CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI 第十六讲 ● ut-从句和ne-从句 ● cum从句 形容词(5)：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 ● 课文Paulus and Lucia(XWI) Part 1语法 一ut-从句和ne-从句 ut-从句(ne-从句为否定从句)中动词如果是“直陈式”，则表示时间(as,when), 如果用“虚拟式”则表示“愿望”(wish)或“目的”(intention)。 ut+直陈式 Credo ut intellegam.I believe so that I may understand. Ut nobis credat!If only he's believe us! Ut taceas!If only you'd be quiet! Cave ne audiant.Careful lest they hear. Ne silvam timeas.Do not be afraid of the wood. 拉丁语常用ut引出虚拟从句来表示目的，或者由ne引出表示否定性的目的。 现在时目的从句常用助动词may来翻译；如果目的从句的主语和主句主语一致， 往往用不定式来翻译。 Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet.(juvo,juvare 1 help) He says this to help them in order to help them that he may help them so that he may help them /in order that he may help them 前两种口语化，其余三种更为正式。 课文第2部分有“Ut vis,.Magister”,意即：May you wish,Sir! 示例 Discedit ne id audiat. He leaves in order not to hear this/so that he may not hear this. Cum cura docet ut disciple bene discant. He teaches with care so that his students may learn well. Hoc facit ne capiatur. He does this in order not to be captured
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI 第十六讲 ut-从句和 ne-从句 cum-从句 形容词（5）：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 课文 Paulus and Lucia (XVI) Part 1 语法 一 ut-从句 和 ne-从句 ut-从句(ne-从句为否定从句)中动词如果是“直陈式”，则表示时间（as, when）， 如果用“虚拟式”则表示“愿望”(wish)或“目的”（intention）。 ut+直陈式 Credo ut intellegam. I believe so that I may understand. Ut nobis credat! If only he’s believe us! Ut taceas! If only you’d be quiet! Cave ne audiant. Careful lest they hear. Ne silvam timeas. Do not be afraid of the wood. 拉丁语常用ut引出虚拟从句来表示目的，或者由ne 引出表示否定性的目的。 现在时目的从句常用助动词 may 来翻译；如果目的从句的主语和主句主语一致， 往往用不定式来翻译。 Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet. ( juvo, juvare 1 help) He says this to help them / in order to help them / that he may help them / so that he may help them /in order that he may help them 前两种口语化，其余三种更为正式。 课文第 2 部分有“Ut vis, Magister”，意即：May you wish, Sir！ 示例 Discedit ne id audiat. He leaves in order not to hear this/ so that he may not hear this. Cum cura docet ut disciple bene discant. He teaches with care so that his students may learn well. Hoc facit ne capiatur. He does this in order not to be captured
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Libros legimus ut multa discamus. We read books to learn many things. Bonos libros nobis dent ne malos legamus. Let them give us good books so that we not read bad ones. 结果从句与目的从句的区分比较 结果从句的标志是以t开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词(ita,tam,sic, so)或者形容词(tantus,so much,so great)表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。 若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如non,nihil,.nemo,numquam或nallus(而目的 从句的否定则以ne引导)。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，(may或might仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结 果时采用)。 Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句 Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. He did these things that he might save the city..(目的从旬 Tam strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things..(结果从旬 Strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从旬 Hoc tanta benevolentia dixit ut eos non offenderet He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从) Hoc magna benevolentia dixit ne eos offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.( Saltus erat angustus,ut paucT GraecT multos milites prohibere possent. The pass was narrow,so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers. 句) (在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如ita或a,然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结 果从句) 二Cum从句 cum作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时cum也可作连词，意为“当..时when, 自从since,虽然although”引导关系从句。 有些时候cum引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。 这种从句被称为cum temporal clauses”。cum在引导时间从句时翻译为当..时 (when)或正当...时(while);tum有时候会出现在主句中，cum.tum在一 起则翻译为not only.but also不仅.…而且： cum eum videbis,eum cognosces. When you (will)see him,you will recognize him. cum vincimus,tum pacem speras. When/while we are winning,you are (at the same time)hoping for peace
