8/17/2016 Microbes Microbes in Our Lives Learning Objectives Invisible Invaders List several ways in which microbes Amazing Allies affect our lives Chapter 1 The Microbial World and you What is Microbiology? Microorganisms or Microbes-collective term Microbiology-a specialized area of biology that for organisms visualized by a microscope studies living organisms too small to be seen without magnification In the context of infectious disease,less clear terms,such as germs,agents,and bugs,may be used and may place undue emphasis on a negative reputation of microorganisms. In fact,only a small number of microorganisms cause harm to other living organisms. h上mm广n 0.05%of known species,about 583 species Many are useful or essential for human life
8/17/2016 1 Invisible Invaders Amazing Allies Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Learning Objectives List several ways in which microbes affect our lives Microbes in Our Lives Microbiology - a specialized area of biology that studies living organisms too small to be seen without magnification What is Microbiology? Microorganisms or Microbes – collective term for organisms visualized by a microscope In the context of infectious disease, less clear terms, such as germs, agents, and bugs, may be used and may place undue emphasis on a negative reputation of microorganisms. In fact, only a small number of microorganisms cause harm to other living organisms. 0.05% of known species, about 583 species Many are useful or essential for human life
8/17/2016 Many Diverse Microbiology Disciplines Impact of Microbes on the Earth Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology monitor and control the spread of disea Medical Microbiology es in communities Microorganisms have a profound influence on all aspects of the earth and its residents. homicroorgnicuse disese in hmns nd Microorganisms have influenced the evolution of other life forms. Immunology study of the host response to infection Evolution is the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment gene therapy herobes and damestic plants and nmental Microbiology study of how microbes affect the earth's habitats Microorganisms are Ubiquitous Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow within Ecosystems Found nearly everywhere Ecosystems are communities of and Occur in large numbers their surrounding environment. Live in places other organisms cannot Bacteria performed Photosynthetic Influence landscapes essential to life photosynthesis well before plants did. eyhloe Photosynthesis is the light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. Microorganisms account for >70% of photosynthesis and contribute the majority of oxygen to the atmosphere. 2
8/17/2016 2 Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities Medical Microbiology study of how microorganisms cause disease in humans and animals Immunology study of the host response to infection Industrial Microbiology safeguard for food and water and use of microbes to produce products ranging from beer, cheese, yogurt, etc. to gene therapy Agricultural Microbiology relationship between microbes and domestic plants and animals Environmental Microbiology study of how microbes affect the earth’s habitats Many Diverse Microbiology Disciplines Microorganisms have a profound influence on all aspects of the earth and its residents. Microorganisms have influenced the evolution of other life forms. Evolution is the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment Impact of Microbes on the Earth Microorganisms are Ubiquitous Hot Springs Dead Sea Found nearly everywhere Occur in large numbers Live in places other organisms cannot Influence landscapes essential to life Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow within Ecosystems Ecosystems are communities of living organisms and their surrounding environment. Bacteria performed photosynthesis well before plants did. Photosynthesis is the light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. Microorganisms account for >70% of photosynthesis and contribute the majority of oxygen to the atmosphere. Photosynthetic ecosystem with algae mats
8/17/2016 and nutrient cycling involves the Human Use of Microorganisms compounds/nutrients that can be reused in the Humans have used microorganisms for thousands natural cycles of living organisms. of years to improve life and to shape civilization. are the main forces that structure etCGc38iofhesolwateaaomospherg Baker's and Brewer's yeast are a type of single-cell fungi used to make bread rise and to ferment sugar into alcohol to make beer and wine. Fungi are also used to make cheeses such as Camembert or Blue Cheese Ancient Egyptians applied moldy aagosin9P9 bread to their wounds as it acted as an antibiotic. Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Microorganisms can also cause great human misery and death. Learning Objectives Pathogen is a disease-causing organism,such as a bacterium,virus,fungus,protozoan,or helminth. Recognize scientific nomenclature that Infectious diseases are disorders caused by uses two names:genus and species microorganisms. Differentiate major characteristics of each group of microorganisms MRSA List the three domains of organisms
