero-are 1 endure,support puto-are-vi-tum 1.think,believe unde from where quanti how much,of whof value ut as quidem in fact vita-ae [f]life saucius-a-um wounded,smitten vitium-i[n]vice scilicet certainly,of course,one may know virtutum gen.pl.virtus-tutis 3 [f]virtue si if virtue excellence; sic thus volitabat (s/he,it)was flying sicut just as,as if volito-are-vi-tum I solus-a-um only,alone Commentari 1 Sancti igitur,'inquit Stephanaus,'exempla nobis virtutumn et pagani vitiorumt monstrant sancti (pl.) 和pagani(pl.),共用一个动词monastrant(monastrare),Sancti形容词的复数用作名词，nobis nos的与 格，exempla(n.)为两个复数属格名词virtutum,vitiorum修饰。“The saints show us examples ofvirtues,.”sas Stephen."and the pagans show us examples of vices." 2 Sancti nos vitam bonam,pagani malam,docent nos vitam宾语+宾语补足语： 3 Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus fabulisque deorum sunt plena In fact Roman songs are full of superstitions and stories of the gods;plenus-aum[+abl]filled with:deorum deus的复数属格superitionibus fabulisque abl.superitio-nis第三变格名词， 4 sed nonne poetae deos esse falsos putaverunt?but surely the poets thought the gods to be false? deos esse falsos宾格接不定式。宾语从句中的不定式为联系动词，则表语和主语同格.deos deus的宾格，falsos falsus 的宾格，puto-are-avi,think,.putaverunt过去完成时第3人称复数 5 Lucretius certe in illos non credidit et originem superstitionum sic explicat:Lucretius certainly did not believe in ihem,and he explained the origin of their superstitions thus。illos ille的宾格 Titus Lucretius Carus(ca.99 BC-ca.55 BC)was a Roman poet and philosopher.His only known work is the epic philosophical poem on Epicureanism De rerum natura,translated into English as On the Nature of Things. 6 Formido mortales continet omnes Fear controls all mortals.formido -inis fear,terror;mortalis,-is 3 human 凡人：contineo-ere2 to hold,control, formido mortalis continet omnis, Fear grips all mortal men precisely because quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur, They see so many events on the earth,in the sky. quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre Whose rational causes they cannot discern- possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur. So they suppose it's all the will of the gods. 7 Nunc poetarum opera magni aestimamus et in monasterii bibliotheca servamus Now we value the great works of the poets and we preserve them in the library of the monastery poetarum(属格)opera(宾格)aestimamus (we value)opera magni::opera,operae N(Ist)F work,care;aid;service,effort/trouble;[dare operam =pay attention to];opus,operis N(3rd)N works;magnus-a-um large/great/big/vast/huge;much; powerful;tall/long/broad;extensive/spacious;great 8 fabulas enim sicut allegorias tolerabimus nec damnabimus for we will tolerate the stories as allegories,and not condemn them tolerabimus,damnabimus动词的将来时-biug:we will 9 Nos fortunatos!宾格感叹句seep53.How lacy we are! 10 nunc ergo ad leg-endum So,now we mus1ead.ad+形动词宾格表示目的，详见第九讲 8
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 8 poeta-ae [m] poet pomum-i [n] fruit, pome putaverunt (they) thought puto-are-vi-tum 1. think, believe quanti how much, of whof value quidem in fact saucius-a-um wounded, smitten scilicet certainly, of course, one may know si if sic thus sicut just as, as if solus-a-um only, alone studium [n] study tibi [dative] (to) you tolero-are 1 endure, support unde from where ut as vita-ae [f] life vitium-i [n] vice virtutum gen.pl. virtus-tutis 3 [f] virtue virtue excellence; volitabat (s/he, it) was flying volito-are-vi-tum 1 Commentari 1 Sancti igitur,‘ inquit Stephanaus, ‗exempla nobis virtutum et pagani vitiorum monstrant 两个主语 sancti (pl.) 和 pagani(pl.), 共用一个动词 monastrant ( monastrare), Sancti 形容词的复数用作名词, nobis nos 的与 格,exempla(n.) 为两个复数属格名词 virtutum , vitiorum 修饰 。 ―The saints show us examples of virtues,” says Stephen, “and the pagans show us examples of vices.