第四讲 CAPITVLVM OVARTVM ● 第4变格法名词 ● 第4变位法动词 ● 人称代词Ego、Tu和Is ●属格 ●疑问句 课文Paulus et Lucia(IV) Part1语法 一 第4变格法名词 1单数主格以-s结尾，单数属格词尾也是-us,为第4变格法名词。 arcus arc-us bow,arch fructus fruct-us fruit spiritus spirit-us spirit venatus venat-us hunt 此类名词多为阳性，也有个别以-us结尾的阴性名词，如 manus man-us f hand domus dom-ils[f日hose acus ac--s[日needle,,pim(注意：arcus-aus bow,arch,rainbow是阳性名词)， 以及少数几个以-“结尾的中性名词 cornu comn-us[n]horn genu gen-us [n]knee 2第4变格法名词的变格 fructus,-us [m]fruit cornu,-us n horn. Sg. fruct-us corn-u fruct-um corn-u fruct-us corn-us fruct-ui corn-u fruct-u corn-u pl. fruct-us corn-ua fruct-us corn-ua fruct-uum corn-uum fruct-ibus corn-ibus fruct-ibus corn-ibus
第四讲 CAPITVLVM QVARTVM 第 4 变格法名词 第 4 变位法动词 人称代词 Ego、Tu 和 Is 属格 疑问句 课文 Paulus et Lucia (IV) Part 1 语法 一 第 4 变格法名词 1 单数主格以-us 结尾，单数属格词尾也是-us，为第 4 变格法名词。 arcus arc-us bow, arch fructus fruct-us fruit spiritus spirit-us spirit venatus venat-us hunt 此类名词多为阳性，也有个别以-us 结尾的阴性名词，如 manus man-us [f] hand domus dom-us [f] house acus ac-us [f] needle, pin(注意：arcus –us bow, arch, rainbow 是阳性名词)， 以及少数几个以-u 结尾的中性名词 cornu corn-us[n] horn genu gen-us [n]knee 2 第 4 变格法名词的变格 fructus, -us [m] fruit cornu, -us [n] horn. Sg. fruct-us corn-u fruct-um corn-u fruct-us corn-us fruct-ui corn-u fruct-u corn-u pl. fruct-us corn-ua fruct-us corn-ua fruct-uum corn-uum fruct-ibus corn-ibus fruct-ibus corn-ibus
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 注意：第2、第3变格法名词中也有以-us结尾的名词(amicus,.-i2;corpus,corpor-is3), 但决定名词变格是属格词尾，而不是主格词尾。所以，对于碰到的每一个新名词，必须记住 单数主格与属格，特别是单数属格。 二第4变位法动词 1第4变位法动词的标志是不定式词尾-ire, audio,audire,audivi,auditum (listen,hear) venio,venire,veni,ventum (come) aperio,aperire ,aperui,apertum (open) 2第4变位法动词主动态直陈式的现在时、将来时、未完成时的变位表 现在时 将来时 未完成时 audi-o audi-am audi-ebam sg. audi-s audi-es audi-ebas audi-t audi-et audi-ebat audi-mus audi-emus audi-ebamus Pl audi-tis audi-etis audi-ebatis audi-unt audi-ent audi-ebant 3几点说明 (1)和第1、第2变位法动词一样，第4变位法动词的现在时的构成规则是现在时词 千(audi-)加人称词尾。但第三人称复数不是audi-nt,而是audi-unt。(与age-re->ag-unt比 照) (2)第4变位法动词的将来时，不带有时态特征-bi-,而变为--（第一人称单数音变为 -d),未完成时带有时态特征-ba-；这两点与第3变位法动词相同。 (3)命令式不变：单数=现在时词千audi(这就是“奥迪”的由来)，复数加-te(audi-tel) 三人称代词Ego、Tu、Is/Ea/Id l第一人称：说话者本人Ego(I),Nos(we) sg. pl nom. ego ( nos(we) acc. me (me) nos(us) gen. mei (of me) nostrum/nostri (ofus) dat. mihi(=mi:to/for me) nobis (to/for us) abl. me(by/with/from me) nobis (by/with/from us) 2第二人称：听者Tu0yo;Vos (you pl) pl. 2
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 2 注意：第 2、第 3 变格法名词中也有以-us 结尾的名词（amicus,-i 2; corpus,corpor-is 3）, 但决定名词变格是属格词尾，而不是主格词尾。所以，对于碰到的每一个新名词，必须记住 单数主格与属格，特别是单数属格。 二 第 4 变位法动词 1 第 4 变位法动词的标志是不定式词尾-ire , 如：audio, audire, audivi, auditum (listen, hear) venio, venire,veni, ventum (come) aperio, aperire ,aperui, apertum (open) 2 第 4 变位法动词主动态直陈式的现在时、将来时、未完成时的变位表 现在时 将来时 未完成时 audi-o audi-am audi-ebam sg. audi-s audi-es audi-ebas audi-t audi-et audi-ebat audi-mus audi-emus audi-ebamus pl. audi-tis audi-etis audi-ebatis audi-unt audi-ent audi-ebant 3 几点说明 （1）和第 1、第 2 变位法动词一样，第 4 变位法动词的现在时的构成规则是现在时词 干（audi-）加人称词尾。但第三人称复数不是 audi-nt, 而是 audi-unt。（与 age-re-> ag-unt 比 照） （2）第 4 变位法动词的将来时，不带有时态特征-bi-，而变为-e-(第一人称单数音变为 -a),未完成时带有时态特征-eba-; 这两点与第 3 变位法动词相同。 （3）命令式不变：单数=现在时词干 audi (这就是“奥迪”的由来), 复数加-te (audi-te!) 三 人称代词 Ego、Tu、Is/Ea/Id 1 第一人称：说话者本人 Ego（I）, Nos（we） sg. pl. nom. ego (I) nos(we) acc. me (me) nos(us) gen. mei (of me) nostrum/nostri (of us) dat. mihi(=mi; to/for me) nobis (to/for us) abl. me(by/with/from me) nobis (by/with/from us) 2 第二人称：听者 Tu (you); Vos (you pl.) sg. pl
