第三讲 CAPITVLVM TERTIVM ● 第3变格法名词 第3变位法动词 ● 介词 ● 课文Paulus and Lucia(III) Part 1 语法 一第3变格法名词 1凡单数属格的格尾是-s,此类名词属于第3变格法名词 例词：rex reg[m.king; homo hominis [m].man; virtus virtutis [f.virtue: corpus corporis [n].body mare marisn sea 2变格示例 nom.rex virtus homo corpus mare acc. reg-em virtut-em homin-em corpus mare sg.gen reg-is virtut-is homin-is corpor-is mar-is dat reg-i virtut-i homin-i corpor-i mar-i abl. reg-e virtut-e homin-e corpor-e mar-i nom.reg-es virtut-es homin-es corpor-a mar-ia acc. reg-es virtut-es homin-es corpor-a mar-ia pl. gen. reg-um virtut-um homin-um corpor-um mar-ium dat. reg-ibus virtut-ibus homin-ibus corpor-ibus mar-ibus abl reg-ibus virtut-ibus homin-ibus corpor-ibus mar-ibus 3第3变格法名词的特点 (1)三性(mfn)例：pater(m),mater((),os(m) (2)多尾：-er,-or,-0s,-0,-x,ex,-s,-is,-en,零尾(sol,leo,vox) (3)异“干”：单数主格与单数属格的词干不同！ 如：pater part-is,osor-is,leo leon-is (4)例外vis,vis force vis vim vis vi viresvires virium viribus viribus 「如何判断第3变格名词的性别呢？一个简单的不完全归纳是： s-o-x=female(单数主格以s或o或x结尾的词大都是阴性，例外：us结尾的第三格名词
第三讲 CAPITVLVM TERTIVM 第 3 变格法名词 第 3 变位法动词 介词 课文 Paulus and Lucia (III) Part 1 语法 一 第 3 变格法名词 1 凡单数属格的格尾是-is, 此类名词属于第 3 变格法名词 例词: rex regis [m]. king; homo hominis [m]. man; virtus virtutis [f]. virtue; corpus corporis [n]. body mare maris[n] sea 2 变格示例 nom. rex virtus homo corpus mare acc. reg-em virtut-em homin-em corpus mare sg. gen. reg-is virtut-is homin-is corpor-is mar-is dat. reg-i virtut-i homin-i corpor-i mar-i abl. reg-e virtut-e homin-e corpor-e mar-i nom. reg-es virtut-es homin-es corpor-a mar-ia acc. reg-es virtut-es homin-es corpor-a mar-ia pl. gen. reg-um virtut-um homin-um corpor-um mar-ium dat. reg-ibus virtut-ibus homin-ibus corpor-ibus mar-ibus abl. reg-ibus virtut-ibus homin-ibus corpor-ibus mar-ibus 3 第 3 变格法名词的特点 （1）三性（m ,f, n） 例： pater (m)， mater(f)， os (n) （2）多尾：-er, -or, -os, -o, -x, -ex, -s, -is, -en，零尾(sol, leo, vox) （3）异“干”：单数主格与单数属格的词干不同！ 如：pater part-is; os or-is; leo leon-is (4) 例外 vis, vis force vis vim vis vi vi vires vires virium viribus viribus [如何判断第 3 变格名词的性别呢？一个简单的不完全归纳是： s-o-x = female （单数主格以 s 或 o 或 x 结尾的词大都是阴性，例外：us 结尾的第三格名词
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 为中性)；er-ror=male;l-a-n-c-e-t=neuter 当然，最好的方法还是着意记一下第三格的性别，因为以上的归纳很不完全。] 4补充：第3变格法名词的复数属格可以分为两类A类-um,B类 -ium A类：pl.gen.:-m一特征：单数主格与属格音节不等！ (1).阳性与阴性名词 Example: sol solis sun leo leonis leon;vox vocis voice so. pl. sg. pl g pl sol soles leo leones VOX voces solem soles leonem leones vocem voces solis solum leonis leonum vocis soli solibus leoni leonibus VOCI vocibus sole solibus leone leonibus voce vocibus [1]nom.-or gen.-oris: pastor pastoris m.shepherd [2]nom.-os gen.-oris:flos floris m.flower [3]nom.-o gen.-inis:virgo virginis f.,homo hominis m. [4]nom.-x gen.-gis:lex legis f.law,rex regis m. [5]nom.-ex gen.-icis:iudex iudicis m.judge 6 nom.-s gen.-tis:miles militis m.soldier;foot soldier [7]nom.-s gen.-dis:laus laudis fpraise pes pedis m.foot [8]nom.-er gen.-ris:parter partris m.mater matris f.(例外！） (2).中性名词 Exemle:os,oris mouth,corpus corporis body:opus operis work;nomen nominis name oS ora corpus corpora opus opera nomen nomina oS ora corpus corpora opus opera nomen nominis oris orum corporis corporum operis operum nominis nominum ori oribus corpori corporibus operi operibus nomini nominibus ore oribus corpore corporibus opere operibus nimine niminibus B类：pl.gen:-im (1).