CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 第七讲 ● 动词完成时系统的主动态 ● 指示词Hic,i1le ● 夺格(2) ● 课文：Paulus et Lucia(WII) Part 1语法 一动词完成时系统的主动态 1动词主动态的四种基本形式 以第1变位法动词laudare为例： 直陈式现在时laudo I praise 不定式现在时laudare to praise 直陈式完成时laudavi I praised/have praised 完成时被动态分词laudatum praised∥have been praised (说明：完成时被动态分词又称“目的分词”supine) 这四种形式是动词的基本变化形式，动词的全部变位分别由这四个基本形式导出。而且 在拉丁语词典或词汇表中，动词一般按照这四种基本形式的排列。 由这四种基本形式，可以得到动词的三种词干：现在词干、完成词千、目的分词词干： (I)现在词干：去掉不定式现在时词尾-re或-ere,由此构成主动态及被动态的现在时、 未完成时、将来时、现在形动词、动名词等： (2)完成词干：去掉直陈式完成时的单数第一人称词尾-ⅰ而得到，由此构成主动态完成 时、过去完成时、将来完成时等； (3) 目的分词词干：去掉目的分词词尾-u而得到，由它构成被动态直陈式的完成时、 过去完成时、将来完成时，被动态虚拟式的完成时、过去完成时，主动态不定式的 将来时、被动态不定式将来时、完成时，将来形动词，完成形动词，目的动名词等。 示例动词laudare,monere,.agere,.audire,capere.,esse,posse的四种词形 1 2 3/4 esse posse laudo moneo ago audio capio sum possum laudare monere agere audire capere esse posse laudavi monui egi audivi cepi fui potui laudatum monitum actum auditum captum futurum 上述例词完成时词干分别是：laudav,-monl-,eg,audiv-,cep-,fi-和pot-。其中只有第 1变位动词是规则的：词千+-o,-are,-i,-tum,如amao,amare,amavi,amatum,故可简记amo1. 三个著名的完成时动词：veni,vidi,vici(Caesar:I came,I saw,I conquered),它们的四 种基本形式是： venio,venire,veni,ventum 4 video,videre,vidi,visum 2 vinco,vincere,vici.victum 3
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 第七讲 动词完成时系统的主动态 指示词 Hic，ille 夺格（2） 课文: Paulus et Lucia(VII) Part 1 语法 一 动词完成时系统的主动态 1 动词主动态的四种基本形式 以第 1 变位法动词 laudare 为例： 直陈式现在时 laudo I praise 不定式现在时 laudare to praise 直陈式完成时 laudavi I praised/ have praised 完成时被动态分词 laudatum praised/ have been praised (说明: 完成时被动态分词又称“目的分词”supine) 这四种形式是动词的基本变化形式，动词的全部变位分别由这四个基本形式导出。而且 在拉丁语词典或词汇表中，动词一般按照这四种基本形式的排列。 由这四种基本形式，可以得到动词的三种词干：现在词干、完成词干、目的分词词干： （1） 现在词干：去掉不定式现在时词尾-re 或-ere，由此构成主动态及被动态的现在时、 未完成时、将来时、现在形动词、动名词等； （2） 完成词干：去掉直陈式完成时的单数第一人称词尾-i 而得到，由此构成主动态完成 时、过去完成时、将来完成时等； （3） 目的分词词干：去掉目的分词词尾-um 而得到，由它构成被动态直陈式的完成时、 过去完成时、将来完成时，被动态虚拟式的完成时、过去完成时，主动态不定式的 将来时、被动态不定式将来时、完成时，将来形动词，完成形动词，目的动名词等。 示例动词 laudare, monere, agere, audire, capere, esse, posse 的四种词形 1 2 3 4 3/4 esse posse laudo moneo ago audio capio sum possum laudare monere agere audire capere esse posse laudavi monui egi audivi cepi fui potui laudatum monitum actum auditum captum futurum ----- 上述例词完成时词干分别是：laudav-, monu-, eg-, audiv-, cep-, fu- 和 potu-。其中只有第 1 变位动词是规则的：词干+-o,-are,-i,-tum; 如 amao, amare, amavi, amatum, 故可简记 amo 1. 三个著名的完成时动词：veni, vidi, vici (Caesar：I came, I saw, I conquered )，它们的四 种基本形式是： venio, venire, veni, ventum 4 video, videre, vidi, visum 2 vinco, vincere, vici, victum 3 1
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 2动词主动态直陈式完成时 动词的“现在时系统”（现在时、未完成时、将来时）一般是现在时不定式词干加人称 词尾(-o/-m,s,t-mus,tis,nt),或加时态特征(-ba,-bi-,第3、4变位法动词的将来时特征 bi-变为-e-),再加人称词尾构成。 但完成时则采用一套新的词尾。完成时三种时态词尾如下： 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 perfect pluperfect future perfect -era-m -er-0 -isti -era-S -eri-s -it -era-t -eri-t -imus -era-mus -eri-mus -istis -era-tis -eri-tis -erunt -era-nt -eri-nt 说明： (1)现在完成时词尾是新内容：-i,-isti,-i池-imus,-istis,-erut;注意复数第3人称-erunt (2)过去完成时为：完成时词千+-era-系统：完成时本身已有“过去”之意，所以，“过去 完成时”的英语是pluperfect(亦即“过去的过去”) (3)将来完成时为：完成时词干+-ero-系统，但第三人称复数是erint,而不是现在时系统 中的将来时erunt。 (4)有些第3变位法动词完成时词尾不规则变化，如：dico,dicere,diri,dictum3say 3变位示例 完成时(tempus perfectum) laudav- monu- eg- audiv- fu- potu- laudavi monui egi audivi fui potui laudavisti monuisti egisti audivisti fuisti potuisti laudavit monuit egit audivit fuit potuit laudavimus monuimus egimus audivimus fuimus potuimus laudavistis monuistis egistis audivistis fuistis potuistis laudaverunt monuerunt egerunt audiverunt fuerunt potuerunt 过去完成时(tempus plusquamperfectum) laudaveram monueram egeram audiveram fueram potueram laudaveras monueras egeras audiveras fueras potueras laudaverat monuerat egerat audiverat fuerat potuerat laudaverams monueramus egeramus audiveramus fueramus potueramus laudaveratis monueratis egeratis audiveratis fueratis potueratis laudaverant monuerant egerant audiverant fuerant potuerant 2