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV tu voS te vos tui vestrum/vestri tibi vobis te vobis 了第三人称：谈论的人与事，此时有“性别”要求 m.(he) f.(she) n.(it) 西 ea 以 eum eam id sg. eius eius eius ei ei ei eo ea eo ei/ii eae ea eos eas ea pl. eorum earum eorum eis eis eis eis eis eis (提示：is>he()is按-us变格，ca>she-按-a变格，id>i-按-um变格：但单数有音变！ius>is) 4用法示例 (1)这些代词可以做主语、直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语等 Te amo I love you Tibi gratias ago I do a favor to you ago agere:do;gratia-ae;n favor Ego ei(eis)libros dabo.I shall give the books to him/her(them).(do dare:give) Ei id ad nos mittent.they will send it to us.mitto mittere 3 send) (2)注意：只有在强调主语时，才使用代词的主格(go,tu),一般情况下，动词词尾 己经表明人称：-o/m:I;-s:yo,-ts/he/it;-mus:we;-tiso-nt:hey Ego eis pecuniam dabo.I shall give them money; Eis peconiam dabo.I shall give them money. Quid tu dabis?what will you give? (3)mei,tui用作宾语属格、部分属格， 宾语属格，如timor tui fear ofyou 部分属格，如pars mei part of me; nostri和vestri仅作宾语属格， nostrum和vestrum仅作部分属格。 (4)如果表示“属有”，拉丁语中用形容性物主代词： meus-a-um my; tuus-a-um your noster-tra-trum our; vester-tra-trum your 三属格(genitivus,gen.) 属格主要用于表示“所有”，说明一件事物的归属，这种用法称为“物主属格”。属格
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 3 tu vos te vos tui vestrum/vestri tibi vobis te vobis 3 第三人称：谈论的人与事,此时有“性别”要求 m.( he) f.( she) n.( it) is ea id eum eam id sg. eius eius eius ei ei ei eo ea eo ei/ii eae ea eos eas ea pl. eorum earum eorum eis eis eis eis eis eis ( 提示：is>he(i) is-按-us 变格, ea>she-按-a 变格, id>it-按-um 变格；但单数有音变！ius>is ) 4 用法示例 （1） 这些代词可以做主语、直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语等 Te amo I love you Tibi gratias ago I do a favor to you ; ( ago agere: do; gratia-ae; n favor ) Ego ei( eis) libros dabo. I shall give the books to him/her(them). (do dare: give) Ei id ad nos mittent. they will send it to us. ( mitto mittere 3 send) (2) 注意：只有在强调主语时，才使用代词的主格（ego,tu）,一般情况下，动词词尾 已经表明人称：-o/m : I ; –s: you; –t:s/he/ it ; -mus : we; –tis;you; -nt: they Ego eis pecuniam dabo. I shall give them money; Eis peconiam dabo. I shall give them money. Quid tu dabis? what will you give? (3) mei, tui 用作宾语属格、部分属格， 宾语属格，如 timor tui fear of you 部分属格，如 pars mei part of me； nostri 和 vestri 仅作宾语属格， nostrum 和 vestrum 仅作部分属格。 （4）如果表示“属有”，拉丁语中用形容性物主代词： meus-a-um my; tuus-a-um your noster-tra-trum our; vester-tra-trum your 三 属格（genitivus，gen.） 属格主要用于表示“所有”，说明一件事物的归属，这种用法称为“物主属格”。属格
