国家开放大学：2009—2010学年第二学期“开放本科”英语专业高级时事英语期末试题（7月）.pdf_大学文库

-why some social groups tend to enjoy more educational success than others. They are not the only social scientists concerned with these issues.However their book contains a recent and comprehensive summary of australian educational research.Here are some of the major points they make. There are five basic components to the australian educational system: (j primary school (age 5-12 years of age) ii)compulsory secondary school (12-15 years of age)(or 12-16 years in the State of Tasmania) (il post-compulsory secondary school (15-17) (iv)technical and further education (17 years and older) (V)higher education or university (17 years and older) Before the Second World War nearly half of Australian children did not attend secondary school.In the second half of the twentieth century,education expanded and changed form dramatically.Between 1956 and 1966 the number of universities grew from 9 to 14,then rose to 19 in 1975.In addition,there has been a significant growth in non-university post secondary education.In the 1990s the percentage of women with post secondary school qualifications was 37%.The percentage of men was 47 per cent. Haralambos and his colleagues summarize the evidence about the impact of education on the creation of a more equal society.They say 'both material and cultural factors affect the length of stay in education.Family wealth still exerts a powerful influence on access to university education.However the expansion of education has meant an expansion of educational opportunities for people from social groups earlier denied a higher education. Bob Connell,a major writer on Australian education,has argued that 'the evidence of socially unequal outcomes continues to mount.It is one of the most firmly established facts about Western-style educational systems in all parts of the world.' 21.Haralambos worked alone on his summary of Australian education. 22.He and his colleagues were interested in studying social inequality. 23.Most Australian students must stay at school until they are 15 years of age. 24.There is a common compulsory leaving age across all of Australia. 96

-why some social groups tend to enjoy more educational success than others. They are not the only social scientists concerned with these issues. However their book contains a recent and comprehensive summary of Australian educational research. Here are some of the major points they make. There are five basic components to the Australian educational system: ( i) primary school (age 5-12 years of age) ( ii) compulsory secondary school (12- 15 years of age)(or 12-16 years in the State of Tasmania) (ωiii post-compulsory secondary school (1 ( iv ) technical and further education (17 years and older) ( V ) higher education or university (17 years and older) Before the Second WarId War nearly half of Australian children did not attend secondary school. In the second half of the twentieth century , education expanded and changed form dramatically. Between 1956 and 1966 the number of universities grew from 9 to 14 , then rose to 19 in 1975. In addition , there has been a significant growth in non-university post secondary education. In the 1990s the percentage of women with post secondary school qualifications was 37%. The percentage of men was 47 per cent. Haralambos and his colleagues summarize the evidence about the impact of education on the creation of a more equal society. They say ‘ both material and cultural factors affect the length of stay in education. ' Family wealth still exerts a powerful influence on access to university education. However the expansion of education has meant an expansion of educational opportunities for people from social groups earlier denied a higher education. Bob Connell , a major writer on Australian education , has argued that ‘ the evidence of socially unequal outcomes continues to mount. It is one of the most firmly established facts about Western-style educational systems in all parts of the world. ' 21. Haralambos worked alone on his summary of Australian education. 22. He and his colleagues were interested in studying social inequality. 23. Most Australian students must stay at school until they are 15 years of age. 24. There is a common compulsory leaving age across all of Australia. 96

25.There are two major forms of post secondary education. 26.Post secondary education is compulsory in Australia 27.Fewer than 50%of children attended secondary school before 1939. 28.Major changes in education occurred in the latter half of the 20th century. 29.By the 1990s,a higher percentage of women than men had post secondary qualifications. 30.The expansion of education has meant that there is now no social inequality in access to higher education in Australia. Part 2:Questions 31-35 are based on this part.(10 points,2 points each) What kind of people are these construction workers? They drive into town in big cars,and live in furnished rooms,and drink whiskey with beer chasers,and chase women they will soon forget.They linger only a little while,only until they have built the bridge;then they are off again to another town,another bridge, linking everything but their lives. They possess none of the foundation of their bridges.They are part circus,part gypsy- graceful in the air,restless on the ground;it is as if the wide-open road below lacks for them the clear direction of an eight-inch beam stretching across the sky six hundred feet above the sea. When there are no bridges to be built,they will build skyscrapers,or highways,or power dams,or anything that promises a challenge-and overtime.They will go anywhere, will drive a thousand miles all day and night to be part of a new building boom.They find boom towns irresistible.that is why they are called "the boomers. In appearance,boomers usually are big men,or if not always big,always strong,and their skin is ruddy from all the sun and wind.Some who heat rivets have charred complexions;some who drive rivets are hard of hearing;some who catch rivets in small metal cones have blisters and body burns marking each miss;some who do welding see flashes at night while they sleep.Those who connect steel have deep scars along their shins from climbing columns.Many boomers have mangled hands and fingers sliced off by slipped steel.Most have taken falls and broken a limb or two.All have seen death. 97