8/17/2016 3 Decomposition and nutrient cycling involves the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds/nutrients that can be reused in the natural cycles of living organisms. Microorganisms are the main forces that structure the content of the soil, water, and atmosphere. Fungi on a decomposing log Garden compost Decomposing pig carcass Baker’s and Brewer’s yeast are a type of single-cell fungi used to make bread rise and to ferment sugar into alcohol to make beer and wine. Fungi are also used to make cheeses such as Camembert or Blue Cheese Ancient Egyptians applied moldy bread to their wounds as it acted as an antibiotic. Humans have used microorganisms for thousands of years to improve life and to shape civilization. Human Use of Microorganisms Microorganisms can also cause great human misery and death. Pathogen is a disease-causing organism, such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth. Infectious diseases are disorders caused by microorganisms. Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms Learning Objectives Recognize scientific nomenclature that uses two names: genus and species Differentiate major characteristics of each group of microorganisms List the three domains of organisms Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
8/17/2016 。In1739,the system of Examples nomenclature(naming)was established by Carolus Linnaeus Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)isa bacterium found on the skin Scientific names are latinized Staphylo-describes the cluster arrangement Two names are assigned to each coccus-indicates they are shaped like organism spheres Genus-the first name is Lin for golden,the colr of the capitalized ●Escherichia coli(E.colj species-the second name Escherichia named for Theodor Escherich (specific epithet) coli-indicates that this bacterium lives in the Both names are italicized or colon underlined Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.pneumoniae) Names may be descriptive,honor Strepto-cells are in chains a scientist,or identify a habitat pneumonia-causes pneumonia Main Groups of Microorganisms Microorganism Cell Types Bacteria Fungi Algae All prokaryotes are microorganisms. Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryote-an organism that consists of one or more cells each of which has a nucleus and other defined intracellular structures. Only a few eukaryotes are microorganisms. Protozoa,algae,fungi,and helminths Rabes vrus Girdie lambl恤 Viruses Protozoa Helminths 4
8/17/2016 4 In 1739, the system of nomenclature (naming) was established by Carolus Linnaeus Scientific names are latinized Two names are assigned to each organism Genus - the first name is capitalized species – the second name (specific epithet) Both names are italicized or underlined Names may be descriptive, honor a scientist, or identify a habitat Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium found on the skin Staphylo – describes the cluster arrangement coccus – indicates they are shaped like spheres aureus - Latin for golden, the color of the colonies Escherichia coli (E. coli) Escherichia named for Theodor Escherich coli – indicates that this bacterium lives in the colon Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) Strepto – cells are in chains pneumonia – causes pneumonia Examples 1857 –1911 Main Groups of Microorganisms Viruses Protozoa Helminths Bacteria Fungi Algae Hookworm Rabies virus Giardia lamblia Staphyloccus aureus Aspergillus fumigatus Volvox aureus Prokaryote – an organism lacking a true nucleus or other intracellular structures. All prokaryotes are microorganisms. Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryote - an organism that consists of one or more cells each of which has a nucleus and other defined intracellular structures. Only a few eukaryotes are microorganisms. Protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths Microorganism Cell Types
8/17/2016 Bacterium Bacteria Archaea ●Prokaryotic Single celled ●Prokaryotic Shapes-bacillus,coccus,spiral-most common but also star-shaped or square Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Peptidoglycan cell wall(protein and Do not cause human disease carbohydrate) ●Three main groups Sclt pond depasits Reproduce by binary fission Nutrition/source of energy -Extreme halophiles(salt loving) the Icelandic hot sprin -organic chemicals from dead or living -Extreme thermophiles(heat loving) organisms photosynthesis to produce their own food -Methanogens(produce methane as -inorganic chemicals waste from respiration) ● Swim using an appendages called flagella Fungus/Fungi Protozoan Protozoa ●Eukaryotic ●Eukaryotic Cell walls composed of chitin 。Move,by pseudopods, Absorb nutrients from organic flagella,or cilia material in the environment ●Variety of shapes ●Unicellular-yeasts Live as free entities or as parasites Multi-cellular-molds and Absorb or ingest organic compounds mushrooms from the environment form visible masses called Some are photosynthetic using light mycelia,which are composed of for energy source and carbon long filaments called hyphae dioxide for carbon source Reproduce sexually or asexually Reproduce sexually and asexually e