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 2 动词主动态直陈式完成时 动词的“现在时系统”（现在时、未完成时、将来时）一般是现在时不定式词干加人称 词尾（-o/-m, s, t; -mus, tis, nt），或加时态特征（-ba-, -bi-，第 3、4 变位法动词的将来时特征 -bi-变为-e-），再加人称词尾构成。 但完成时则采用一套新的词尾。完成时三种时态词尾如下： 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 perfect pluperfect future perfect -i -era-m -er-o -isti -era-s -eri-s -it -era-t -eri-t -imus -era-mus -eri-mus -istis -era-tis -eri-tis -erunt -era-nt -eri-nt 说明： （1）现在完成时词尾是新内容：-i, -isti, -it; -imus, -istis, -erunt; 注意复数第 3 人称-erunt （2）过去完成时为：完成时词干+ -era-系统；完成时本身已有“过去”之意，所以，“过去 完成时”的英语是 pluperfect（亦即“过去的过去”） （3）将来完成时为：完成时词干+ -ero-系统，但第三人称复数是 erint, 而不是现在时系统 中的将来时 erunt。 （4）有些第 3 变位法动词完成时词尾不规则变化，如：dico, dicere, dixi, dictum 3 say 3 变位示例 完成时( tempus perfectum) laudav- monu- eg- audiv- fu- potulaudavi monui egi audivi fui potui laudavisti monuisti egisti audivisti fuisti potuisti laudavit monuit egit audivit fuit potuit laudavimus monuimus egimus audivimus fuimus potuimus laudavistis monuistis egistis audivistis fuistis potuistis laudaverunt monuerunt egerunt audiverunt fuerunt potuerunt 过去完成时( tempus plusquamperfectum) laudaveram monueram egeram audiveram fueram potueram laudaveras monueras egeras audiveras fueras potueras laudaverat monuerat egerat audiverat fuerat potuerat laudaveramus monueramus egeramus audiveramus fueramus potueramus laudaveratis monueratis egeratis audiveratis fueratis potueratis laudaverant monuerant egerant audiverant fuerant potuerant 2
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 将来完成时(tempus fururum perfectum) laudavero monuero egero audivero fuero potuero laudaveris monueris egeris audiveris fueris potueris laudaverit monuerit egerit audiverit fuerit potuerit laudaverimus monuerimus egerimus audiverimus fuerimus potuerimus laudaveritis monueritis egeritis audiveritis fueritis potueritis laudaverint monuerint egerint audiverint fuerint potuerint 可利用“完成时变位矩阵”帮助记忆 i eram ero isti eras eris it erat erit (laudav-i monu-i eg-i audiv-i cep-i) imus eramus erimus istis eratis eritis erunt erant erint 4用法、翻译以及与未完成时的区分 完成时和未完成时都可以翻译成简单过去时。比如： Magister discipulos monuit. Magister discipulos monebat. 均可译为the teacher warned the students..不过比较而言，未完成时更像是过去的一段影 像，而完成时则像一个快照：未完成时表示动作是正在进行的、重复性的或习惯性的。所以， Magister discipulos monebat可以更精确的翻译为The teacher was warning/kept warning/ sed to warn the students..而完成时则更为静态，它表示动作是一个单独的、己经完成了的事 件，或者一个虽然完成、但对现在仍然有影响的事件，此时，可以用助动词has/have来翻 译：Magister discipulos monuit:The teacher has warned the students。(可见，拉丁语中的“完 成时”概念比英语中的完成时更宽泛！) 过去完成时(pluperfect)和将来完成时(future perfect)与英语的用法很类似，都关注 己经完成的动作所产生的影响。 教材在第12课才讲“现在完成时”(p110),但在第6课和本课出现了完成时动词： mutilaverunt they did mutilate rogavit he asked clamavis he wailted iussit he orderd(注意：iubeo-ere,iussi2) 本课中的例句： Quid dixisti?(dico-ere-ixi-ictum 3) Augustinus clamavit. Stephanus Paulum et Lucuam conspexit.(conspicio,conspicere,conspexi,conspectum) ad fenestram festinaverunt.(festino,festinare,festinavi,festinatum) (一个纠结的问题I said=Dicebam or Dixi?) 3
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 将来完成时(tempus fururum perfectum) laudavero monuero egero audivero fuero potuero laudaveris monueris egeris audiveris fueris potueris laudaverit monuerit egerit audiverit fuerit potuerit laudaverimus monuerimus egerimus audiverimus fuerimus potuerimus laudaveritis monueritis egeritis audiveritis fueritis potueritis laudaverint monuerint egerint audiverint fuerint potuerint 可利用“完成时变位矩阵”帮助记忆 laudav- monu- eg- audiv- cepi eram ero isti eras eris it erat erit i ii i i imus eramus erimus istis eratis eritis erunt erant erint 4 用法、翻译以及与未完成时的区分 完成时和未完成时都可以翻译成简单过去时。比如： Magister discipulos monuit. Magister discipulos monebat. 均可译为 the teacher warned the students. 不过比较而言，未完成时更像是过去的一段影 像，而完成时则像一个快照：未完成时表示动作是正在进行的、重复性的或习惯性的。所以， Magister discipulos monebat 可以更精确的翻译为 The teacher was warning/ kept warning/ used to warn the students. 而完成时则更为静态，它表示动作是一个单独的、已经完成了的事 件，或者一个虽然完成、但对现在仍然有影响的事件，此时，可以用助动词 has/have 来翻 译：Magister discipulos monuit : The teacher has warned the students。( 可见，拉丁语中的“完 成时”概念比英语中的完成时更宽泛！) 过去完成时（pluperfect）和将来完成时（future perfect）与英语的用法很类似，都关注 已经完成的动作所产生的影响。 教材在第 12 课才讲“现在完成时”（p110），但在第 6 课和本课出现了完成时动词： mutilaverunt they did mutilate rogavit he asked clamavis he wailted iussit he orderd (注意：iubeo-ere, iussi 2) 本课中的例句： Quid dixisti? （dico-ere-ixi-ictum 3） Augustinus clamavit. Stephanus Paulum et Lucuam conspexit.(conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum) ad fenestram festinaverunt . (festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum) ( 一个纠结的问题 I said= Dicebam or Dixi? ) 3