‖ 2 Sancti nos vitam bonam, pagani malam, docent nos vitam 宾语+宾语补足语； 3 Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus fabulisque deorum sunt plena In fact Roman songs are full of superstitions and stories of the gods; plenus-a um [+abl.] filled with；deorum deus 的复数属格 superitionibus fabulisque abl. superitio –nis 第三变格名词, 4 sed nonne poetae deos esse falsos putaverunt? but surely the poets thought the gods to be false？ deos esse falsos 宾格接不定式。宾语从句中的不定式为联系动词,则表语和主语同格.deos deus 的宾格，falsos falsus 的宾格，puto –are-avi, think, putaverunt 过去完成时第 3 人称复数 5 Lucretius certe in illos non credidit et originem superstitionum sic explicat：Lucretius certainly did not believe in them, and he explained the origin of their superstitions thus。 illos ille 的宾格 Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC- ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the epic philosophical poem on Epicureanism De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things. 6 Formido mortales continet omnes Fear controls all mortals. formido –inis fear, terror; mortalis,-is 3 human 凡人；contineo –ere 2 to hold, control; formido mortalis continet omnis, Fear grips all mortal men precisely because quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur, They see so many events on the earth, in the sky, quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre Whose rational causes they cannot discern - possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur. So they suppose it's all the will of the gods. 7 Nunc poetarum opera magni aestimamus et in monasterii bibliotheca servamus Now we value the great works of the poets and we preserve them in the library of the monastery poetarum(属格 ) opera（宾格）aestimamus （we value） opera magni: 注意：opera, operae N (1st) F work, care; aid; service, effort/trouble; [dare operam => pay attention to]; 或 opus, operis N (3rd) N works; magnus-a-um large/great/big/vast/huge; much; powerful; tall/long/broad; extensive/spacious; great 8 fabulas enim sicut allegorias tolerabimus nec damnabimus for we will tolerate the stories as allegories, and not condemn them tolerabimus , damnabimus 动词的将来时-bimus: we will 9 Nos fortunatos! 宾格感叹句 see p53. How lacy we are! 10 nunc ergo ad leg-endum So, now we must read... ad+形动词宾格 表示目的，详见第九讲
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 11 Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial)(March 1,between 38 and 41 AD-between 102 and 104 AD),was a Latin poet from Hispania(the Iberian Peninsula)best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103,during the reigns of the emperors Domitian,Nerva and Trajan.In these short,witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances,and romanticises his provincial upbringing.He wrote a total of 1,561,of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets.He is considered the creator of the modern epigram. 1 1 opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus opus为第三变格名词中性，nom.=acc.r recitabimus we will read 12 Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem referens opera atque labores [VIRGIL,Aeneid xi,182-3] Dawn now raised her nourishing light upon the suffering mortals and renewed their daily grind (9) Aurora nom./extulerat verb./almam lucem acc./(for)miseris mortalibus]dat./(in order to)...... 晨曦Aurora东现extulerat兮， 光lucem被almam众生miseris mortalibus 日兮复旦兮(referens) 辛勤劳作(opera labors) aurora-ae,the dawn,aurum) interea meamwhile,now; miseris miser gen.poor,miserable,wretched,unfortunate mortalibus mortalis-e dat.mortal,transient:human almam almus a um,nourishing extulerat extollo,ere 2 to raise up lucem lux-cis light referens referre的形动词（见I05-6页：现在分词v-ing)enewing refero,referre bring/carry back opera-ae pains,labour. labor-oris labour,toil Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil)(October 15,70 BCE-September 21,19 BCE)was a classical Roman poet,best known for three major works-the Eclogues(or Bucolics),the Georgics,and the Aeneid-although several mino poems are also attributed to him. "Omnia vincit amor Love conquers all (Ecl.10.69) "Arma virumque cano"I sing of arms and a man (Aen.1.1) "Urbs