8/17/2016 5 Bacterium / Bacteria Prokaryotic Single celled Shapes - bacillus, coccus, spiral - most common but also star-shaped or square Forms pairs, chains, clusters, or other groupings Peptidoglycan cell wall (protein and carbohydrate) Reproduce by binary fission Nutrition / source of energy - organic chemicals from dead or living organisms - photosynthesis to produce their own food - inorganic chemicals Swim using an appendages called flagella Archaea Prokaryotic Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Do not cause human disease Three main groups - Extreme halophiles (salt loving) - Extreme thermophiles (heat loving) - Methanogens (produce methane as waste from respiration) Halococcus Salt pond deposits Rhodothermus marinus Icelandic hot springs Eukaryotic Cell walls composed of chitin Absorb nutrients from organic material in the environment Unicellular - yeasts Multi-cellular - molds and mushrooms form visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of long filaments called hyphae Reproduce sexually or asexually Fungus / Fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae bakers yeast Protozoan / Protozoa Eukaryotic Move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia Variety of shapes Live as free entities or as parasites Absorb or ingest organic compounds from the environment Some are photosynthetic using light for energy source and carbon dioxide for carbon source Reproduce sexually and asexually Euglena
8/17/2016 Alga Algae Non-cellular,not strictly anogis/Viruses Photosynthetic eukaryotes Parasitic and only replicate within a living cell Cell walls of mary-cellulose Often cause damage to the host cell Found in fresh or salt water,soil,and in Hosts include microorganisms,plants,and animals association with plants HIV viru Only seen using an electron microscope Reproduce sexually or asexually ae enes and Virus particle-core made up of DNA or RNA(nucleic acid)surrounded by a protein coat that may be encased in a lipid membrane Virus particle Produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms Bacterial cell Important role in the balance of nature Genetic materia Helminths/Parasitic worms Classification of Microorganisms Not strictly a microorganism In 1978,Carl Woese devised a system of classification base ●Eukaryotic Tapesorms on the cellular organization of organisms Three-Domains of Life ●Multicellular Bacteria Parasitic and medically cell walls-peptidoglycan relevant Archaea Two major groups cell walls,if present,lack peptidoglycan flatworms and round worms Eukarya Protista (slime molds,protozoa,and algae) Microscopic stages of their life cycles Fungi (yeast,molds,mushrooms) Plants (mosses,ferns,conifers,and flowering plants) Animals (sponges,worms,insects and vertebrates) 6
8/17/2016 6 Photosynthetic eukaryotes Cell walls of many – cellulose Found in fresh or salt water, soil, and in association with plants Reproduce sexually or asexually Need light, water, and carbon dioxide for food production and growth Do not require organic compounds from the environment Produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms Important role in the balance of nature Alga / Algae Volvox aureus green alga found in lakes, ponds and ditches grass-green algae color due to two types chlorophylls Virus particle Bacterial cell Genetic material Virus / Viruses Non-cellular, not strictly an organism Parasitic and only replicate within a living cell Often cause damage to the host cell Hosts include microorganisms, plants, and animals Only seen using an electron microscope Virus particle – core made up of DNA or RNA (nucleic acid) surrounded by a protein coat that may be encased in a lipid membrane HIV virus Not strictly a microorganism Eukaryotic Multicellular Parasitic and medically relevant Two major groups flatworms and round worms Microscopic stages of their life cycles Helminths / Parasitic worms In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification based on the cellular organization of organisms Three-Domains of Life Bacteria cell walls - peptidoglycan Archaea cell walls, if present, lack peptidoglycan Eukarya Protista (slime molds, protozoa, and algae) Fungi (yeast, molds, mushrooms) Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants) Animals (sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates) Classification of Microorganisms
8/17/2016 History of Microbiology Learning Objectives Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis and descr be experiments that helped to prove biogenesis Highlight the major achievements of Pasteur and Koch Identify the important work of Semmelweis and Lister Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Jenner,Ehrlich and Fleming Science of microbiology dates back 200 yr Debate over Spontaneous Generation Bacteria appeared on Earth 3.5 billion yr ago Spontaneous generation First observations Hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter 1665,Robert Hooke visualized life's Scientists and philosophers believed this until the smallest units "little boxes"-cells of late 19th Century corks toads and snakes arise from moist soil cell theory began-all living things are maggots arise from decaying corpses composed of cells sweaty clothing plus husk of wheat give rise to 1673,Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed mice 400 microscopes Biogenesis first to observe live microorganisms Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from animalcules" preexisting life
8/17/2016 7 Learning Objectives Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis and describe experiments that helped to prove biogenesis Highlight the major achievements of Pasteur and Koch Identify the important work of Semmelweis and Lister Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming History of Microbiology Science of microbiology dates back 200 yr Bacteria appeared on Earth 3.5 billion yr ago First observations 1665, Robert Hooke visualized life’s smallest units “little boxes” - cells of corks cell theory began - all living things are composed of cells 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed 400 microscopes first to observe live microorganisms “animalcules” Spontaneous generation Hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter Scientists and philosophers believed this until the late 19th Century - toads and snakes arise from moist soil - maggots arise from decaying corpses - sweaty clothing plus husk of wheat give rise to mice Biogenesis Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life Debate over Spontaneous Generation