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Libros legimus ut multa discamus. We read books to learn many things. Bonos libros nobis dent ne malos legamus. Let them give us good books so that we not read bad ones. 结果从句与目的从句的区分比较 结果从句的标志是以 ut 开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词（ita, tam, sīc, so）或者形容词（tantus, so much, so great）表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。 若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如 nōn, nihil, nēmō, numquam 或 nūllus（而目的 从句的否定则以 nē 引导）。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，（may 或 might 仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结 果时采用）。 Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句) Haec fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did these things that he might save the city.(目的从句) Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句) Strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从句) Hoc tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet. He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从句) Hoc magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.(目的从句) Saltus erat angustus, ut paucī Graecī multōs mīlitēs prohibēre possent. The pass was narrow, so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从 句) （在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如 ita 或 tam，然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结 果从句） 二 Cum 从句 cum 作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时 cum 也可作连词，意为“当……时 when, 自从 since，虽然 although”引导关系从句。 有些时候 cum 引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。 这种从句被称为“cum temporal clauses”。cum 在引导时间从句时翻译为当……时 （when）或正当……时（while）；tum 有时候会出现在主句中，cum...tum 在一 起则翻译为 not only...but also 不仅……而且： cum eum vidēbis, eum cognōscēs. When you (will) see him, you will recognize him. cum vincimus, tum pācem spērās. When/while we are winning, you are (at the same time) hoping for peace
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Cum ad illum locum venerant,tum amicos contulerant. When they had come to that place,they had brought their friends. OR:Not only had they come to that place,but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是cum从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境 (而非确切时间)（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”),或解释主句动作行为 的原因（被称为“cum causal”),或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件(“cum adversative”): cum hoc fecisset,ad te fugit.(circumstantial) cum hoc sciret,potuit eos iuvare.(causal) cum hoc sciret,tamen milites misit.(adversative) cum Gaium diligeremus,non poteramus eum iuvare.(adversative) 注意：当cum后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格(abl)时，cum应翻译为with。 本课中的例子 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet Ille autem cum Danis erat.Danis abl.cum with ut vis Interea Paulus,cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset,ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit,ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur虚拟式未完成时被动态 cum per monasterium solus ambularet cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet Ut in schola remansisses虚拟式过去完成时 三形容词（⑤）：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 1两组具有特殊形式形容词的最高级 (l)六个以-lis结尾的形容词通过给词根加上--limus,-lima,-limum构成最高级 (仅限于以下六个，其余以-lis结尾的形容词为规则变化，如fidelissimus, itilissimus等。）) 原级 比较级 最高级 facilis-e简单的 facilior -ius facillimus -a-um difficilis-e困难的 difficilior-ius difficillimus-a-um similis-e相似的 similior-ius simillimus-a-um dissimilis不相似的 dissimilior-ius dissimillimus -a -um gracilis瘦的，修长的 gracilior-ius gracillimus-a-um humilis低贱的，卑微的 humilior-ius humillimus -a-um