阳性与阴性名词特征：单数主格与属格音节相等！ Exempla:navis-is f.bird;urbs-is f.city,mons-tis m mountain. navis naves urbs urbes mons montes novem naves urbem urbes montemn montes navis navium urbis urbium montis montium navi navibus urbi urbibus monti montibus nave navibus urbe urbibus monte montibus (2).中性名词Exempla:mare,-is sea; animal -is animal mare maria animal animalia mare maria animal animalia maris marium animalis animalium mari maribus animali animalibus mari maribus animali animalibus 2
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 2 为中性）; er-r-or = male; l-a-n-c-e-t = neuter 当然，最好的方法还是着意记一下第三格的性别，因为以上的归纳很不完全。] 4 补充：第 3 变格法名词的复数属格可以分为两类 A 类 -um, B 类 -ium A 类：pl. gen.：-um—特征: 单数主格与属格音节不等! (1). 阳性与阴性名词 Example : sol solis sun ; leo leonis leon ; vox vocis voice sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl. sol soles leo leones vox voces solem soles leonem leones vocem voces solis solum leonis leonum vocis vocum soli solibus leoni leonibus voci vocibus sole solibus leone leonibus voce vocibus [1] nom. –or gen. –oris: pastor pastoris m. shepherd [2] nom. –os gen. –oris: flos floris m. flower [3] nom. –o gen. –inis: virgo virginis f., homo hominis m. [4] nom. –x gen. –gis: lex legis f. law, rex regis m. [5] nom. –ex gen. –icis: iudex iudicis m. judge [6] nom. –s gen. –tis: miles militis m. soldier, foot soldier [7] nom. –s gen. –dis: laus laudis f.praise pes pedis m.foot [8] nom. –er gen. –ris: parter partris m. mater matris f. (例外！) (2). 中性名词 Exemle: os, oris mouth, corpus corporis body; opus operis work; nomen nominis name os ora corpus corpora opus opera nomen nomina os ora corpus corpora opus opera nomen nominis oris orum corporis corporum operis operum nominis nominum ori oribus corpori corporibus operi operibus nomini nominibus ore oribus corpore corporibus opere operibus nimine niminibus B 类：pl. gen. : -ium (1). 阳性与阴性名词 特征: 单数主格与属格音节相等! Exempla: navis -is f. bird; urbs -is f. city; mons –tis m mountain. navis naves urbs urbes mons montes novem naves urbem urbes montem montes navis navium urbis urbium montis montium navi navibus urbi urbibus monti montibus nave navibus urbe urbibus monte montibus (2). 中性名词 Exempla: mare, -is sea ; animal –is animal mare maria animal animalia mare maria animal animalia maris marium animalis animalium mari maribus animali animalibus mari maribus animali animalibus
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 说明：B类即《Wheelock拉丁语教程》所称第三变格法的“i-词干名词”(p86) 5格尾变化总结表 nom. acc. gen dat abl. m/f sg. em is i e pl es es um/-ium ibus ibus n sg. is i el-i pl. al-ia a/-ia un/-ium ibus ibus 二第3变位法动词 1第3变位法动词 此类动词的现在时不定式词尾是-ere,但去掉-re后，词干元音是短音-e,不重读。如下 列不定式： agere ago,agere,egi,actum to do,lead,drive,perform) dicere dico,dicere,dixi,dictum (to say,declare,state) ducere duco,ducere,duxi,ductum (to lead,command;think,consider) scribere scribo,scribere,scripsi,scriptum (to write:compose) discere disco,discere,didici,discitum(to learn;hear,get to know) 前课与本课的第3变位法动词 emit emo-ere,emi,emptum 3 buy gemit gemo-ere,gemui,gemtum 3 groan mittit mitto-ere,misi,missum 3 send cadit cado-ere,cecidi,caesum 3 fall currit curro-ere,cucurri,cursum 3 run bibere bibo-ere,bibi-bibitum 3drink 2第3变位法动词的现在时、将来时、未完成时 下面以age-e为例，给出现在时、将来时、未完成时的变位示例 现在时：agere age-, ago,agis,agit, agimus, agitis, agunt 第3变位法动词时态变化的复杂之处是，变位时词干元音发生变化！e变为ⅰ，但是： 单数第1人称音变io变为o,复数第3人称时e变为u.其它四种为-i,可用OU来记忆。 (注意：non vitae sed scholae discimus中discimus为第3变位动词第I人称复数we learng…) 比较第二变位法动词mone6,monere moneo,mones,moner, monemus,monetis, monent
