第二讲 CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM ● 第2变格法名词 ● 第2变位法动词 ● 不规则动词(1)：sum ● 课文Paulus and Lucia(II) Part 1语法 一、第2变格法名词：阳性 1以-us结尾的阳性名词 mulus(mule),disciplus (student),equus(horse),amicus (friend),cibus (food) 格尾如下： 第2变格法名词词尾-us变格表 sg. pl. nom./voc. -uS -i acc. -um -0s gen. i -0r20m dat. -0 -is abl. -0 -is 例词：amicus friend,.单数属格amic-i,amic-为词干，变格如下 nom. acc gen. dat. abl. voc sg. amicus amicum amici amico amico amice pl. amici amicos amicorum amicisamicis amici 21 以-er结尾的阳性名词 例词：puer(boy,presbyter(priest) liber (book).magister (teacher),ager (land.field) 格尾如下： nom. acc. gen. dat. abl sg. m i 0 0 pl .i OS orum is is (说明：“”表示变格单数主格不加格尾) 注意，以-er结尾的第2变格法名词中，一些词直接加格尾如puer pueri,.有些需要去 掉-e,如liber libri;,所以，一个拉丁语名词，一定要同时记住主格和属格！（去掉属格词尾， 才是名词的词干！) 变格示例
第二讲 CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM 第 2 变格法名词 第 2 变位法动词 不规则动词（1）：sum 课文 Paulus and Lucia(II) Part 1 语法 一、第 2 变格法名词：阳性 1 以-us 结尾的阳性名词 例词 : mulus( mule) , disciplus (student) , equus( horse) , amicus (friend) , cibus (food) 格尾如下： 第 2 变格法名词词尾-us 变格表 sg. pl. nom./voc. acc. gen. dat. abl. -us -um -i -o -o -i -os -orum -is -is 例词 : amicus friend，单数属格 amic-i， amic-为词干，变格如下 nom. acc. gen. dat. abl. voc. sg. amicus amicum amici amico amico amice pl. amici amicos amicorum amicis amicis amici 2 以-er 结尾的阳性名词 例词: puer (boy) , presbyter (priest) liber (book) , magister (teacher) , ager (land, field) 格尾如下： nom. acc. gen. dat. abl. sg. – um i o o pl . i os orum is is ( 说明: “-”表示变格单数主格不加格尾.) 注意，以-er 结尾的第 2 变格法名词中，一些词直接加格尾如 puer pueri，有些需要去 掉-e, 如 liber libri；所以，一个拉丁语名词，一定要同时记住主格和属格！(去掉属格词尾， 才是名词的词干！) 变格示例
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II puer presbyter liber magister ager puerum presbyterum librum magistrum agrum pueri presbyteri libri magistri agri puero presbytero libro magistro agro puero presbytero libro magistro agro pueri presbuteri libri magistri agri pueros presbyteros libros magistros agros puerorum presbyterorum librorum magistrorum agrorum pueris presbyteris libris magistris agris pueris presbyteris libris magistris agris vir,vir-iman也是第二变格法阳性名词，变格与puer相同。 3第2变格法名词：中性 单数主格m,单数属格-i 例词monasterium(（monastery）,donum(gj近，donation),consilium(plan,consider), vinum (wine) 第二变格法中性名词词尾 单数 复数 nom./voc. -um -a acc. -um -d gen. i -orum dat. -0 -is abl -0 -is 注意： (1)单数主格、宾格、呼格格尾相同-um (2)复数主格、宾格格尾相同-a,不要与第1变格名词相混淆 练习写出下列名词单数和复数的变格 disciplus,mulus,vir,puer,ager,vinum,monasiterium 二、第2变位法动词 1现在时 主动态现在时不定式词尾-ere;例词：monere(to advise)。从不定式中去掉词尾的-re, 便得到现在时词干”：mone-;注意，第2变位法词干元音e为长音，多以e标示（有些书 中不标出长音符号)。 例词：salveo,.salvere 2
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II 2 puer presbyter liber magister ager puerum presbyterum librum magistrum agrum pueri presbyteri libri magistri agri puero presbytero libro magistro agro puero presbytero libro magistro agro pueri presbuteri libri magistri agri pueros presbyteros libros magistros agros puerorum presbyterorum librorum magistrorum agrorum pueris presbyteris libris magistris agris pueris presbyteris libris magistris agris vir, vir-i man 也是第二变格法阳性名词，变格与 puer 相同。 3 第 2 变格法名词：中性 单数主格–um，单数属格--i 例词 monasterium（monastery）, donum (gift,donation), consilium (plan,consider) , vinum ( wine) 第二变格法中性名词词尾 单数 复数 nom./voc. acc. gen. dat. abl. -um -um -i -o -o -a -a -orum -is -is 注意： （1）单数主格、宾格、呼格格尾相同-um （2）复数主格、宾格格尾相同-a，不要与第 1 变格名词相混淆 练习 写出下列名词单数和复数的变格 disciplus , mulus , vir，puer, ager, vinum, monasiterium 二、第 2 变位法动词 1 现在时 主动态现在时不定式词尾 –ere; 例词：monere( to advise)。从不定式中去掉词尾的-re， 便得到“现在时词干”：mone-；注意，第 2 变位法词干元音 e 为长音，多以 ē 标示（有些书 中不标出长音符号）。 例词: salveo, salvere