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 二指示词Hic,ille I指示代词Hic,Ille 前此课文中的例子： Ubi est ille caballus (V-A) Hic,o Domina,est mulus.(V-B) Hic multa sunt ova.(VI-B) 再如： Ille liber est bonus.(That book is good.) Hic vir est malus.(This man is evil.) Possum superare vitia illa.(superare to overcome;vitium vitii fault;I can overcome those faults.) Habeo pecuniam illarum feminarum.(I have the money of those women.) 2Hic,ille的变格 hic,haec,hoc (this/these) sg. pl. masc fem neut masc fem neut nom hic haec hoc hi hae haec acc hunc hanc hoc hos has haec gen huius huius huius horum harum horum dat huic huic huic his his his abl hoc hac hoc his his his ille,illa,illud (that/those) sg. PL case masc fem neut masc fem neut nom ille illa illud illi illae illa acc illum illam illud illos illas illa gen illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum dat illi illi i illis illis illis abl illo illa illo illis illis illis 单数变化太多！但复数基本符合us,a,um的复数变格 is,ea,id/ei,eae,ea that(near you,that of yours遵循ille的变格方式（亦可作为第三 人称代词)。 3Hic,ille作为形容词 Hic mulus this mule Illa silva that wood Hic,o Domina.est mulus.(V-B)Hi lady.this is the mule
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 二 指示词 Hic，ille 1 指示代词 Hic，Ille 前此课文中的例子： Ubi est ille caballus ? (V-A) Hic, o Domina, est mulus.(V-B) Hic multa sunt ova. (VI-B) 再如： Ille liber est bonus.(That book is good.) Hic vir est malus.(This man is evil.) Possum superare vitia illa. (superare to overcome; vitium vitii fault ; I can overcome those faults.) Habeo pecuniam illarum feminarum. (I have the money of those women.) 2 Hic, ille 的变格 hic, haec, hoc (this/these) sg. pl. masc fem neut masc fem neut nom hic haec hoc hi hae haec acc hunc hanc hoc hos has haec gen huius huius huius horum harum horum dat huic huic huic his his his abl hoc hac hoc his his his ille, illa, illud (that/ those) sg. Pl. case masc fem neut masc fem neut nom ille illa illud illi illae illa acc illum illam illud illos illas illa gen illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum dat illi illi illi illis illis illis abl illo illa illo illis illis illis 单数变化太多！但复数基本符合-us, -a, -um 的复数变格 is, ea, id / ei, eae, ea that ( near you), that of yours 遵循 ille 的变格方式（亦可作为第三 人称代词）。 3 Hic, ille 作为形容词 Hic mulus this mule Illa silva that wood Hic, o Domina, est mulus.(V-B) Hi lady, this is the mule. 4
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII Hic还可用作“here” Hic vivo,hic moriar here I live,here may I die.(vivo,vivere,vixi,victum 3 be alive,live; survive;morior,moriri,moritus sum 4dep die;) Hic multa sunt ova.(VI-B)There are many eggs here. 三、夺格(2)：手段和工具夺格、伴随和方式夺格、时间夺格 1手段夺格或工具夺格 例句： Litteras stilo scripsit he wrote the letter with a pencil.(littera,litterae,letter:stilus,stili pencil Cives pecunia vicit he conquered the citizens with/by money.(civis civis citizen;vinco, vincere,vici,victum conguer) Id meis oculis vidi.I saw it with my own eves.(oculus,-i eye;meus,mea,meum adj.my) 罗马人经常用“无介词夺格”来表达英语中需要用介词表达的想法。如第3讲 Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt.The sacks are heavy with wine and eggs and oil and perfume. 2伴随夺格和方式夺格 Cum amicis venerunt.They came with friends venio,vnere,veni,ventum) Id cum eis fecit.He did it with them.facio,facere,feci,factum 3/4) Id cum virtute fecit.He did it with courage.(virtus,-is 3 [f]) 以上夺格用法说明动作是通过什么手段或借助什么工具完成的、和谁一起完成的、使用 什么方式完成的。 在把英语翻译成拉丁语时需要注意：如果with指“和谁”(with whom)或“以何种方式” (in what manner),就使用cum+abl.如果with指“借助什么”(by means of what),就使用无 介词夺格。 3时间夺格：在何时、在何时内 表示一个事件发生“在何时”、“在何时内”，只需要将时间名词变为夺格，而不需要介词。 Die laboramus.(dies diei daylight.We are working in the daylight) Meridie non ambulo.(I do not walk at the noon) Hieme dies breves,aestate longi sunt.hiems,hiemis winter,aest-as,a'tis summer.In the winter,the day is short,in the summer,the day is long. 5
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII Hic 还可用作“here ” Hic vivo, hic moriar here I live, here may I die. ( vivo, vivere, vixi, victum 3 be alive, live; survive; morior, moriri, moritus sum 4dep die; ) Hic multa sunt ova. (VI-B) There are many eggs here. 三、夺格(2): 手段和工具夺格、伴随和方式夺格、时间夺格 1 手段夺格或工具夺格 例句： Litteras stilo scripsit he wrote the letter with a pencil.(littera, litterae, letter; stilus,stili pencil ) Cives pecunia vicit he conquered the citizens with/by money.(civis civis citizen; vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer) Id meis oculis vidi. I saw it with my own eyes.(oculus,-i eye; meus, mea, meum adj. my) 罗马人经常用“无介词夺格”来表达英语中需要用介词表达的想法。