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 3 说明：B 类即《Wheelock 拉丁语教程》所称第三变格法的“i-词干名词”（p86） 5 格尾变化总结表 nom. acc. gen. dat. abl. m/f. sg. -- em is i e pl. es es um/-ium ibus ibus n sg. -- -- is i e/-i pl. a/-ia a/-ia um/-ium ibus ibus 二 第 3 变位法动词 1 第 3 变位法动词 此类动词的现在时不定式词尾是-ere，但去掉-re 后，词干元音是短音-e, 不重读。如下 列不定式： agere ago, agere, egi, actum ( to do, lead, drive, perform) dicere dico, dicere, dixi, dictum (to say, declare, state) ducere duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (to lead, command; think, consider) scribere scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum (to write; compose) discere disco, discere, didici, discitum(to learn; hear, get to know) 前课与本课的第 3 变位法动词 emit emo–ere, emi, emptum 3 buy gemit gemo–ere, gemui, gemtum 3 groan mittit mitto–ere, misi , missum 3 send cadit cado-ere, cecidi, caesum 3 fall currit curro–ere, cucurri, cursum 3 run bibere bibo–ere, bibi-bibitum 3 drink 2 第 3 变位法动词的现在时、将来时、未完成时 下面以 age-re 为例，给出现在时、将来时、未完成时的变位示例 现在时：agere age-, ago, agis, agit; agimus, agitis, agunt 第 3 变位法动词时态变化的复杂之处是，变位时词干元音发生变化！ e 变为 i ，但是： 单数第 1 人称音变 io 变为 o, 复数第 3 人称时 e 变为 u. 其它四种为-i , 可用 OIU 来记忆。 ( 注意：non vitae sed scholae discimus 中 discimus 为第 3 变位动词第 1 人称复数 we learng„„) 比较第二变位法动词 moneō, monēre moneo, mones, monet; monemus, monetis, monent
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 其他三个动词的变位 dicere dice-: dico dicis dicit. dicimus dicitis dicunt ducere duce-: duco docis ducit: ducimus ducitis ducunt scribere scribe-:scribo scribis scribit. scribimus scribitis scribunt 将来时：词尾am es et; emus etis ent agam, ages,aget, agemus, agetis, agent 注意：将来时特征bi消失，单数第一人称为-a,其他变为-e。 未完成时：词尾ebam ebas ebat; ebamus ebatis ebant agebam, agebas,agebat, agebamus, agebatis, agebant 注意：未完成时的“-ba-系统”。 变位表归纳如下： 现在时 将来时 未完成时 ag-o ag-am ag-ebam sg. ag-is ag-es ag-ebas ag-it ag-et ag-ebat ag-imus ag-emus ag-ebamus pl. ag-itis ag-etis ag-ebatis ag-unt ag-ent ag-ebant 3第3变位法动词的命令式 命令式：单数-eAge!;复数-ite.Agite! 但是有几个例外：ducere duc, dicere dic:facere fac: fer ferre 三介词 1夺格介词cum,in,ab/a,exe cum:wih,但有时不加cum,直接用名词夺格。如课文中： Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt. The sacks are heavy [with wine and eggs and oil and perfume]. in:in,on abl a:from,by exl e:out of,away from,off 注意：当ab,ex用于辅音单词之前，可以简略为a,e. 如：a monasterio absunt;e via declinat 表示人、物从一处运动到另一处：ab/de/er+abl(ab:away from,/de:down from,/ex:out of) Graeci a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.the Greeks sailed from their own country to