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II video,videre,vidi,visum (see) 在现在时词干上加上主动态直陈式现在时的人称词尾-o,-s,-t;ms,-i心，-4，就 得到： sg. pl moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent 翻译：moneo I advise/am advising/.do advise. ect. 2将来时 词千mone-: 时态特征：-bi 人称词尾0,5，-女 -u5,-is,-t sg. pl momebo, monebimus. monebis, monebitis, monebit monebunt (注意：1s-sg,3-pl发生音变：bio变为bo;bint变为bt) 翻译： Monebunt they will advise. etc. 了未完成时 词千mone-; 时态特征：-b- 人称词尾-m,5, -mus,-tis,-nt sg. pl. momebam, monebamus, monebas, monebatis, monebat monebant Monebant they were advising/kept advising/used to advise/advised. etc. 4主动态现在时命令式THE IMPERATIVE:命令，请求 单数命令式的形式与现在时词干相同Mone!(advise!) 复数命令式的形式：现在词干+-te Monete! 例：salvere Salve!(Hello!用于单数)：Salvete!(用于复数) 三不规则动词(1)：sum 拉丁语中有些动词为不规则动词，本课介绍sum 3
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II 3 video, videre, vidi, visum (see) 在现在时词干上加上主动态直陈式现在时的人称词尾 –o, -s, -t ; -mus, -tis, -nt, 就 得到： sg. pl. moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent 翻译: moneo I advise/ am advising/ do advise. ect. 2 将来时 词干 mone-； 时态特征：-bi- 人称词尾 –o, -s , -t; -mus, -tis, -nt sg. pl. momebo, monebimus, monebis, monebitis, monebit monebunt (注意：1 st -sg; 3rd -pl 发生音变：bio 变为 bo; bint 变为 bunt) 翻译： Monebunt they will advise. etc. 3 未完成时 词干 mone-； 时态特征：-ba- 人称词尾 –m, -s , -t; -mus, -tis, -nt sg. pl. momebam, monebamus, monebas, monebatis, monebat monebant 翻译：Monebant they were advising/ kept advising/ used to advise/ advised. etc. 4 主动态现在时命令式 THE IMPERATIVE：命令，请求 单数命令式的形式与现在时词干相同 Mone!(advise!) 复数命令式的形式：现在词干+-te Monete! 例：salvere Salve! （Hello! 用于单数）； Salvete!（用于复数） 三 不规则动词（1）: sum 拉丁语中有些动词为不规则动词，本课介绍 sum
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II Sum的四种基本形式 sum esse fui futurum 其中esse(tobe)是不定式，fui是完成时，futurum目的分词。 2 Sum的直陈式现在时的数与人称 sg. pl. 14。Swm I am: sumus we are 2nd es you are; estis you are 3rd est s/he is; sunt they are (注意：仍然可以看到动词人称词尾的痕迹) 3用法 基本意义是“是”、“有”、“存在”、“处在”。 (1)esse=be此时esse为联系动词，与描述主语的名词或形容词连起来组成表语， 表达一个完整的意思。 t如课文中：Paulus est monachus. Fessus est Paulus et mulus est lentus. Mulus est territus. 注意：形容词在表语时要与主语在性、数、格上一致（见下节） (2)csse=there be此时csse的数、人称要与主语一致 如：Cibus est in sarcina.(the food is in the bag) Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. (3)est/sunt at the beginning of a sentence commonly indicate the existence of something. ane are often best translated there is /are,E.g est locus there is a place... 4Sum直陈式的将来时 词干eri,加人称词尾-0，-s,-七-ms,s,-t er-o I shall be eri-mus we will be eri-s you will be eri-tis you will be eri-t;s/he/it will be er-unt they will be 注意：(1)可以把-i看作将来时(w)的时态特征 (2)i发生的音变：ero,erunt 5sum的未完成时 词干cra,加人称词尾-m,s,女-s,-is,-t era-m Iwas era-mus we were era-s you were era-tis you were era-t s/he was era-nt they were 注意：记住csse的变位和时态，对于一般动词的变位和时态有极大帮助。试比较 er-am amabam er-o amabo er-as amabas er-is amabis er-at; amabat er-it amabit 4
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II 4 1 Sum 的四种基本形式 sum esse fui futurum 其中 esse( to be)是不定式, fui 是完成时，futurum 目的分词。 2 Sum 的直陈式现在时的数与人称 sg. pl. 1 st sum I am; sumus we are 2 nd es you are; estis you are 3 rd est s/he is; sunt they are (注意：仍然可以看到动词人称词尾的痕迹) 3 用法 基本意义是“是”、“有”、“存在”、“处在”。 （1）esse= be 此时 esse 为联系动词，与描述主语的名词或形容词连起来组成表语， 表达一个完整的意思。 如课文中：Paulus est monachus. Fessus est Paulus et mulus est lentus. Mulus est territus. 注意：形容词在表语时要与主语在性、数、格上一致（见下节） （2）esse=there be 此时 esse 的数、人称要与主语一致 如：Cibus est in sarcina.