如第 3 讲 Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt. The sacks are heavy with wine and eggs and oil and perfume. 2 伴随夺格和方式夺格 Cum amicis venerunt. They came with friends ( venio, vnere, veni, ventum) Id cum eis fecit. He did it with them. ( facio, facere, feci, factum 3/4) Id cum virtute fecit. He did it with courage. （virtus, -is 3 [f]） 以上夺格用法说明动作是通过什么手段或借助什么工具完成的、和谁一起完成的、使用 什么方式完成的。 在把英语翻译成拉丁语时需要注意：如果 with 指“和谁”(with whom) 或“以何种方式” (in what manner)，就使用 cum + abl. 如果 with 指“借助什么”(by means of what)，就使用无 介词夺格。 3 时间夺格：在何时、在何时内 表示一个事件发生“在何时”、“在何时内”，只需要将时间名词变为夺格，而不需要介词。 Die laboramus.(dies,diei daylight. We are working in the daylight) Meridie non ambulo.(I do not walk at the noon) Hieme dies breves, aestate longi sunt. ( hiems, hiemis winter; aest-as, a’tis summer. In the winter, the day is short, in the summer, the day is long. ) 5
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII Part2课文Paulus et Lucia(VI)） O di immortales Stephanus disciplis fessis Romae historiam adhuc narrabat.'At Romanis erant multi dei deaeque.Iuppiter deus erat caeli,Diana silvarum et venationis,Mars belli et militum, Venus amoris,Neptunus aequoris,Apollo solis et carminum.Quomodo autem possumus, ut dicit unus ex sanctis,"commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum?"Quis vero sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest?' 'Liberum amo!'susurravit Augustinus. Quid?' ‘Nihil,.Magister..' Quid dixisti?' 'Librum amo.' Bene.Mox librum recitabis exscribesque.Ubi eram?...Dei deaeque ergo in fabulis male se gerebant,et nunc nobis illae superstitiones sunt exempla turpitudinis.Neque enim virtutem laudabant neque animas hominum curabant.Deus tamen,creator terrae caelique hominumque bestiarumque,semper nos omnes curat."Num,"ut dicit sanctus Boethius,"Deus facere malum potest?"Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo...' Magister,ecce Paulus!'Augustinus clamavit. ..fortasse praeter Paulum.Ubi est ille delinquens?'inquit Stephanus,et ad fenestram festinavit.Nihil videre possum nisi boves ovesque.' Paulus sub arboribus cum virgine ambulat.' Cum virgine?'Stephanus Paulum et Lucuam conspexit. 'Mehercule,'inquit,illa est virgo!'et statim discipuli libros reliquerunt et ad fenestram festinaverunt.'Ad libros,o inepti,ad libros!Cibum vinumque scilicet!Paulus modo cum ancillis modo cum virgine vacat.O di immortales!' Vocabula nova adhuc still clamavit (s/he)shouted clamo-are-avi I aequor-is [n]sea,ocean commemorari to remember,relate aliquis someone commemoro-are不定式被动态现在时-ari amo I love;amo-are-avi-atum 1 Eng.commemorate纪念 amor-is [m]love conspexit (s/he)caught sight of anima-ae[f]soul,:Eng。 anima灵魂，精神， conspicio-ere-spexi-spectum 3/4 人内在自我 Eng.conspicuous显著的：conspectus大纲，摘要 at but,yet creator-is [m]creator Eng.creator autem however credere [+dat.]to believe credo-ere Eng.credence; bellum-i[nwar,Eng.battle,bellicism好战性： credible;credo教义，信条：credulous轻信的 bellicose好战的：bellicosity好战：belligerence好战， curat [acc.](s/he)cares for curo-are 1 交战：belligerency交战状态 dea-ae [f]goddess Bene fine deus-i[m]god Eng.deism自然神论 caelum-i [n]heaven,sky Di immortales immortal gods carissimus-a-um very dear,special dicit(dixisti)(s/he)says(you had said) carmen-inis [n]song,poem dico-ere-ixi-ictum 3
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 6 Part 2 课文 Paulus et Lucia (VII) O di immortales ! Stephanus disciplis fessis Romae historiam adhuc narrabat. ‘At Romanis erant multi dei deaeque. Iuppiter deus erat caeli, Diana silvarum et venationis, Mars belli et militum, Venus amoris, Neptunus aequoris, Apollo solis et carminum. Quomodo autem possumus, ut dicit unus ex sanctis, “commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum?” Quis vero sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest?’ ‘Liberum amo!’ susurravit Augustinus. ‘Quid?’ ‘Nihil, Magister.’ ‘Quid dixisti?’ ‘Librum amo.’ ‘Bene. Mox librum recitabis exscribesque. Ubi eram?… Dei deaeque ergo in fabulis male se gerebant, et nunc nobis illae superstitiones sunt exempla turpitudinis. Neque enim virtutem laudabant neque animas hominum curabant. Deus tamen, creator terrae caelique hominumque bestiarumque, semper nos omnes curat. “Num,” ut dicit sanctus Boethius, “Deus facere malum potest?” Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo…’ ‘Magister, ecce Paulus!’ Augustinus clamavit. ‘… fortasse praeter Paulum. Ubi est ille delinquens?’ inquit Stephanus, et ad fenestram festinavit. ‘Nihil videre possum nisi boves ovesque.’ ‘Paulus sub arboribus cum virgine ambulat.’ ‘Cum virgine?’ Stephanus Paulum et Lucuam conspexit. ‘Mehercule,’ inquit, ‘illa est virgo!’ et statim discipuli libros reliquerunt et ad fenestram festinaverunt. ‘Ad libros, o inepti, ad libros! Cibum vinumque scilicet! Paulus modo cum ancillis modo cum virgine vacat. O di immortales!’ Vocabula nova adhuc still aequor-is [n]sea, ocean aliquis someone amo I love; amo-are-avi-atum 1 amor-is [m] love anima-ae [f] soul; Eng. anima 灵魂，精神， 人内在自我 at but, yet autem however bellum-i [n] war; Eng. battle, bellicism 好战性； bellicose 好战的；bellicosity 好战；belligerence 好战， 交战；belligerency 交战状态 Bene fine caelum-i [n] heaven, sky carissimus-a-um very dear, special carmen-inis [n] song, poem clamavit (s/he) shouted clamo-are-avi 1 commemorari to remember, relate commemoro-are 不定式被动态现在时-ari Eng. commemorate 纪念 conspexit (s/he) caught sight of conspicio-ere-spexi-spectum 3/4 Eng. conspicuous 显著的；conspectus 大纲，摘要 creator-is [m] creator Eng. creator credere [+dat.] to believe credo-ere Eng. credence; credible; credo 教义，信条；credulous 轻信的 curat [+ acc.] (s/he) cares for curo-are 1 dea-ae [f] goddess deus-i [m] god Eng. deism 自然神论 Di immortales ！ immortal gods dicit (dixisti) (s/he) says (you had said) dico-ere-ixi-ictum 3
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII ecce look nihil nothing:Eng.nihil;nihility无，虚无； exemplum-i [n]example,precedent Eng. nihilism;nihilist example;:exemplum例证；exemplar榜样，样本： nisi conj.If not,unless,except exemplify nomina [acc.[n]names exscribes you will write out nomen-inis [n]name exscribo-ere-ipsi-iptum 3 omnia [n.pl.]all facere to do,make facio-ere-,feci,factum 3/4 pius-a-um pious,dutiful Eng.fact,factitious人为的，人工的：factor possum (possumus)I am able (we);possum, fenestra-ae[m]window Eng.fenestra似窗的开 posse be able;Eng.possible 口，小孔：fenestella praeter [acc.]except,besides festinaverunt (they)hurried quomodo how festino-are-avi 1 Eng.festinate匆忙 recitabis you will recite;recito-are I recite,read homo-inis [m]man aloud;Eng.recite illa that,she reliquerunt (they)left; illae those relinquo-ere-liqui-lictum 3 leave ille delinquens that delinquent sapiens sapientis(gen)wise delinquo,-ere,deliqui,delictum fail (duty) sapiens,sapientis 3n m wise (virtuous)man, delinquens现在分词（见第XI讲） sage,philosopher luppiter Jupiter scilicet!my foot! laudabant (they)praised sol-is [m]sun:Eng.solar laudo-are-avi-atum1Eng.laud赞美，颂歌； sub [+abl.]beneath liber--bri[m]book;Eng.library;libraire书店，书 superstitio-nis [f]superstition;Eng.superstition 商；librarian图书馆员 susurravit (s/he)whispered; Liber-i [m]Liber,god of wine susurro-are-avi I whisper;Eng.susurrate male se gerebant (they)conducted themselves tot so many badly;gero-ere 2 conduct,manage: turpitudo-inis [f]disgraceful behaviour Eng se her(him/them)self turpitude卑鄙 mehercule!well I be Hercules ut as miles-itis [m]soldier Eng.military vacat (s/he)idles vaco-are-avi-atum 1 be idle. modo...modo one minute...the next empty Eng.vacate;vacation;vacant narrabat (s/he)was recounting venatio-nis [f hunt narro-are-avi-atum I relate,tell;Eng.narrate; virtus-tutis [f]courage,virtue narration;narrative;narrator Commentarii L.O di immortales di deus-i,[mgod;注意：di可以是voc.Sing,或nom.pl:此处是呼格；dea-ae[门 godess。immortales immortalis immortal第二类形容词（双尾型-is单数，-es复数-详见肖原pll5,信p53); immotus-a-um stationary 2.Stephanus disciplis (dat.)fessis (-obiectum indirectum:dat.Romae historiam (acc.)adhuc narrabat(was doing) narrabat -bam-bas-bat,-bamus-batis-bant:那时正在做着. 3.at Romanis erant multi dei deaeque;at yer.There were many gods and goddesses to the Roman/The Romans had many gods and goddesses注意：原句中erant为esse的复数未完成过去时，意为there be=have. Esse:eram.eras,erat:eramus eratis erant