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Cum ad illum locum vēnerant, tum amīcōs contulerant. When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends. OR: Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是 cum 从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境 （而非确切时间）（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”），或解释主句动作行为 的原因（被称为“cum causal”），或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件（“cum adversative”）： cum hoc fēcisset, ad tē fūgit. (circumstantial) cum hoc scīret, potuit eōs iuvāre. (causal) cum hoc scīret, tamen mīlitēs mīsit. (adversative) cum Gāium dīligerēmus, nōn poterāmus eum iuvāre. (adversative) 注意：当 cum 后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格（abl）时，cum 应翻译为 with。 本课中的例子 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet Ille autem cum Danis erat. Danis abl. cum with ut vis Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset, ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur 虚拟式未完成时被动态 cum per monasterium solus ambularet cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet Ut in schola remansisses 虚拟式过去完成时 三 形容词(5): 特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 1 两组具有特殊形式形容词的最高级 ( 1) 六个以-lis 结尾的形容词通过给词根加上-limus, -lima, -limum 构成最高级 （仅限于以下六个，其余以-lis 结尾的形容词为规则变化，如 fidēlissimus, ūtilissimus 等。） 原级 比较级 最高级 facilis -e 简单的 facilior -ius facillimus -a -um difficilis -e 困难的 difficilior -ius difficillimus -a -um similis -e 相似的 similior -ius simillimus -a -um dissimilis 不相似的 dissimilior -ius dissimillimus -a -um gracilis 瘦的，修长的 gracilior -ius gracillimus -a -um humilis 低贱的，卑微的 humilior -ius humillimus -a -um
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI (2)任何以-er结尾的阳性形容词，无论属于哪种变格，均在-er后加-rimus(注 意！非在词干后加)构成最高级：而其比较级则为规则形式，加-ior-ius(某些 词的比较级会保留-e,有些则不保留)。 原级 比较级 最高级 liber-bera-berum自由的 liberior-ius liberrimus -a -um pulcher-chra-chrum漂亮的 pulchrior-ius pulcherrimus -a-um acer acris acre急切的 acrior acrius acerrimus -a-um 2不规则形容词的比较级 有些常用的形容词，其比较等级不规则，无规律可循，只能靠记忆。所幸英语词 汇对此有所继承，可相互参照，方便记忆。 原级 比较级 最高级 bonus-a-um好的 melior-ius optimus -a -um magnus-a-um大的 maior -ius maximus -a-um malus-a-um坏的 peior-ius pessimus -a -um multus-a-um多的 -,plus plurimus-a -um parvus-a-um小的 minor minus minimus-a-um (prae,pro副词在.前面，之 prior-ius更靠前的， primus-a-um第一个的，首位的 前（该形容词无原级，这两个副 之前的 词与比较级和最高级有关)) superus-a-um在上面的 superior-ius summus-a-um最高的，最远的 furthest supremus-a-um最高的，最后的 last exterus-a-um异域的，陌生的 exterior-ius外部的， extremus-a-um最外部的 外面的，远离中心的 Inferus-a-um在下面的 inferior-ius infimus-a-um (Prope副词靠近) propior-ius更近的 proximus-a-um最接近的 3plūs的变格 除pls之外，其它形容词变格都很规则.在复数时，pls作形容词(plares amicT), 但变格混合了i-词根和辅音词根变格的规则（复数属格为-ium:但中性主格和宾 格为-a而非-a)；在单数时它不作形容词，而作为一个中性名词，伴随着表全 体的属格用法（例如：plus pecuniae,字面意思为more of money)。 阳性/阴性 中性 单数 无 plus pluris plus plure 复数 plures plura plurium plurium
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI ( 2 ) 任何以-er 结尾的阳性形容词，无论属于哪种变格，均在-er 后加-rimus（注 意！非在词干后加）构成最高级；而其比较级则为规则形式，加-ior -ius（某些 词的比较级会保留-e-，有些则不保留）。 原级 比较级 最高级 līber -bera -berum 自由的 līberior -ius līberrimus -a -um pulcher -chra -chrum 漂亮的 pulchrior -ius pulcherrimus -a -um ācer ācris ācre 急切的 ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um 2 不规则形容词的比较级 有些常用的形容词，其比较等级不规则，无规律可循，只能靠记忆。所幸英语词 汇对此有所继承，可相互参照，方便记忆。 原级 比较级 最高级 bonus -a -um 好的 melior -ius optimus -a -um magnus -a -um 大的 maior -ius maximus -a -um malus -a -um 坏的 peior -ius pessimus -a -um multus -a -um 多的 --, plūs plūrimus -a -um parvus -a -um 小的 minor minus minimus -a -um (prae, prō 副词 在……前面，之 前（该形容词无原级，这两个副 词与比较级和最高级有关）) prior -ius 更靠前的， 之前的 prīmus -a -um 第一个的，首位的 superus -a -um 在上面的 superior -ius summus -a -um 最高的，最远的 furthest supremus -a -um 最高的，最后的 last exterus -a -um 异域的，陌生的 exterior -ius 外部的, 外面的, 远离中心的 extrēmus -a -um 最外部的 īnferus -a -um 在下面的 īnferior -ius infimus -a -um (Prope 副词 靠近) propior -ius 更近的 proximus -a -um 最接近的 3 plūs 的变格 除 plūs 之外，其它形容词变格都很规则。在复数时，plūs 作形容词（plūrēs amīcī）， 但变格混合了 i-词根和辅音词根变格的规则（复数属格为-ium；但中性主格和宾 格为-a 而非-ia）；在单数时它不作形容词，而作为一个中性名词，伴随着表全 体的属格用法（例如：plūs pecūniae，字面意思为 more of money）。 阳性/阴性 中性 单数 无 plūs plūris -- plūs plūre 复数 plūrēs plūrium plūra plūrium