（the food is in the bag） Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. (3) est/sunt at the beginning of a sentence commonly indicate the existence of something, ane are often best translated ‘ there is /are’, E.g. est locus there is a place… 4 Sum 直陈式的将来时 词干 eri-，加人称词尾 –o, -s, -t; -mus, -tis, -nt er-o I shall be eri-mus we will be eri-s you will be eri-tis you will be eri-t; s/he/ it will be er-unt they will be 注意：（1）可以把-i- 看作将来时（will）的时态特征 （2）-i-发生的音变：ero, erunt 5 sum 的未完成时 词干 era-, 加人称词尾 -m, -s, -t; -mus, -tis, -nt era-m I was era-mus we were era-s you were era-tis you were era-t s/he was era-nt they were 注意：记住 esse 的变位和时态，对于一般动词的变位和时态有极大帮助。试比较 er-am amabam er-o amabo er-as amabas er-is amabis er-at; amabat er-it amabit
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II er-amus amabamus er-imus amabimus er-atis amabatis er-itis amabitis er-ant amabant er-unt amabunt Part2课文Paulus and Lucia Mulus equos non amat Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt.Monachi in monasterio habitant.Paulus discipulus in schola est.Discipuli cum monachis in monasterio habitant.Mulus cum equis in agro habitat.Mulus saepe in agris laborat.Equi cum mulo non laborant.Equos mulus non amat. Vocabula nova ager-i field;Eng.agriculture agri+culture;agro:构词成分agrology:农业土壤学 agro in afield:agris in fields: discipulus--istudent;.Eng.disciple,信徒，学子：discipline,.学科，纪律 equus-ihorse;Eg.equerry马厩总管，王室侍从：equine马，马科动物：equitation骑马（术）：equestrian 骑手，马术家；马的，马术的，骑马的：an~statue,equestrienne女骑手 habitant (they)live;habito-are-avi-atum I live;Eng.habitat n.牺息地，产地，住处：habitable可居住 的：habitation居住，住宅 laborant (they)work laboro-are-avi-tum 1:Eng.labor saepe adv.often schola-ae school Commentarii L.Monachi in monasterio habitant Monachi是monachus的复数主格，后面的动词需用复数。habitant:they are living in the manastary.课文中laborant也是复数动词 2.in monasterio in表示“在”、“在..内”，后接夺格”(ablativus,.abl)。如课文中：in schola(sg):in agro(sg.)in agris(pl.) 3.cum+abl课文中：cum monachis;cum equis:cum mulo 4.Equos mulus non amat.Equos是equus的复数宾格，在句子中作宾语，主语是mulus((单数)。 5.in agro(sg):in agris(pl.)ager:field,是以-er结尾的第二类名词（阳性），单数属格为agri。词干是agr-, 故其变格是： ager agrum agri agro agro; agri agros agrorum agris agris 此类名词还有liber,magister。 Umbrae in silvis Bebedictus vinum desiderat.Paulus igitur vinum in oppido emit et ad monasterium cum mulo ambulat.Mulus vinum portat.Nunc sunt in silva.Mulus saepe in silvis ambulat,sed non silvas amat quod in silvis sunt umbrae.Mulus neque umbras neque sarcinas amat. Mulus amicos in agro desiderat. 5
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II 5 er-amus amabamus er-imus amabimus er-atis amabatis er-itis amabitis er-ant amabant er-unt amabunt Part2 课文 Paulus and Lucia Mulus equos non amat Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. Monachi in monasterio habitant. Paulus discipulus in schola est. Discipuli cum monachis in monasterio habitant. Mulus cum equis in agro habitat. Mulus saepe in agris laborat. Equi cum mulo non laborant. Equos mulus non amat. Vocabula nova ager-i field ; Eng. agriculture agri + culture；agro:构词成分 agrology: 农业土壤学 agro in a field; agris in fields; discipulus-i student; Eng. disciple,信徒，学子； discipline, 学科，纪律 equus-i horse; Eng. equerry 马厩总管，王室侍从；equine 马，马科动物；equitation 骑马（术）；equestrian 骑手，马术家；马的，马术的，骑马的：an ~ statue; equestrienne 女骑手 habitant (they) live; habito–are-avi-atum 1 live; Eng. habitat n. 