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII ecce look exemplum-i [n] example, precedent Eng. example; exemplum 例证；exemplar 榜样，样本； exemplify exscribes you will write out exscribo-ere-ipsi-iptum 3 facere to do, make facio-ere-, feci, factum 3/4 Eng. fact; factitious 人为的，人工的；factor fenestra-ae [m] window Eng. fenestra 似窗的开 口，小孔；fenestella festinaverunt (they) hurried festino-are-avi 1 Eng. festinate 匆忙 homo-inis [m] man illa that, she illae those ille delinquens that delinquent delinquo, -ere, deliqui, delictum fail (duty) delinquens 现在分词 （见第 XI 讲） luppiter Jupiter laudabant (they) praised laudo-are-avi-atum 1 Eng. laud 赞美，颂歌； liber-bri [m] book ;Eng. library; libraire 书店，书 商; librarian 图书馆员 Liber-i [m] Liber, god of wine male se gerebant (they) conducted themselves badly; gero-ere 2 conduct, manage； se her(him/them) self mehercule! well I be Hercules miles-itis [m] soldier Eng. military modo…modo one minute…the next narrabat (s/he) was recounting narro-are-avi-atum 1 relate, tell; Eng. narrate; narration; narrative; narrator nihil nothing; Eng. nihil; nihility 无，虚无; nihilism; nihilist nisi conj. If not, unless, except nomina [acc.] [n] names nomen-inis [n] name omnia [n. pl.] all pius-a-um pious, dutiful possum (possumus) I am able (we); possum, posse be able; Eng. possible praeter [+ acc.] except, besides quomodo how recitabis you will recite; recito-are 1 recite, read aloud; Eng. recite reliquerunt (they) left; relinquo-ere-liqui-lictum 3 leave sapiens sapientis (gen) wise sapiens, sapientis 3n m wise (virtuous) man, sage, philosopher scilicet! my foot! sol-is [m] sun; Eng. solar sub [+abl.] beneath superstitio-nis [f] superstition; Eng. superstition susurravit (s/he) whispered; susurro-are-avi 1 whisper; Eng. susurrate tot so many turpitudo-inis [f] disgraceful behaviour Eng. turpitude 卑鄙 ut as vacat (s/he) idles vaco-are-avi-atum 1 be idle, empty Eng. vacate; vacation; vacant venatio-nis [f] hunt virtus-tutis [f] courage, virtue Commentarii 1. O di immortales di deus-i, [m] god ; 注意：di 可以是 voc. Sing, 或 nom. pl:此处是呼格 ; dea-ae [f] godess。immortales immortalis immortal 第二类形容词（双尾型-is 单数, -es 复数—详见肖原 p115,信 p53）; immotus-a-um stationary. 2. Stephanus disciplis (dat.) fessis (-obiectum indirectum；dat. ) Romae historiam (acc.) adhuc narrabat( was doing). narrabat -bam –bas –bat; -bamus –batis –bant : 那时正在做着…… 3. at Romanis erant multi dei deaeque; at yet; There were many gods and goddesses to the Roman/ The Romans had many gods and goddesses 注意：原句中erant 为esse 的复数未完成过去时，意为 there be =have. Esse: eram, eras, erat; eramus eratis erant. 7
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 注意：Romanis(Romanus-i the Roman;:)是夺格还是与格？(Roma-aen,Rome,romanus-i,2 n the Romans pl.Romanus,a,-um;a,Romani.罗马人的) 4.Diana silvarum et venationis省略了deaest。Diana (was the godde,ss)of the woods and of hunting 5.ut dicit unus ex sanctis插入语，as says one of the saints 6. Quomodo autem possumus commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum how we could remember all the names of the gods and goddesses.Augustinus,De Civitate Dei,Liber 04 Commemorari的语法意义？com-memoro--are1 ocall1 mind.. 不定式被动态现在时(l,2,4)现在词干+ri,(3 +i amare:amari,mettere:metti 7.Quis vero sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest?Indeed what wise and pious man can believe in so many gods?句中sapiens piusque明智而虔诚的人(sapiens sapientis明智的：sapiens哲士，智者：pius honest形容词作名词，注意，potest是单数动词he is able to): &.Liber-igod of wine(-e保留) liber,libera,liberum free(-e保留)；liber,libri m.book(e不保留)；liberi,.liberorum m.children(只用复 )libero,liberare,liberavi,liberatum 1 to free. 9.Mox librum recitabis exscribesque recitabis第一变位法动词recito-are将来时2ndsg,exscribes第三 变位法动词exscribo-ere-ipsi-iptum将来时2ndsg 10.eram was 11.se themselves(see p184) 12.scilicet!My foot!With acc. I3.Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo We all are always very special to God omnes是omnis的复数 格，omnis-.e为双尾形容词 carissimi carissim-us-a-um,原级carus-a-um,比较级car-iorm,f-iusm,最高级carissm-us-a-um Deo abl.Deus,DeiN2ndM.此句为形容词+与格。 l5 ille illa illud:illi illae illa指示代词that,those,与hic haec hoc,hi hae haec相对 16 inepti you foolish creatures,in-eptus-a-um ofperson:tasteless,tactless; Paulus cum diabolo ambulat In culina ancillae strenuae cenam magnam parant;nam hodie abbatem ex abbatum convocatione exspectant.Aliae igitur potiones aliae carnem aliae panem aliae crusta aliae fruges parant.Deinde operibus fessae in horto requiescunt. Mox Paulum et Luciam conspexerunt."Quis est illa?Quid est puellae nomen?rogavit una ex ancillis. "Filia est Comitis Karoli,nomine Lucia,"inquit alia.Nunc ancillae possunt videre abbatissam abbatemque qui Luciam salutant.Benedictus culinam intravit. "Age,tempus fugit!"clamavit coquus."Ubi sunt unguenta vinaque?Ubi est ignavus servus?” "Hic est puer,Pater Benedicte,nunc Paulus adest." "Dico vobis,puer ille ignavus cum diabolo ambulat....Sancta Maria!Paulus cum abbatissa ambulat?Num abbatissa salutem dicit puero?Quid fit?Nunc puer abbati salutem dicit!Dic mihi,nam scire volo:quis est illa virgo?Est-ne puer nunc magnus et abbati amicus?Paulo gratiam et munera praebeo,sed quid ille puer Benedicto dat?" “Ecce,nunc venit..” Videre est credere.” P