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI pluribus pluribus plures plura pluribus pluribus Part 2 Paulus and Lucia(XVI) Lucia in trabibus celata Interea Lucia,Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans,in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat;Comes Karolus enim eam matremque ad monasterium adducere solebat.Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat.Tandem aliquis ad Ricardum adiit. 'Ubi sunt nostri hospites?'inquit advena.'Salvi-ne?' 'Salvi sunt,'respondit alter. 'Omnia-ne parata sunt? 'Ita vero,Domine Abba.' Lucia est obstupefacta.Abbas!Omnia verba eorum audire non poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant."Tace!'dicebat abbas.'Advenit aliquis,ergo in ecclesiam abi...'et Ricardus abiit.'Ah Pater Stephane,salve.' "Te saluto,Domine Abba,'respondit Stephanus,'Ignoscas mi,sed tibi nuntios graves refero,mirabiles quidem,sed veros.' 'Quos nuntios dicis?Dic mihi,Stephane.' 'Unus ex discipulis meis,puer sapiens,honestus,fidelis....' 'Quis ex tuis discipulis?' 'Paulus.Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet,conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit.Pater Ricardus in silva cum Danis ! 'Pater Ricardus in silva?Hodie?Sed Ricardus non est Danus.Ille puer elephantum ex musca facit.' 'Ille autem cum Danis erat.' 'Discipulo erranti credis,Pater?'inquit abbas.'Nonne autem Paulus erat ille discipulus qui frustra filiam Comitis Karoli amabat?Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est,'risit abbas.'Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur -eho Magister? Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus,sed tu eum saepius verberes.Percute puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanctus Benedictus,et liberabis animam eius a morte.Regula XXVIII.' 'Ut vis,Domine,ut vis.Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putavi.' 'Sane,Pater.Ecce,nunc Ricardus adit:eum ipsum interrogemus...Pater Ricarde, adsis.' 'Semper tibi pareo libens,o Domine....' Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia,quae homines infra dicebant,audire non poterat. Mox dicere desierunt et Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt. Commentaria 1 Interea Lucia,Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans,in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI plūribus plūrēs plūribus plūribus plūra plūribus Part 2 Paulus and Lucia (XVI) Lucia in trabibus celata Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat; Comes Karolus enim eam matremque ad monasterium adducere solebat. Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat. Tandem aliquis ad Ricardum adiit. 'Ubi sunt nostri hospites?' inquit advena. 'Salvi-ne?' 'Salvi sunt,' respondit alter. 'Omnia-ne parata sunt?' 'Ita vero, Domine Abba.' Lucia est obstupefacta. Abbas! Omnia verba eorum audire non poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant. 'Tace!' dicebat abbas. 'Advenit aliquis, ergo in ecclesiam abi...' et Ricardus abiit. 'Ah Pater Stephane, salve.' 'Te saluto, Domine Abba,' respondit Stephanus, 'Ignoscas mi, sed tibi nuntios graves refero, mirabiles quidem, sed veros.' 'Quos nuntios dicis? Dic mihi, Stephane.' 'Unus ex discipulis meis, puer sapiens, honestus, fidelis ....' 'Quis ex tuis discipulis?' 'Paulus. Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet, conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit. Pater Ricardus in silva cum Danis ! ' 'Pater Ricardus in silva? Hodie? Sed Ricardus non est Danus. Ille puer elephantum ex musca facit.' 'Ille autem cum Danis erat.' 'Discipulo erranti credis, Pater?' inquit abbas. 'Nonne autem Paulus erat ille discipulus qui frustra filiam Comitis Karoli amabat? Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est,' risit abbas. 'Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur -eho Magister? Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus, sed tu eum saepius verberes. Percute puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanctus Benedictus, et liberabis animam eius a morte. Regula XXVIII.' 'Ut vis, Domine, ut vis. Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putavi.' 'Sane, Pater. Ecce, nunc Ricardus adit: eum ipsum interrogemus ... Pater Ricarde, adsis.' 'Semper tibi pareo libens, o Domine....' Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia, quae homines infra dicebant, audire non poterat. Mox dicere desierunt et Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt. Commentaria 1 Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI celabat Meanwhile Lucia.as she kept an eve on Richard going into the monastery.had climbed onto the roof of the cloister where she ofien used to hide (herself)as a girl observans pre.part.observo-are euntem acc.euntus 动词euntem iens,,(gen.,euntis going,(PRES PPL of eo片 2 Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat And so.looking down from the beams Lucia could see Richard sitting alone despiciens pre.part.nom.despicio-ere 3.sedentem pres.p.acc. sedeo,sedere,sedi,sessum 2-ens nom.>entis gen.>entem acc. 3 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet,conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit.Today.when he was walking towards the town,he saw Danes in the wood in some conspiracy.one of whom he recognized.Cum: when;conspirantes conspiro,conspirare 1 -ans>-antis>-antes acc.pl 3 Discipulo erranti credis Do you believe an error-prone student.erranti errare>errans>errantis>erranti(dat.) 4 Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est.Forgive me.but the boy is impetuous with passion.amore abl. amor amoris 5 Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur He appears to be a student of Venus.not ofChrist.Venus, veneris Venus,,Roman goddess of sexual love and generation,videtur esse被动语态 6 Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus,sed tu eum saepius verberes Let us hear no more of his fables-rather,you should be beating him more frequently.audiamus sub.pre.3pl may we (not )hear,verberes sub.2sg.verbero-are I beat, strike. 7 Percute puerum tuum virga Beat your boy with a rod.virga abl. 8 liberabis animam eius a morte you will save his soul from death.morte abl.mors mortis 3 9 Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putaviI thought the story ought to be reported to you rumor,rumoris 3 [m;注意rumorem与referndum的一致性 10 Semper tibi pareo libens I'm always willing to oblige you libens 11 Ecce,nunc Ricardus adit:eum ipsum interrogemus..Pater Ricarde,adsis Look,now Richard is approaching: let us ask the man himself...Father Richard,would you step over here. 12 Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia,quae homines infra dicebant,audire non poterat Lucia was still motionless on the beams and could not hear everything which the men were saying below. Vocabula nova advena-ae [f] newcomer infra below anima-ae [f] soul interrog.emus sub.I claustrum-i [n] cloister修道院 interrogo-are-vi-tum ask,question,interrogate conspiro-are conspire libens gladly cum...ambularet when he was walking libet-ere-uit-tus est 2 IMPERS it pleases,is cum adv.when pleasing/agreeable despicio-ere 3 look down liberabis you will save elephantus-i 2 libero-are I free;absolve:liberate,release: euntem(iens,euntis) going musca-ae[f] fly (insect) erranti nuntii-orum [m]news erro-are-avi-atum Imake a mistake,err; obstupefactus-a-um stupefied fervidus-a-um fiery,burning,impetuous parata sunt完成时分词+sum系were prepared frustra ad.in vain,to no avail paro-are prepare frustro-are disappoint,frustrate pareo-ere [+dat.]2 be obedient to honestus-a-um decent,honourable percutio-ere strike,beat immotus-a-um stationary pueritia-ae [f] childhood
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI celabat Meanwhile Lucia, as she kept an eye on Richard going into the monastery, had climbed onto the roof of the cloister where she often used to hide (herself) as a girl observans pre.part. observo-are euntem acc. euntus 形 动词 euntem iens, (gen.), euntis going; (PRES PPL of eo); 2 Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat And so, looking down from the beams Lucia could see Richard sitting alone despiciens pre.part.nom. despicio-ere 3 . sedentem pres.p.acc. sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum 2 –ens nom. >entis gen. >entem acc. 3 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet, conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit. Today, when he was walking towards the town, he saw Danes in the wood in some conspiracy, one of whom he recognized. Cum: when; conspirantes conspiro, conspirare 1 -ans> -antis> -antes acc. pl 3 Discipulo erranti credis Do you believe an error- prone student. erranti errare>errans>errantis>erranti(dat.) 4 Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est. Forgive me, but the boy is impetuous with passion. amore abl. amor amoris 5 Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur He appears to be a student of Venus, not of Christ. Venus, veneris Venus, Roman goddess of sexual love and generation; videtur esse 被动语态 6 Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus, sed tu eum saepius verberes Let us hear no more of his fables—rather, you should be beating him more frequently . audiamus sub. pre. 3pl may we (not )hear; verberes sub. 2sg. verbero-are 1 beat, strike. 