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 4 其他三个动词的变位 dicere dice-： dico dicis dicit; dicimus dicitis dicunt ducere duce-: duco docis ducit; ducimus ducitis ducunt scribere scribe-: scribo scribis scribit; scribimus scribitis scribunt 将来时：词尾 am es et； emus etis ent agam, ages, aget; agemus, agetis, agent 注意：将来时特征 bi 消失，单数第一人称为-a, 其他变为-e。 未完成时： 词尾 ebam ebas ebat; ebamus ebatis ebant agebam, agebas, agebat; agebamus, agebatis, agebant 注意：未完成时的“-ba-系统”。 变位表归纳如下： 现在时 将来时 未完成时 ag-o ag-am ag-ebam sg. ag-is ag-es ag-ebas ag-it ag-et ag-ebat ag-imus ag-emus ag-ebamus pl. ag-itis ag-etis ag-ebatis ag-unt ag-ent ag-ebant 3 第 3 变位法动词的命令式 命令式：单数-e Age! ；复数-ite. Agite! 但是有几个例外： ducere duc; dicere dic; facere fac; fer ferre 三 介词 1 夺格介词 cum, in, ab/a, ex/e cum: with，但有时不加 cum,直接用名词夺格。如课文中： Sarcinae |vino et ovis et oleo et unguento| onerosae sunt. The sacks are heavy [with wine and eggs and oil and perfume]. in: in, on ab/ a: from, by ex/ e: out of, away from, off 注意：当 ab, ex 用于辅音单词之前，可以简略为 a, e. 如：a monasterio absunt ; e via declinat 表示人、物从一处运动到另一处：ab/de/ex +abl ( ab: away from,/de: down from,/ex: out of) Graeci a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt. the Greeks sailed from their own country to
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III Italy. (注意：a=ab当ab在辅音之前，b可省略) Flumen de montibus in mare fluxit.the river flowed down from the mountains into the sea Multi ex agris in urbem venient.Many man will come from country into the city. Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.Cicero sent the enemy away form the city. 2 宾格介词per,in,ad per:through,by way of in:into,on to ad:to,towards 课文中的例句 Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt. Part2课文Paulus et Lucia(II) Sarcinae onerosae Paulus et Benedictus monachi sunt.Benedictus presbyter est,et cum ancillis in culina laborat.Paulus non presbyter sed discipulus est.In culina et in bibliotheca et in agris laborat.Benedictus,ubi cibum vinumque desiderat,Paulum ad oppidum mittit.Hodie igitur Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt.Ager et monasterium longe absunt.Sarcinae sunt onerosae.Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt,Mulus gemit.Unguenta et cibum et vinum semper Benedictus desiderat sed semper mulus portat. Question and answer Paulus-ne presbyter est Ubi ancillis laborant Ubi Paulus labotat Cur sarcinar onerosae sunt? Quid Benedictus semper desiderat Vocabula nova absunt absent ab+esse ancilla-ae maid bibliotheca-ae library:biblio+theca culina-ae kitchen:Eng.culinary;culinary arts gemit groans:gemo-ere-ui-tum 3 groan hodie adv.today:Eng.hodienal mittit sends;mitto-ere-isi-issum 3 onerosae adj-us-a-um heavy:Eng.onerous:burdensome reveni-unt (they)come back:revenio-ire 4 Eng.revenant:one who returns after death semper ahays
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 5 Italy. (注意： a=ab 当 ab 在辅音之前，b 可省略) Flumen de montibus in mare fluxit. the river flowed down from the mountains into the sea. Multi ex agris in urbem venient. Many man will come from country into the city. Cicero hostes ab urbe misit. Cicero sent the enemy away form the city. 2 宾格介词 per, in, ad per: through, by way of in: into, on to ad: to, towards 课文中的例句 Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt. Part 2 课文 Paulus et Lucia (III) Sarcinae onerosae Paulus et Benedictus monachi sunt. Benedictus presbyter est, et cum ancillis in culina laborat. Paulus non presbyter sed discipulus est. In culina et in bibliotheca et in agris laborat. Benedictus, ubi cibum vinumque desiderat, Paulum ad oppidum mittit. Hodie igitur Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt. Ager et monasterium longe absunt. Sarcinae sunt onerosae. Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt, Mulus gemit. Unguenta et cibum et vinum semper Benedictus desiderat sed semper mulus portat. Question and answer : Paulus-ne presbyter est ? Ubi ancillis laborant ? Ubi Paulus labotat ? Cur sarcinar onerosae sunt? Quid Benedictus semper desiderat ? Vocabula nova absunt absent ab+esse ancilla-ae maid bibliotheca-ae library; biblio+theca culina-ae kitchen; Eng. culinary; culinary arts gemit groans; gemo –ere –ui-tum 3 groan hodie adv. today; Eng. hodienal mittit sends; mitto –ere –isi –issum 3 onerosae adj –us-a-um heavy; Eng. onerous: burdensome reveni-unt （they）come back; revenio-ire 4 Eng. revenant: one who returns after death semper always
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III semper fidelis永远忠诚（美海军陆战队箴言）fidelis(a.,ism.>fidelity:loyalty to an oath semper paratus时刻准备着（美海岸警备队箴言）paratus(a;usm.>preparation,.paro 1 prepare Commentarii 1.bibliotheca library..Bibliography文献学，参考书目 2.Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt..注意句子中ex+abl.-per+acc. ad +acc.......:from......through(across)......to...... 3.mittit mitto mittere,gemit gemo gemere:第3变位法动词 4.per in ad +acc cum in a(b)e(x)+abl. 6.Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt. vino et ovis et oleo et unguento原因夺格，省略 了cum.The sacks are heavy with wine and eggs and oil and perfume.注意：unguentum:perfume,.unguent(药 膏、软膏)：unguere:涂抹油(to anoint) Monachus in cucullo (a hooded monk) Paulus et mulus longe a monasterio absunt.Neque silvam neque sarcinas amat mulus. “Io!”clamat Paulus..Mulus non ambulat. Subito equum Paulus et mulus audiunt.Deinde equum vident.Celeriter equus per viam ad Paulum mulumque venit.In equo est monachus in cucullo.Equus est territus.Equus Paulum mulumque videt et subio e via declinat.Monachus ex equo in terram cadit et equus celeriter in silivam abit.Monachus in terra iacet. Question and answer: Num mulus silvam et sarcinas amat? Quid Paulus et mulus audiunt? Quis in equo est? Ubi monachus iacet? Vocabula nova abit s/he departs:abeo ab+eo ab:from;eo-ire-ii-itum irreg.go audiunt (they)hear:audio-ire-ivi-itum 4 hear:Eng.audible,audience,audile,audio,audiology,audition cadit falls cado-ere-cecidi,.caesum3;Eng.caducity:[植]暂时性衰老：早落（性），脱落性：caducous a. <caducus celeriter adv.quickly clamat clamao-are-avi-tum1shot:Eng.clamor:吵闹，喧嚷 cucullus--ihood,.Eng.cuculla套头罩衫，兜帽状的 declinat declino-areI:swerve;Eng.declination,倾斜，偏斜，偏角：decline iacet iaceo-ere,iacui-iacitum 2 lie terra--ae ground,Eng.terrain地形，地带，terrestrial地球的，陆地的 venit venio-ire-veni,ventum 4 come via-ae road;Eng.via.Via Lactea[天]银河；via media中间道路 videt video-ere-vidi,visum 2:see oleum-ioil;Eng.oleic油的，油酸的：oleiferous产油的，油性的， ovum-iegg:Eng.ovular卵子的ovulate排卵 6
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 6 semper fidelis 永远忠诚（美海军陆战队箴言） fidelis (a.;is m.)> fidelity: loyalty to an oath semper paratus 时刻准备着（美海岸警备队箴言） paratus(a.; us m.)>preparation, paro 1 prepare Commentarii 1. bibliotheca library. Bibliography 文献学，参考书目 2. Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterrium reveniunt. 注意句子中 ex+abl.…… per+acc.…… ad +acc.……: from……through(across)……to…… 3. mittit mitto mittere; gemit gemo gemere；第 3 变位法动词 4. per in ad +acc cum in a(b) e(x) + abl. 6. Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt. vino et ovis et oleo et unguento 原因夺格，省略 了 cum. The sacks are heavy with wine and eggs and oil and perfume. 注意：unguentum: perfume; unguent (药 膏、软膏)； unguere: 涂抹油（to anoint） Monachus in cucullo (a hooded monk) Paulus et mulus longe a monasterio absunt. Neque silvam neque sarcinas amat mulus. “ Io!” clamat Paulus. Mulus non ambulat. Subito equum Paulus et mulus audiunt. Deinde equum vident. Celeriter equus per viam ad Paulum mulumque venit. In equo est monachus in cucullo. Equus est territus. Equus Paulum mulumque videt et subio e via declinat. Monachus ex equo in terram cadit et equus celeriter in silivam abit. Monachus in terra iacet. Question and answer: Num mulus silvam et sarcinas amat? Quid Paulus et mulus audiunt? Quis in equo est? Ubi monachus iacet? Vocabula nova abit s/he departs; abeo ab+eo ab: from; eo –ire –ii –itum irreg. go audiunt (they) hear; audio –ire –ivi –itum 4 hear; Eng. audible, audience, audile, audio, audiology, audition cadit falls cado-ere-cecidi, caesum 3 ; Eng. caducity: [植]暂时性衰老；早落（性），脱落性；caducous a. <caducus celeriter adv. quickly clamat clamao –are –avi-tum 1 shout; Eng. clamor: 吵闹，喧嚷 cucullus-i hood; Eng. cuculla 套头罩衫，兜帽状的 declinat declino –are 1: swerve; Eng. declination, 倾斜，偏斜，偏角； decline iacet iaceo –ere , iacui-iacitum 2 lie terra-ae ground; Eng. terrain 地形，地带，terrestrial 地球的，陆地的 venit venio –ire –veni, ventum 4 come via-ae road; Eng. via. Via Lactea [天]银河; via media 中间道路 videt video –ere-vidi, visum 2: see oleum-i oil ;Eng. oleic 油的，油酸的；oleiferous 产油的， 油性的， ovum-i egg; Eng. ovular 卵子的 ovulate 排卵
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III unguntum-iperfume;Eng.unguent药膏，软膏，油膏，润滑油 Commentarii 1.ex equo(abl.)in terram(acc.)from......to..... 2.ab-sum fui esse irreg.Be away absent 3.audiunt aud-io i-re i-vi i-tum 4 hear 4.vident venit ven-io -ire-i ventum 4 come 5.videt vi-deo dere vidi visum 2 see 6.cadit cad0-ere,cecidi casum 3 fall 7.abit s/he departs abeo-ire-ii-itum:go away.irreg. 8.ccucullus hood,cucullo in hood 记住三个时间副词hodie(today),cras(yesterday),heri(tomorrow),以操练动词的 现在时、未完成时和将来时： 例 Quid agis hodie?(ambulare,recitare,scribere,iacere,portare) Ouid agebas cras? Quid ages heri? Proverb cucullus non facit monachum (facio,facere,feci,factum 3/4 make) veni,vidi,vici(Ceasa;venio,venire,veni,ventum 4 come;video,videre,vidi,visum 2 see; vinco,vincere,vici,victum 3 conquer)
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM CAP.III 7 unguntum-i perfume; Eng. unguent 药膏，软膏，油膏，润滑油 Commentarii 1. ex equo(abl.) in terram(acc.) from……to…… 2. ab-sum fui esse irreg. Be away absent 3. audiunt aud-io i-re i-vi i-tum 4 hear 4. vident venit ven-io -ire -i ventum 4 come 5. videt vi-deo dere vidi visum 2 see 6. cadit cad0-ere, cecidi casum 3 fall 7. abit s/he departs abeo –ire –ii –itum: go away. irreg. 8. ccucullus hood, cucullo in hood 记住三个时间副词 hodie(today), cras(yesterday) , heri(tomorrow) ，以操练动词的 现在时、未完成时和将来时； 例 Quid agis hodie? ( ambulare, recitare, scribere, iacere, portare) Quid agebas cras? Quid ages heri? Proverb cucullus non facit monachum (facio, facere, feci, factum 3/4 make) veni, vidi, vici( Ceasa; venio,venire,veni, ventum 4 come; video, videre,vidi, visum 2 see; vinco, vincere, vici, victum 3 conquer)