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 注意： Romanis（Romanus-i the Roman;）是夺格还是与格？（ Roma-ae n, Rome; romanus –i, 2n the Romans pl. Romanus ,-a,-um; a., Romani.罗马人的） 4. Diana silvarum et venationis 省略了 dea est。Diana (was the goddess) of the woods and of hunting 5. ut dicit unus ex sanctis 插入语， as says one of the saints 6. Quomodo autem possumus commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum how we could remember all the names of the gods and goddesses。出自Augustinus, De Civitate Dei, Liber 04 Commemorari 的语法意义? com-memoro-are to call to mind. 不定式被动态现在时 (1,2,4)现在词干+ri; (3)+i amare : amari, mettere: metti 7. Quis vero sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest? Indeed what wise and pious man can believe in so many gods ? 句中 sapiens piusque 明智而虔诚的人（sapiens sapientis 明智的；sapiens 哲士，智者；pius honest 形容词作名词,注意，potest 是单数动词 he is able to ）； 8. Liber-i god of wine(-e 保留) liber, libera, liberum free（-e 保留）; liber, libri m. book（e 不保留）; liberi, liberorum m. children（只用复 数）; līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātum 1 to free. 9. Mox librum recitabis exscribesque recitabis 第一变位法动词 recito-are 将来时 2ndsg， exscribes 第三 变位法动词 exscribo-ere-ipsi-iptum 将来时 2ndsg 10. eram was 11. se themselves(see p184) 12. scilicet! My foot! With acc. 13. Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo We all are always very special to God omnes 是 omnis 的复数 格， omnis-e 为双尾形容词 carissimi carissim-us-a-um; 原级 carus-a-um; 比较级 car-ior m,f –ius n; 最高级 carissm-us-a-um Deo abl. Deus, Dei N2nd M. 此句为形容词+与格。 15 ille illa illud ； illi illae illa 指示代词 that, those ，与 hic haec hoc, hi hae haec 相对 16 inepti you foolish creatures; in-eptus-a-um of person : tasteless, tactless ; Paulus cum diabolo ambulat In culina ancillae strenuae cenam magnam parant; nam hodie abbatem ex abbatum convocatione exspectant. Aliae igitur potiones aliae carnem aliae panem aliae crusta aliae fruges parant. Deinde operibus fessae in horto requiescunt. Mox Paulum et Luciam conspexerunt. “Quis est illa? Quid est puellae nomen?”rogavit una ex ancillis. “Filia est Comitis Karoli, nomine Lucia,” inquit alia. Nunc ancillae possunt videre abbatissam abbatemque qui Luciam salutant. Benedictus culinam intravit. “Age, tempus fugit!” clamavit coquus. “Ubi sunt unguenta vinaque? Ubi est ignavus servus?” “Hic est puer, Pater Benedicte, nunc Paulus adest.” “Dico vobis, puer ille ignavus cum diabolo ambulat.... Sancta Maria! Paulus cum abbatissa ambulat? Num abbatissa salutem dicit puero? Quid fit? Nunc puer abbati salutem dicit! Dic mihi, nam scire volo: quis est illa virgo? Est-ne puer nunc magnus et abbati amicus? Paulo gratiam et munera praebeo, sed quid ille puer Benedicto dat?” “Ecce, nunc venit.” “Videre est credere.” 8
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII Una ancillarum e culina ad Paulum festinavit."Age,Paule,Pater Benedictus sarcinas desiderat!" Paulus“ubi Patris Benedicti,,”inquit,“est temperantia?” Vocabula nova abbas abbatis [ml abbot hic here abbatissa-ae [f]abbess hortus-i [m]garden adest (s/he)is here ille [m],illa [f]he/she,that age come on! interea meanwhile alia another(person) intravit(s/he)entered aliae...aliae some...others intro-are 1 enter;go into amicus-i [m]friend munera acc.pl. Karolus-i [m]Charles munus,muneris 3N]service;duty,gift caro,carnis [f]flesh,meat nam for carnivore食肉动物 panis-is [m]bread cena-ae [f]dinner parant(they）prepare comes-itis [m]count paro-are I prepare conspexerunt (they)caught sight of possunt (they)are able conspicio-ere,conspexi,conspectum 3/4 potio-nis [f]drink catch/be in sight of praebeo I give,offer convocatio-nis [f]conference praebeo-ere,praebui,praebitum 2 present,offer crustum-i [n]pastry,cake qui who dat (s/he)gives quid fit?what's going on? do dare