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 的其他用法如下 1属格用于说明一件事物的属性，称为“性质属格” Amphora vini an amphora of wine.(amphora two handled earthenware jar.vinum-i 2n) Sacina ovorum a bag ofeggs.(ova-ae 1) 2属格还可以表示全部的一部分，即“整体属格”。 Pars urbis a part of the city.(urbs,urbis 3[f]) 3属格可表示“主语”或“宾语”，如： Timor Danorum fear of the Danes/the Danes'own fear Amor Dei love of God/God's own love 4属格还可作为某些形容词的补语，如： plenus--a-um充满的，cupid-us-a-um渴望的。 第九讲课文中：O satis poetarum(satis adj,.enough,.poeta[m.poet poetarum gen.pl.): 第十四讲课文中：am satis rumorum Now that's enough chatter 四 疑问句 I疑问词none,num,-ne (a)预料回答为肯定，常用nonne Nonne est mortua?(mortuus-a-um adj.dead) Nonne Paulus est Luciae amicus?(Luciae dat.) (b)若预料回答为否定，则常用疑问词num Num vos discipuli simper boni estis? Num vides?(video,videre,vidi,visum 2 see) (c)若不能预料回答是肯定还是否定，则用接尾疑问词-ne。ne常联在所问主词之后， 一般放于句子首位。 Tu-ne vales?(valeo,valere,valui,valitum 2 be strong) Episcopi-ne discipulus es? Vis-ne aquam bibere (vis you want;aqua water;bibere to drink) 2由疑问副词引出疑问句。常用疑问副词有： Ubi？Where,when Cur quod why-because Unde from where? Quis?Who Quid？what Quando?when Quamdiu?How long Quomodo?How Quo?to where
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 4 的其他用法如下 1 属格用于说明一件事物的属性，称为“性质属格” Amphora vini an amphora of wine. (amphora two handled earthenware jar; vinum-i 2[n]) Sacina ovorum a bag of eggs. (ova-ae 1) 2 属格还可以表示全部的一部分，即“整体属格”。 Pars urbis a part of the city. (urbs, urbis 3[f]) 3 属格可表示“主语”或“宾语”，如： Timor Danorum fear of the Danes/the Danes’ own fear Amor Dei love of God/ God’s own love 4 属格还可作为某些形容词的补语，如： plenus-a-um 充满的, cupid-us-a-um 渴望的。 第九讲课文中：O satis poetarum (satis adj, enough; poeta [m]. poet poetarum gen.pl. )； 第十四讲课文中：Iam satis rumorum Now that’s enough chatter 四 疑问句 1 疑问词 none, num, -ne (a) 预料回答为肯定，常用 nonne Nonne est mortua? ( mortuus –a –um adj. dead) Nonne Paulus est Luciae amicus?（Luciae dat.） (b) 若预料回答为否定，则常用疑问词 num Num vos discipuli simper boni estis? Num vides? (video, videre, vidi, visum 2 see) (c) 若不能预料回答是肯定还是否定，则用接尾疑问词-ne。 -ne 常联在所问主词之后， 一般放于句子首位。 Tu-ne vales? (valeo, valere, valui, valitum 2 be strong) Episcopi-ne discipulus es? Vis-ne aquam bibere ? (vis you want ; aqua water ; bibere to drink) 2 由疑问副词引出疑问句。常用疑问副词有： Ubi? Where，when Cur ? quod why-because Unde from where? Quis? Who Quid? what Quando? when Quamdiu? How long Quomodo? How Quo? to where
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAPIV Part2课文Paulus et Lucia(IV) Femina in terra iacet Monachus in terra iacet.Equus,ab umbris territus,e via in silvam effugit.Vento enim folia et rami crepitant et equus,umbrarum ramorumque timidus,nunc per silvas ad monasterium festinat.Immotus in terra iacet monachus.Paulus ad monachum currit. Figura tamen non monachi sed feminae est.Paulus feminam spectat.Cucullus feminae est scissus.Paulus feminam tunica protegit. Question and answer Cur equus in silvam effugit Estne figura monachi est? Cur Paulus feminam tunia protegit Vocabula nova amphora-ae双耳陶罐；Eng.amphis-[前缀]两边，两类；amphibian两栖的：amphibolous模棱两可的 crepitant crepito-are 1 rustle;Eng.crepitant辟啪响的，爆裂的：crepitate v. currit curro-ere 3 run effugit effugio-ere,effugi 3/4 flee away enim for you see femina-ae Eng.feminine,female festinat festino-are 1 hurry.festinate figura-ae [f.]shape:Eng.figure folia folium-i[nl.Leaf:Eng.foliar叶的，foliate v.生叶，a.