7 Percute puerum tuum virga Beat your boy with a rod . virga abl. 8 liberabis animam eius a morte you will save his soul from death. morte abl. mors mortis 3 9 Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putavi I thought the story ought to be reported to you rumor, rumoris 3 [m];注意 rumorem 与 referndum 的一致性 10 Semper tibi pareo libens I’m always willing to oblige you libens ？ 11 Ecce, nunc Ricardus adit: eum ipsum interrogemus ... Pater Ricarde, adsis Look, now Richard is approaching: let us ask the man himself… Father Richard, would you step over here. 12 Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia, quae homines infra dicebant, audire non poterat Lucia was still motionless on the beams and could not hear everything which the men were saying below. Vocabula nova advena-ae [f] newcomer anima-ae [f] soul claustrum-i [n] cloister 修道院 conspiro-are conspire cum…ambularet when he was walking cum adv. when despicio-ere 3 look down elephantus-i 2 euntem (iens, euntis) going erranti erro-are-avi-atum 1make a mistake, err; fervidus-a-um fiery, burning, impetuous frustra ad. in vain, to no avail frustro-are disappoint, frustrate honestus-a-um decent, honourable immotus-a-um stationary infra below interrog.emus sub.1 interrogo-are-vi-tum ask, question, interrogate libens gladly libet-ere-uit-tus est 2 IMPERS it pleases, is pleasing/agreeable liberabis you will save libero-are 1 free; absolve; liberate, release; musca-ae[f] fly (insect) nuntii-orum [m] news obstupefactus-a-um stupefied parata sunt 完成时分词+sum 系 were prepared paro-are prepare pareo-ere [+dat.] 2 be obedient to percutio-ere strike, beat pueritia-ae [f] childhood
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI saepius more often soleo-ere solitus sum 2 SEMIDEP be in the habit of: salve hello become accustomed to; salvus-a-um safe trabs-bis [f]3 beam saluto-are-avi-atum Igreet;wish well virga-ae [f] rod sane certainly Mulus et plaustrum Interea Paulus,cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset,ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret.Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit,ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur.Nec multo post Paulus,cum per monasterium solus ambularet,campanas ad monachos in ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit.Itaque,cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet,furtim e claustro in hortum ibat,ubi mulum plaustro vinctum vidit.To mule,quo nunc vadis?Quo hoc plaustrum trahis?Quid hic habemus?'Deinde Paulus cum in plaustro omnes res quae in ecclesia erant custodiendae conspexisset valde attonitus erat 'Mehercule!Cur haec in plaustro?'murmuravit. Prope plaustrum erat magna sarcina.'Eheu!'gemuit ille,'Vae!Vae!Miserrimum Stephanum!'corpore magistri caesi in sarcina invento.'Propter me,o Magister, trucidatus es.Ut in schola remansisses!'flebat iuvenis.'Statim abbati ut omnia referam ibo,'et gemitu in monasterium effugit. Commentaria I Interea Paulus,cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset,ipse abiit ur Luciam inveniret Meanwhile,after Stephen had left the school to find the abbot,Paul himself went off to find Lucia. Cum...reliquisset pluperf.sub.;ut...quaereret imperf.sub.ut...inveniret imperf.sub. 2 Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit,ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur Paul warned Augustine and the others who wanted to help to stay in the school in case they were seen by Richard or his associates.ut