antiqua fuit"There was an ancient city (Aen.1.12) "Facilis descensus Averni"Easy is the descent to Hell(Aen.6.126) "Audentes fortuna iuvat"Fortune favors the bold (Aen.10.284) 13 Ignoscas ignoscas me ignosc.as 3 1 PRES ACTIVE SUB 2 S ignosco,ignoscere,ignovi,ignotus V(3rd)pardon,forgive(with DAT); 14 ades you are here;adesse be here 15 Dolebis certe You will be sorry.doleo-ere hurt:feel/suffer pain:grieve:be afficted/pained 16 et te castigabo I will punish you.castigo-are-avi-atum punish 17 Saucia erat She was wounded.saucius-a-um wounded, 18 Saucia,puto,amore She was wounded.I think,by love:amor-is amore abl. 19 Cecidit scilicet,puer She fell,did she,boy?Scilicet to be sure!(ironically )scirelicet:one may know; 20 Ut poma de arboribus sic virgines de caelo cadunt?Do girls fall from the sky like fruit from trees?Poma pomum 9
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 9 11 Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) (March 1, between 38 and 41 AD - between 102 and 104 AD), was a Latin poet from Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered the creator of the modern epigram. 11 opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus opus 为第三变格名词中性，nom.= acc. recitabimus we will read 12 Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem referens opera atque labores [VIRGIL, Aeneid xi, 182-3] Dawn now raised her nourishing light upon the suffering mortals and renewed their daily grind (见第 9 页) 正常词序 Aurora nom. /extulerat verb. /almam lucem acc./(for) miseris mortalibus] dat./(in order to)…… 晨曦 Aurora 东现 extulerat 兮， 光 lucem 被 almam 众生 miseris mortalibus 日兮复旦兮（referens） 辛勤劳作（opera labors） aurora -ae , the dawn, ( aurum) interea meanwhile, now; miseris miser gen. poor, miserable, wretched, unfortunate mortalibus mortalis-e dat. mortal, transient; human almam almus a um, nourishing extulerat extollo, ere 2 to raise up lucem lux-cis light referens referre 的形动词(见 105-6 页：现在分词 v-ing) renewing refero, referre bring/carry back opera-ae pains , labour; labor-oris labour, toil Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) (October 15, 70 BCE – September 21, 19 BCE) was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several mino poems are also attributed to him. "Omnia vincit amor " Love conquers all (Ecl.10.69) "Arma virumque cano " I sing of arms and a man (Aen.1.1) "Urbs antiqua fuit" There was an ancient city (Aen.1.12) "Facilis descensus Averni" Easy is the descent to Hell (Aen.6.126) "Audentes fortuna iuvat" Fortune favors the bold (Aen.10.284) 13 Ignoscas ignoscas me 与格 ignosc.as 3 1 PRES ACTIVE SUB 2 S ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotus V (3rd) pardon, forgive (with DAT); 14 ades you are here; adesse be here 15 Dolebis certe You will be sorry. doleo-ere hurt; feel/suffer pain; grieve; be afflicted/pained 16 et te castigabo I will punish you. castigo-are-avi-atum punish 17 Saucia erat She was wounded. saucius-a-um wounded; 18 Saucia, puto, amore She was wounded, I think, by love; amor-is amore abl. 19 Cecidit scilicet, puer She fell, did she, boy? Scilicet to be sure! (ironically ); scirelicet: one may know; 20 Ut poma de arboribus sic virgines de caelo cadunt? Do girls fall from the sky like fruit from trees? Poma pomum
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII pl.nom.virgines nom.pl.;cadunt cado cadere 3 21 vera tibi dico I tell you the truth vera verus a um,verum [n]vera pl.acc 22 O tempora o mores!What an age!What moral standards!Cicero Catilinam i 1. 