有叶的：foliation[植]叶卷送式[地]叶理，成 片，成层foliage[总称]叶子，簇叶 immotus-a-um stationary im+motus;Eng.immortal protegit protego-ere 2 cover:pro+tegere>protect pro in front;tegere to cover;Eng.protect,protege 被保护人，门徒 ramus-ibranch Eng.ramification分枝，分权：支脉，支流ramify.ramose a scissus-a-um torn;Eng.scissor v.,scission n. tamen however timidus fearful;Eng.timid;timidity tunica-aef.hmic,dress;.Eng.tunicate[动被囊类动物 ventus-i m.wind;Eng.ventilation,ventilate,vent Commentarii 1 ab umbris territus frightened by the shadows;ab by,from; 2 vento enim folia et rami crepitant for the leaves and branches are rustling in the wind:vento in wind;enim for, because; 3 umbrarum ramorumque timidus fearful of the shadow's and branches:umbrarum ramorumque umbrae and ramus的复数属格，作形容词timidus的补语。 4 Immotus in terra iacet monachus句中immotus修饰monachua,但被in terra iacet割裂，这是拉丁 语修辞的特点。 4 Paulus feminam tunica protegit Paul covers the woman with a tnic.tunica是tunica的夺格（方法或原因）
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 5 Part 2 课文 Paulus et Lucia(IV) Femina in terra iacet Monachus in terra iacet. Equus, ab umbris territus, e via in silvam effugit. Vento enim folia et rami crepitant et equus, umbrarum ramorumque timidus, nunc per silvas ad monasterium festinat. Immotus in terra iacet monachus. Paulus ad monachum currit. Figura tamen non monachi sed feminae est. Paulus feminam spectat. Cucullus feminae est scissus. Paulus feminam tunica protegit. Question and answer : Cur equus in silvam effugit ? Estne figura monachi est ? Cur Paulus feminam tunia protegit ? Vocabula nova amphora-ae 双耳陶罐; Eng. amphi-[前缀]两边，两类; amphibian 两栖的；amphibolous 模棱两可的 crepitant crepito –are 1 rustle; Eng. crepitant 噼啪响的，爆裂的; crepitate v. currit curro –ere 3 run effugit effugio –ere, effugi 3/4 flee away enim for you see femina-ae Eng. feminine, female festinat festino –are 1 hurry, festinate figura-ae [f.] shape; Eng. figure folia folium –i [n]. Leaf; Eng. foliar 叶的; foliate v. 生叶, a. 有叶的；foliation [植]叶卷迭式[地]叶理，成 片，成层 foliage [总称]叶子，簇叶 immotus –a –um stationary; im+motus; Eng. immortal protegit protego–ere 2 cover;pro+ tegere> protect pro in front; tegere to cover; Eng. protect, protégé 被保护人，门徒 ramus –i branch Eng. ramification 分枝，分杈；支脉，支流 ramify v. ramose a. scissus –a –um torn; Eng. scissor v. , scission n. tamen however timidus fearful; Eng. timid; timidity tunica –ae f. tunic, dress; Eng. tunicate [动]被囊类动物 ventus -i m. wind; Eng. ventilation, ventilate, vent Commentarii 1 ab umbris territus frightened by the shadows ; ab by, from; 2 vento enim folia et rami crepitant for the leaves and branches are rustling in the wind; vento in wind; enim for, because; 3 umbrarum ramorumque timidus fearful of the shadows and branches; umbrarum ramorumque 是 umbrae and ramus 的复数属格, 作形容词 timidus 的补语。 4 Immotus in terra iacet monachus 句中 immotus 修饰 monachua，但被 in terra iacet 割裂，这是拉丁 语修辞的特点。 4 Paulus feminam tunica protegit Paul covers the woman with a tunic. tunica 是 tunica 的夺格（方法或原因）