manerent impe.sub.pl.;ne....viderentur IMPF PASSIVE SUB 3 P vol.entes现在分词宾格volo,velle wish,want,prefer,be willing volent..es形容词宾格volens,(gen,volentis willing 3 Nec multo post Paulus,cum per monasterium solus ambularet,campanas ad monachos in ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit Shortly afterwards,when Paul was walking alone through the monastery,he heard the bells ringing for the monks to gather together in the church; cum...abularet imper.sub.sg. campanas由convocandos和resonantes来修饰：reson.antes pre.p.acc.resounding,resono-are resound, convocandos acc将来被动形动词ought1 gather together,convoco-are: 4 Itaque,cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet,furtime claustro in hortum ibat,ubi mulum plaustro vinctum vidit Therefore,although he too should be there in the church,he secretly went out of the cloister into the garden. where he saw the mule tied to a cart, cum ...deb.eret 2 IMPF ACTIVE SUB 3 S debeo-ere ought,must,should vinctum acc完成时分词，修饰mulum 5 quo nunc vadis?Quo hoc plaustrum trahis?Quid hic habemus Where are you off to in the dead of night?Where are you pulling this cart?What do we have here?
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI saepius more often salve hello salvus-a-um safe saluto-are-avi-atum 1greet; wish well sane certainly soleo-ere solitus sum 2 SEMIDEP be in the habit of; become accustomed to; trabs-bis [f] 3 beam virga-ae [f] rod Mulus et plaustrum Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset, ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret. Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur. Nec multo post Paulus, cum per monasterium solus ambularet, campanas ad monachos in ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit. Itaque, cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet, furtim e claustro in hortum ibat, ubi mulum plaustro vinctum vidit. 'Io mule, quo nunc vadis? Quo hoc plaustrum trahis? Quid hic habemus?' Deinde Paulus cum in plaustro omnes res quae in ecclesia erant custodiendae conspexisset valde attonitus erat 'Mehercule! Cur haec in plaustro?' murmuravit. Prope plaustrum erat magna sarcina. 'Eheu!' gemuit ille, 'Vae! Vae! Miserrimum Stephanum!' corpore magistri caesi in sarcina invento. 'Propter me, o Magister, trucidatus es. Ut in schola remansisses!' flebat iuvenis. 'Statim abbati ut omnia referam ibo,' et gemitu in monasterium effugit. Commentaria 1 Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset, ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret Meanwhile, after Stephen had left the school to find the abbot, Paul himself went off to find Lucia. Cum …reliquisset pluperf. sub.; ut... quaereret imperf. sub. ut ... inveniret imperf. sub. 2 Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur Paul warned Augustine and the others who wanted to help to stay in the school in case they were seen by Richard or his associates, ut manerent impe. sub. pl.; ne …. viderentur IMPF PASSIVE SUB 3 P vol.entes 现在分词宾格 volo, velle wish, want, prefer; be willing volent.es 形容词宾格 volens, (gen.), volentis willing 3 Nec multo post Paulus, cum per monasterium solus ambularet, campanas ad monachos in ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit Shortly afterwards, when Paul was walking alone through the monastery, he heard the bells ringing for the monks to gather together in the church; cum …abularet imper. sub. sg. campanas 由 convocandos 和 resonantes 来修饰：reson.antes pre. p. acc. resounding, resono-are resound; convocandos acc 将来被动形动词 ought to gather together , convoco-are； 4 Itaque, cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet, furtim e claustro in hortum ibat, ubi mulum plaustro vinctum vidit Therefore, although he too should be there in the church, he secretly went out of the cloister into the garden, where he saw the mule tied to a cart; cum …deb.eret 2 IMPF ACTIVE SUB 3 S debeo-ere ought, must, should vinctum acc 完成时分词，修饰 mulum 5 quo nunc vadis? Quo hoc plaustrum trahis? Quid hic habemus Where are you off to in the dead of night? Where are you pulling this cart? What do we have here?