dedi datum I requiescunt(they)relax diabolus-i [m]devil requiesco-ere,requievi,requietus V(3rd)rest dic mihi tell me salutant(they）greet dico-ere,dixi,dictum 3;dic imp saluto-are 1 greet;wish well dico vobis I tell you salutem dicit (s/he)says hello exspectant (they)wait for salus,salutis N(3rd)health;prosperity;good exspecto-tare 1 expect,anticipate wish;greeting festinavit (s/he)hurried scire to know festino-are 1 scio-ire,scivi,scitum 4 frux-gis [f]fruit strenuous-a-um energetic fugit (s/he/it)flees,flies temperantia-ae [f]restraint fugio-ere,fugi,fugitum 3 volo I want gratia-ae [f]favour Commentari 1 ancillae strenuae..parent,.exspectant,.abbatem ex abbatum convocatione:第一个abbatem是单数宾语 (abbas,abbatis第3变格名词)，abbatum是复数属格，convocatione夺格。 2 Aliae(5个！)-parant. 3 operibus,opus operis的复数夺格，operibus表示原因：fessae fessa复数主格：operibus fessae in horto requiescunt the tired (maid servants)by works rest under the tree. 4 nomine Lucia nomine是nomna(nominis)的夺格Lucia is a geiven name 9
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 9 Una ancillarum e culina ad Paulum festinavit. “Age, Paule, Pater Benedictus sarcinas desiderat!” Paulus “ubi Patris Benedicti,” inquit, “est temperantia?” Vocabula nova abbas abbatis [m] abbot abbatissa –ae [f] abbess adest (s/he) is here age come on! alia another (person) aliae...aliae some... others amicus-i [m] friend Karolus-i [m] Charles caro, carnis [f] flesh, meat carnivore 食肉动物 cena-ae [f] dinner comes-itis [m] count conspexerunt (they) caught sight of conspicio-ere, conspexi, conspectum 3/4 catch/be in sight of convocatio-nis [f] conference crustum-i [n] pastry, cake dat (s/he) gives do dare dedi datum 1 diabolus-i [m] devil dic mihi tell me dico-ere, dixi, dictum 3; dic imp. dico vobis I tell you exspectant (they) wait for exspecto-tare 1 expect, anticipate festinavit (s/he) hurried festino-are 1 frux-gis [f] fruit fugit (s/he/it) flees, flies fugio-ere, fugi, fugitum 3 gratia-ae [f] favour hic here hortus-i [m] garden ille [m], illa [f] he/she, that interea meanwhile intravit (s/he) entered intro-are 1 enter; go into munera acc. pl. munus, muneris 3[N]service; duty, gift nam for panis-is [m] bread parant (they) prepare paro-are 1 prepare possunt (they) are able potio-nis [f] drink praebeo I give, offer praebeo-ere,praebui, praebitum 2 present,offer qui who quid fit? what's going on? requiescunt (they) relax requiesco-ere, requievi, requietus V (3rd) rest salutant (they) greet saluto-are 1 greet; wish well salutem dicit (s/he) says hello salus, salutis N (3rd) health; prosperity; good wish; greeting scire to know scio-ire, scivi, scitum 4 strenuous-a-um energetic temperantia-ae [f] restraint volo I want Commentari 1 ancillae strenuae…. parent, …exspectant; abbatem ex abbatum convocatione: 第一个 abbatem 是单数宾语 （abbas, abbatis 第 3 变格名词），abbatum 是复数属格, convocatione 夺格。 2 Aliae（5 个！）……parant. 3 operibus, opus operis 的复数夺格，operibus 表示原因；fessae fessa 复数主格；operibus fessae in horto requiescunt the tired (maid servants) by works rest under the tree. 4 nomine Lucia nomine 是 nomna (nominis) 的夺格 Lucia is a geiven name
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 5 dico vobis vobis为vos的夺格 6Est-ne puer nunc magnus et abbati amicus.abbati abbas abbatis的与格，magnus和amicus为并列形容词， Is the boy important and friendly to the Abbot? 7 quid fit what is going on?fit fio,,feri,factus sum SEMIDEP(半异态动词)：happen..come about,take place, be held,occur,fiat=>so be it.very well:it is being done.fiatFAT (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino: Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), 文化背景 1罗马的众神 2奥古斯丁Augustinus与《上帝之城》De Civitate Dei 3波伊休斯Boethius与《哲学的安慰》De consolatione philosophiae o
CAPITVLVM SEPTIMVM CAP.VII 5 dico vobis vobis 为 vos 的夺格 6 Est-ne puer nunc magnus et abbati amicus . abbati abbas abbatis 的与格， magnus 和 amicus 为并列形容词, Is the boy important and friendly to the Abbot？ 7 quid fit what is going on ? fit fio, feri, factus sum SEMIDEP（半异态动词）： happen, come about，take place, be held, occur，fiat => so be it, very well; it is being done. fiat 不是FIAT（Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino: Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), 文化背景 1 罗马的众神 2 奥古斯丁 Augustinus 与《上帝之城》De Civitate Dei 3 波伊休斯 Boethius 与《哲学的安慰》De consolatione philosophiae 10