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV Ubi sum? Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest.Equus e silvis ad monasterium festinat.Femina diu iacet immota.Paulus est anxius et mulus trepidus.'Te miseram!' clamat Paulus.Femina oculos aperit et Paulum spectat.'Nonne es mortua?'rogat Paulus. Mortua?Non ita.Ubi sum?In silvis?' 'Ita vero,'inquit Paulus. Ubi est equus?' 'Lente,lente!Vales-ne?Vis-ne aquam bibere?' 'Non ita,tibi gratias.Equus-ne adest?' 'Non ita.Ramos umbrasque timet.Et tu,vales-ne?' Valeo,O malum est!'clamat femina. 'Lente!Quis es?' Question and answer Cur Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest Nonne femina mortua est Quid femina spectat quom ea oculos aperit Ubi femina est Ubi equus feminae est？ Vocabula nova adest is present,here;adsum I am here! anxius-a-um concerned:Eng.anxiety,anxious aperit opens;aperio aperire aperui apertum 4 open aqua-ae f.water,.Eng.aquatic,.aquarium(养鱼缸，水族馆)，Aquarius((宝瓶座)，aquiculture audire audio-ire-ivi-itum 4 hear:Eng.audition,auditor,auditory,audience,audiology bibere bibo bibere bibi 3 drink diu for a long time gratias tibi thank you,(tibi gratias agotibi dat.to you;grarias acc.gratia,gratiae [f]favor,ago agree do inquit he says,--in citing the wards of a person Ita vero yes;ita adv.so,thus:vero adv.in truth malus-a-um troublesome,bad;Eng.mal-[前缀]坏，恶，不良，如maladjustment,.调节不良，失调： maladminister对.管理不良：mala fide[拉]不守信义的，存心欺骗的，fide:ablatives of fides(faith):male-[前 缀]邪恶的malediction,malefaction miser-a-um wretched:Eng.misery,miserable mortuus-a-um dead;Eng.mortal,mortality Non ita no,not so oculus-im.Ee;Eng.ocular视觉上的，眼晴的，用眼睛的，凭视觉的n.目镜：oculist眼科医生 potest +inf.possum,posse be able rogat rogo-are-avi I ask trepidus-.a-um nervous;Eng.tremor震颤，发抖，颤栗face danger without a tremor,tremulous a. Ubiwhere valeo-ere 2 be well;Eng.vale:farewell valere (to be strong or well)
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 6 Ubi sum? Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest. Equus e silvis ad monasterium festinat. Femina diu iacet immota. Paulus est anxius et mulus trepidus. ‘Te miseram!’ clamat Paulus. Femina oculos aperit et Paulum spectat. ‘Nonne es mortua?’ rogat Paulus. ‘Mortua? Non ita. Ubi sum? In silvis?’ ‘Ita vero,’ inquit Paulus. ‘Ubi est equus?’ ‘Lente, lente! Vales-ne? Vis-ne aquam bibere?’ ‘Non ita, tibi gratias. Equus-ne adest?’ ‘Non ita. Ramos umbrasque timet. Et tu, vales-ne?’ ‘Valeo, O malum est!’ clamat femina. ‘Lente! Quis es?’ Question and answer : Cur Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest ? Nonne femina mortua est ? Quid femina spectat quom ea oculos aperit ? Ubi femina est ? Ubi equus feminae est ? Vocabula nova adest is present, here; adsum I am here! anxius-a-um concerned; Eng. anxiety, anxious aperit opens; aperio aperire aperui apertum 4 open aqua –ae f. water; Eng. aquatic, aquarium（养鱼缸，水族馆）, Aquarius(宝瓶座)， aquiculture audire audio –ire –ivi –itum 4 hear; Eng. audition, auditor, auditory, audience, audiology bibere bibo bibere bibi 3 drink diu for a long time gratias tibi thank you; (tibi gratias agotibi dat. to you; grarias acc. gratia, gratiae [f] favor , ago agree do ) inquit he says, -- in citing the wards of a person Ita vero yes; ita adv. so, thus; vero adv. in truth malus –a -um troublesome, bad; Eng. mal-[前缀] 坏，恶，不良，如 maladjustment, 调节不良，失调； maladminister 对..管理不良；mala fide [拉] 不守信义的，存心欺骗的，fide：ablatives of fides (faith)；male-[前 缀] 邪恶的 malediction, malefaction miser –a -um wretched; Eng. misery, miserable mortuus –a –um dead ; Eng. mortal, mortality Non ita no, not so oculus -i m. Eye; Eng. ocular 视觉上的，眼睛的 ，用眼睛的，凭视觉的 n.目镜； oculist 眼科医生 potest +inf. possum, posse be able rogat rogo-are-avi 1 ask trepidus-a-um nervous ; Eng. tremor 震颤，发抖，颤栗 face danger without a tremor; tremulous a. Ubi where valeo-ere 2 be well; Eng. vale : farewell < valere (to be strong or well)