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI quo who?,which?,what?;what kind of?;where,to what place; 6 Deinde Paulus cumt in plaustro omnes res lquae in ecclesia erant custodiendae conspexisset valde attonitus erat Then Paul was very astonished when he saw in the cart (because)in the church all the things (which)had to be looked after. cum...conspexisset when he saw errant custodiendae被动迂说法custodio-ire,custodivi,,custoditus4 preserve,watch over,keep safe, 6 corpore magistri caesi in sarcina invento In the sack he had found the body ofhis master.who had been stabbed 本句为名词+名词的独立夺格结构invento abl..inventum-I;corpore abl.corpus,corporis:caesi完成时分 词：who had been stabbed: 7 Ut in schola remansisses You would have stayed in the school.remansisses sub.plu.perf. 8 Statim abbati ut omnia referam ibo I shall go at once and tell him everything to the Abbot Vocabula nova
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI quo who?, which?, what?; what kind of?; where, to what place; 6 Deinde Paulus cum in plaustro omnes res |quae in ecclesia erant custodiendae| conspexisset valde attonitus erat Then Paul was very astonished when he saw in the cart （because）in the church all the things (which) had to be looked after. cum…conspexisset when he saw errant custodiendae 被动迂说法 custodio-ire, custodivi, custoditus 4 preserve, watch over, keep safe; 6 corpore magistri caesi in sarcina invento In the sack he had found the body of his master, who had been stabbed 本句为名词+名词的独立夺格结构 invento abl. inventum-I; corpore abl. corpus, corporis； caesi 完成时分 词：who had been stabbed ； 7 Ut in schola remansisses You would have stayed in the school. remansisses sub. plu.perf. 8 Statim abbati ut omnia referam ibo I shall go at once and tell him everything to the Abbot Vocabula nova
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI attonitus-a-um astonished,fascinated caedo-ere,cecidi,caesum kill,cut campana-ae [f]bell consocius-i [m]associate convocandos将来被动形动词acc convoco-are,1 call/bring together;assemble; flebat fleo-ere-vi-tum 2 cry for,cry,weep; furtim secretly gemuit gemo-ere,gemui,gemitum 3 groan;give out a hollow sound ibo eo,ire,ivi(ii),itus go,walk iuvenis,iuvenis 3 youth,young man/woman miserrimus-a-um most wretched plaustrum-i[n]cart,wagon propter on account of,because of propter me it's my fault! remaneo-ere-si-sum remain subvenio-ire 4 come to help,assist traho-ere 3 pull,drag trucido-are-avi-atum 1 slaughter trucidatus完成时分词 vae alas,woe valde adv.very much vincio-ire,vinxi,vinctum 4 bind,fetter;restrain vadis vado,vadere,vasi,-3 go,walk
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI attonitus-a-um astonished, fascinated caedo-ere, cecidi, caesum kill, cut campana-ae [f] bell consocius-i [m] associate convocandos 将来被动形动词 acc convoco-are, 1 call/bring together; assemble; flebat fleo-ere-vi-tum 2 cry for; cry, weep; furtim secretly gemuit gemo-ere, gemui, gemitum 3 groan; give out a hollow sound ibo eo, ire, ivi(ii), itus go, walk iuvenis, iuvenis 3 youth, young man/woman miserrimus-a-um most wretched plaustrum-i [n] cart, wagon propter on account of; because of propter me it’s my fault! remaneo-ere-si-sum remain subvenio-ire 4 come to help, assist traho-ere 3 pull, drag trucido-are-avi-atum 1 slaughter trucidatus 完成时分词 vae alas, woe valde adv. very much vincio-ire, vinxi, vinctum 4 bind, fetter; restrain vadis vado, vadere, vasi, - 3 go, walk