25. There are two major forms of post secondary education. 26. Post secondary education is compulsory in Australia. 27. Fewer than 50% of children attended secondary school before 1939. 28. Major changes in education occurred in the latter half of the 20th century. 29. By the 1990s, a higher percentage of women than men had post secondary qualifications. 30. The expansion of education has meant that there is now no social inequality in access to higher education in Australia. Part 2: Qu四tions 31-35 are based on this part. (10 points, 2 points each) What kind of people are th臼e construction workers? They drive into town in big cars, and live in furnished rooms, and drink whiskey with beer chasers, and chase women they will soon forget. They linger only a little while , only until they have built the bridge; then they are off again to another town , another bridge , linking everything but their lives. They possess none of the foundation of their bridges. They are part circus, part gypsygraceful in the air, restless on the ground; it is as if the wide-open road below lacks for them the clear direction of an eight-inch beam stretching across the sky six hundred feet above the sea. When there are no bridges to be built, they will build skyscrapers, or highways, or power dams, or anything that promises a challenge-and overtime. They will go anywhere , will drive a thousand miles all day and night to be part of a new building boom. They find boom towns irresistible. that is why they are called "the boomers. " In appearance , boomers usually are big men , or if not always big , always strong , and their skin is ruddy from all the sun and wind. Some who heat rivets have charred complexions; some who drive rivets are hard of hearing; some who catch rivets in small metal cones have blisters and body burns marking each miss; some who do welding see flashes at night while they sleep. Those who connect steel have deep scars along their shins from climbing columns. Many boomers have mangled hands and fingers sliced off by slipped steel. Most have taken falls and broken a limb or two. All have seen death. 97

Part 3:Questions 36-40 are based on this part.20 points British Womanhood The recent publication of 'Social Focus on Women',the Central Statistical Office's first comprehensive report on British womanhood,has provided a useful occasion for the reopening of discussion of lots of our old favorite topics.The findings of the report may be disappointing for those who had glorious dreams of change in the seventies but,for most women living in present day Britain,there are no surprises. Few women would deny that they are better of than their mothers were.Today's 30 year-old woman is far more likely to have college qualifications,to have her own job and to own her own home.53%of women today have driving licences compared with only 29%in 1975.The picture could start to look quite rosy if we ignored all the negative data! Inequalities at home and work persist and women's earnings still lag far behind those of men.'Social Focus on Women'makes it clear that the improvements in women's lives are overshadowed by continuing injustices. Twenty years or so ago,as the Women's Liberation Movement increased awareness of women's rights and sexual equality,the Sex Discrimination Act was passed in Britain, outlawing different pay scales for men and women who did the same jobs and discriminatory job advertisements.But,the existence of these laws,though useful,does not mean that men and women earn the same or that their job prospects are equal. Generally speaking,women remain financially worse off than men.Some reports claim that,on average,men's earnings are 27%higher than women's.Not,of course,for the same job.Studies repeatedly demonstrate that men are more likely to be promoted than women who have the same skills and qualifications.Maternity leave and voluntary part-time employment are cited as reasons why women miss out on promotions.Women's careers still seem to suffer when they have children while men's careers remain unaffected.In addition, although women form 44%of the workforce (as opposed to 37%twenty years ago),they tend to be concentrated in low-paid,low-status part-time jobs.Even in traditionally female occupations such as nursing,teaching and clerical work,women are usually answerable to male managers. The Central Statistical Office report highlights the fact that women's traditional role as homemaker is disappearing.These days,women are as twice as likely to live with their 99

Part 3: Qu四tions 36-40 are based on this part. 20 points British Womanhood The recent publication of ‘ Social Focus on Women' , the Central Statistical Office' s first comprehensive report on British womanhood , has provided a useful occasion for the reopening of discussion of lots of our old favorite topics. The findings of the report may be disappointing for those who had glorious dreams of change in the seventies but, for most women living in present day Britain , there are no surprises. Few women would deny that they are better of than their mothers were. Today' s 30 year-old woman is far more likely to have college qualifications, to have her own job and to own her own home. 53% of women today have driving licences compared with only 29 % in 1975. The picture could start to look quite rosy if we ignored all the negative data! Inequalities at home and work persist and women' s earnings still lag far behind those of men. ‘Social Focus on Women' makes it clear that the improvements in women' s lives are overshadowed by continuing injustices. Twenty years or so ago , as the Women's Liberation Movement increased awareness of women' s rights and sexual equality , the Sex Discrimination Act was passed in Britain, outlawing different pay scales for men and women who did the same jobs and discriminatory job advertisements. But, the existence of these laws, though useful , does not mean that men and women earn the same or that their job prospects are equal. Generally speaking , women remain financially worse off than men. Some reports claim that , on average , men' s earnings are 27 % higher than women' s. Not , of course , for the same job. Studies repeatedly demonstrate that men are more likely to be promoted than women who have the same skills and qualifications. Maternity leave and voluntary part-time employment are cited as reasons why women miss out on promotions. Women' s careers still seem to suffer when they have children while men' s careers remain unaffected. In addition , although women form 44% of the workforce (as opposed to 37% twenty years ago) , they tend to be concentrated in low-paid , low-status part-time jobs. Even in traditionally female occupations such as nursing , teaching and clerical work , women are usually answerable to male managers. The Central Statistical Office report highlights the fact that women' s traditional role as homemaker is disappearing. These days, women are as twice as likely to live with their 99