23 Putas-ne studia esse nugas?Do you take studies to be trifles?Studia stadium pl.acc.nugas nugae pl.acc. 24 Quanti diligentiam aestimas?How much do you value hard work? 25 Hodie liber est exscribendus Toda)the book is to be copied out;exscribendus将来被动形动词（见86页） exscribere exscribendus 26 etiam in noctem,si necesse est,laborabis.you will also work into the night if it is necessary.Si 状语从句nox noctisf Quis philosophus esse vult? Lucia et abbatissa et episcopus prope portam monasterii stant,ubi equos raedamque exspectant.Mox abbas e monasterio venit et eis vale dicit;deinde duo famuli viatoribus equos et raedam e stabulo ducunt.Lucia tamen ipsa non equitabit quod adhuc convalescit, sed cum abbatissa in raeda sedebit.Nunc episcopus in equum ascendit et sub arbores cum raeda equitat. Interea in bibliotheca Paulus et Augustinus adhuc laborant;duos enim Stephanus iussit regulam monachorum per totum diem exscribere.Nunc Augustinus e fenestra viatores monasterium relinguentes conspexit:'Illic tua virgo monasterium relinquit. Eam-ne videre vis?' 'Num adhuc vacas,Augustine?Opus perficere debemus,'inquit Paulus. 'Scribere est lentum et difficile;"Nam vigilare leve est,pervigilare grave est",ut dicit Martialis.Ecce illa virgo:est abbati abbatissaeque amica;etiam,puto,opulenta.Et tu,Paule,scientiam an pecuniam habere vis?an amorem?' 'Sst!Nunc est scribendum.' Quis philosophus vel theologus esse vult?Ego volo divitias habere: Disputet philosophus vacuo cratere, sciat quia minus est scire quam habere. Vocabula nova amica-ae [f]girlfriend disputo-are an or divitiae-arum [pi.]riches conspexit (s/he)caught sight of ducunt (they)bring conspicio-ere,-pexi,-pectum 3/4 duco-ere 3 convalescit duos fwo convalesco-ere,convalui,convalitum 3 grow strong, eam her recover,get well/better eis to them cratera-ae a bowl is ea id deinde then exscribere to write out equito-are to ride fannulus-i [m]attendant per totum diem all day long grave serious difficile difficult illic over there,in that place,there disputet sub.let (him/her)dispute iussit (s/he)told.ordered 10
CAPITVLVM OCTAVUM CAP.VIII 10 pl. nom. virgines nom. pl.; cadunt cado cadere 3 21 vera tibi dico I tell you the truth vera verus a um, verum [n] vera pl.acc. 22 O tempora o mores! What an age! What moral standards! 语出 Cicero Catilinam i 1. 23 Putas-ne studia esse nugas? Do you take studies to be trifles? Studia stadium pl. acc. nugas nugae pl.acc. 24 Quanti diligentiam aestimas? How much do you value hard work? 25 Hodie liber est exscribendus Today the book is to be copied out; exscribendus 将来被动形动词(见 86 页) exscribere exscribendus ; 26 etiam in noctem, si necesse est, laborabis. you will also work into the night if it is necessary. Si 引导条件 状语从句 nox noctis f Quis philosophus esse vult? Lucia et abbatissa et episcopus prope portam monasterii stant, ubi equos raedamque exspectant. Mox abbas e monasterio venit et eis vale dicit; deinde duo famuli viatoribus equos et raedam e stabulo ducunt. Lucia tamen ipsa non equitabit quod adhuc convalescit, sed cum abbatissa in raeda sedebit. Nunc episcopus in equum ascendit et sub arbores cum raeda equitat. Interea in bibliotheca Paulus et Augustinus adhuc laborant; duos enim Stephanus iussit regulam monachorum per totum diem exscribere. Nunc Augustinus e fenestra viatores monasterium relinquentes conspexit: „Illic tua virgo monasterium relinquit. Eam-ne videre vis?‟ „Num adhuc vacas, Augustine? Opus perficere debemus,‟ inquit Paulus. „Scribere est lentum et difficile; “Nam vigilare leve est, pervigilare grave est”, ut dicit Martialis. Ecce illa virgo: est abbati abbatissaeque amica; etiam, puto, opulenta. Et tu, Paule, scientiam an pecuniam habere vis? an amorem?‟ „Sst! Nunc est scribendum.‟ „Quis philosophus vel theologus esse vult? Ego volo divitias habere: Disputet philosophus vacuo cratere, sciat quia minus est scire quam habere. ‟ Vocabula nova amica-ae [f] girlfriend an or conspexit (s/he) caught sight of conspicio-ere, -pexi,-pectum 3/4 convalescit convalesco-ere, convalui, convalitum 3 grow strong, recover, get well/better cratera-ae a bowl deinde then equito-are to ride per totum diem all day long difficile difficult disputet sub. let (him/her) dispute disputo-are divitiae-arum [pi.] riches ducunt (they) bring duco –ere 3 duos fwo eam her eis to them is ea id exscribere to write out fannulus-i [m] attendant grave serious illic over there, in that place, there iussit (s/he) told, ordered