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV Vales-ne?how are you？. video-ere,vidi,visum 2 see vis you want,wish velle to wish.volo irregular verb.irreg volo vis vult volumus vultis volunt 见第6讲 Commentarii 1 Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest Paul can neither see nor hear the woman's horse. neque.neque neither.nor,potestcan+todo补充不定式，详见第6讲 2 Femina diu iacet immota The woman lies still for a long time.immota修饰femina,,在上一课有mmotus in terra iacet monachus。immotus(形容词)随所修饰的词有性数格的变化 3 Te miseram!tetu的宾格，miseram(miser-a-um)misera的宾格-宾格感叹句，vide p53 4Ubi sum?Where am I 5 Vales-ne?are you OK?vele-re:be well valeo,vales 6 Vis-ne aquam bibere?Do you want to drink some water? velle to wish,irregular verb详见第6讲 volo vis vult volumus vultus volunt 7 tibi gratias thank you.gratia:thank,thankfulness: tibi gratias ago:I give thanks((直接宾语-宾格)toyou(间接宾语-与格) gratias(gratia的复数宾格)tibi(tu的与格)ago(agere),Ido 本讲中的会话 Ubisum? Vis-ne aquam bibere?Non ita,tibi gratias. Vales-ne?Valeo. Quis es? Save！Quid agis hodie？Spiras-.ne？Speras-ne？Rides-ne？Vales-ne？Si tu vales,ego valeo spiro,spirare 1 breathe;spero sperare 1 hope for;rideo ridere 2 laugh;si if) Latin Motto manus manum lavat.one hand washes the other(lavo lavare 1,wash) inter folia fructus fruits are in the leaves Educunt fructum folia flowers lead to fruit Ubi amor,ibi oculus-Where love is,there is insight 7
CAPITVLVM QVARTVM CAP.IV 7 Vales-ne? how are you? video-ere, vidi, visum 2 see vis you want, wish velle to wish. volo irregular verb. irreg. volo vis vult volumus vultis volunt 见第 6 讲 Commentarii 1 Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest Paul can neither see nor hear the woman’s horse. neque … neque neither …nor; potest can + to do 补充不定式，详见第 6 讲 2 Femina diu iacet immota The woman lies still for a long time. immota 修饰 femina, 在上一课有 Immotus in terra iacet monachus 。immotus（形容词）随所修饰的词有性数格的变化 3 Te miseram！te tu 的宾格， miseram（miser-a-um ）misera 的宾格-宾格感叹句，vide p53 4Ubi sum? Where am I 5 Vales-ne? are you OK? vele-re: be well valeo, vales 6 Vis-ne aquam bibere? Do you want to drink some water? velle to wish; irregular verb 详见第 6 讲 volo vis vult volumus vultus volunt 7 tibi gratias thank you. gratia: thank, thankfulness; tibi gratias ago: I give thanks(直接宾语-宾格) to you（间接宾语-与格） gratias(gratia 的复数宾格) tibi (tu 的与格) ago( agere) , I do 本讲中的会话 Ubi sum? Vis-ne aquam bibere? Non ita, tibi gratias. Vales-ne? Valeo . Quis es? Salve ! Quid agis hodie ? Spiras-ne ? Speras-ne ? Rides-ne ? Vales-ne ? Si tu vales, ego valeo ! ( spiro, spirare 1 breathe ; spero sperare 1 hope for ; rideo ridere 2 laugh ; si if) Latin Motto manus manum lavat. one hand washes the other(lavo lavare 1, wash) inter folia fructus fruits are in the leaves Educunt fructum folia flowers lead to fruit Ubi amor, ibi oculus - Where love is, there is insight