栖息地，产地，住处； habitable 可居住 的； habitation 居住，住宅 laborant (they) work laboro-are-avi-tum 1 ; Eng. labor saepe adv. often schola-ae school Commentarii 1. Monachi in monasterio habitant Monachi 是 monachus 的复数主格，后面的动词需用复数。habitant: they are living in the manastary . 课文中 laborant 也是复数动词 2. in monasterio in 表示“在”、“在……内”，后接“夺格”(ablativus, abl)。 如课文中：in schola（sg.）；in agro(sg.)；in agris(pl.) 3. cum+abl 课文中：cum monachis；cum equis；cum mulo 4. Equos mulus non amat. Equos 是 equus 的复数宾格,在句子中作宾语，主语是 mulus(单数)。 5. in agro(sg.)；in agris(pl.) ager: field; 是以-er 结尾的第二类名词（阳性），单数属格为 agri。词干是 agr-, 故其变格是： ager agrum agri agro agro; agri agros agrorum agris agris 此类名词还有 liber, magister。 Umbrae in silvis Bebedictus vinum desiderat. Paulus igitur vinum in oppido emit et ad monasterium cum mulo ambulat. Mulus vinum portat. Nunc sunt in silva. Mulus saepe in silvis ambulat, sed non silvas amat quod in silvis sunt umbrae. Mulus neque umbras neque sarcinas amat. Mulus amicos in agro desiderat
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II Vocabula nova amicus-i friend:Eng.amiable;Fre.Ami igitur and so oppidum-iciy:Eng.oppidan(寄宿生) umbra-ae shadow vinum-i wine;Fre.vi,Eng.vinum酒剂，药酒 neque...neque neither...nor nunc now qoud conj.because,as far as,insofar as Commentarii 1.Umbrae in silvis Shadows in the woods 2.igitur therefore (postpositive),so/then;consequently;accordingly;well/in that case 3.quod in silvis sunt umbrae because in the woods there are shadows. 4.neque...neque neither:.nor,neque solum....sed etiam:not only...but also Q&A (a)Ubi monachi habitant? (b)Cur equos mulus non amat? (c)Ubi Paulus vinum emit? (d)Cur mulus non silvas amat? (e)Quem mulus desiderat? Latina est gaudium et utilis课堂用语 Quid agis hodie?how are you today?(quid what/which/who,agis ago,agere,egi,actum 3 act) Optime!Great!(voc.bonus,bona-um,melior -or-us,optimus-a-um adj) Pessime!Terrible (pessimus,-a,-um adj worst) Bene！'Good! Satis bene.So-so,or Okay.satis adjladv.enough) Non bene.Not well Et tu?And you?(tu you sg.) A Latin Miscellany amicus Plato,sed magis amica veritas Plato is my friend,but a greater friend is truth veritas,veritatis 3f]truth in vino veritas There is truth in wine:i.e..Truth is told by the one who is drunk 6
CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM CAP.II 6 Vocabula nova amicus-i friend; Eng. amiable; Fre. Ami igitur and so oppidum-i city; Eng. oppidan （寄宿生） umbra-ae shadow vinum-i wine; Fre. vin; Eng . vinum 酒剂，药酒 neque … neque neither …nor nunc now qoud conj. because, as far as, insofar as Commentarii 1. Umbrae in silvis Shadows in the woods 2. igitur therefore (postpositive), so/then; consequently; accordingly; well/in that case 3. quod in silvis sunt umbrae ：because in the woods there are shadows. 4. neque…neque neither.. nor; neque solum….sed etiam: not only…but also Q&A (a) Ubi monachi habitant? (b) Cur equos mulus non amat? (c) Ubi Paulus vinum emit? (d) Cur mulus non silvas amat? (e) Quem mulus desiderat? Latina est gaudium et utilis 课堂用语 Quid agis hodie? how are you today?( quid what/which/who; agis ago, agere, egi, actum 3 act) Optime!Great! (voc. bonus, bona -um, melior -or -us, optimus -a -um adj) Pessime! Terrible ( pessimus,-a, -um adj worst) Bene! !Good! Satis bene. So-so, or Okay.( satis adj/adv. enough) Non bene. Not well. Et tu? And you? (tu you sg.) A Latin Miscellany amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas Plato is my friend, but a greater friend is truth veritas, veritatis 3[f] truth in vino veritas There is truth in wine; i.e., Truth is told by the one who is drunk