8/17/2016 Francesco Redi-1668 John Needham-1745 Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Strong believer of spontaneous generation Demonstrated that maggots did not arise from decaying corpses 。Was Redi wrong? Flask is open OPEN MAGGOTS GAUZE Chicken broth boiled Microbes grov Broth clears What gave rise to the maggots?What was the purpose of the sealed jars?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? What gave rise to the microorganisms?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Lazzaro Spallanzani-1765 Louis Pasteur-1861 .Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Hypothesized:microbes from the air had entered Rudolf Virchow(1858)established the concept of the flask biogenesis but had no proof Pasteur resolved the issue and confirmed biogenesis Microbes originated from the air and not the broth Loter,vi force 66 air goes in Chicken broth boilec Broth clears Basis of aseptic techniques-prevent contamination of unwanted microorganisms 8
8/17/2016 8 Francesco Redi - 1668 Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Demonstrated that maggots did not arise from decaying corpses What gave rise to the maggots? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? John Needham- 1745 Strong believer of spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation can occur under the right conditions Was Redi wrong? What gave rise to the microorganisms? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Chicken broth boiled Flask is open Broth clears Microbes grow Lazzaro Spallanzani- 1765 Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Hypothesized: microbes from the air had entered the flask Critics of his work stated that the “vital force” from the air was kept out Later, vital force was said to be oxygen Chicken broth boiled Flask is sealed Broth clears Broth remains clear Louis Pasteur - 1861 Strong opponent of spontaneous generation Rudolf Virchow (1858) established the concept of biogenesis but had no proof Pasteur resolved the issue and confirmed biogenesis Microbes originated from the air and not the broth air goes in but microbes are kept out Basis of aseptic techniques – prevent contamination of unwanted microorganisms
8/17/2016 The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Ignaz Semmelweis (1840)- Microbiology was established as a science showed that child birth Major advances made due to Pasteur and Koch fever could be reduced by Pasteur hand disinfection of 1857 discovered fermentation and food spoilage medical care givers yeast convert sugar into alcohol in the absence of air Based on findings of Pasteur and Semmelweis: 1861 disproved spontaneous generation Joseph Lister (1860s)established 1864 pasteurization discovered as a solution to aseptic surgery(phenol)and prevent wine spoilage proved that surgical infections Association of microbes with spoilage initiated work on are due to microorganisms Robert Koch-1876 Birth of Vaccination-1796 70 yrs before the Germ Theory Germ theory of diseases-proved that bacteria cause disease Discovered that Bacillus anthracis T peo causes anthrax cattle 2-injected into a healthy animal noculated a he althy-yrod 3-isolated the same bacteria from this dead animal smallpox-vaccination Koch's postulates-a sequence of Protection from disease provided by the vaccination is called fefeaeateeP rectly 1880-Pasteur discovered why Jenner's experiment worked (avirulent microbial strains induce immunity to the virulent strain vaccine)
8/17/2016 9 The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Microbiology was established as a science Major advances made due to Pasteur and Koch Pasteur 1857 discovered fermentation and food spoilage yeast convert sugar into alcohol in the absence of air bacteria convert alcohol into vinegar in the presence of air 1861 disproved spontaneous generation 1864 pasteurization discovered as a solution to prevent wine spoilage Association of microbes with spoilage initiated work on microbes associated with disease or the germ theory of disease Ignaz Semmelweis (1840) – showed that child birth fever could be reduced by hand disinfection of medical care givers Based on findings of Pasteur and Semmelweis: Joseph Lister (1860s) established aseptic surgery (phenol) and proved that surgical infections are due to microorganisms Robert Koch- 1876 Germ theory of diseases – proved that bacteria cause disease Discovered that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax 1 - isolated the strain in pure culture from blood of dead cattle 2 - injected into a healthy animal 3 - isolated the same bacteria from this dead animal Koch’s postulates – a sequence of experimental steps that directly relate a bacterium with a disease sick animal healthy animal pure culture same strain recovered Birth of Vaccination – 1796 70 yrs before the Germ Theory Edward Jenner discovered a way to protect people from smallpox Smallpox epidemics killed thousands and 90% of American Indians when Europeans arrived in America A milkmaid informed Jenner that she could not get smallpox as she had already had the milder cowpox Jenner inoculated a healthy 8-yr old volunteer with cowpox material by scratching the arm with an infected needle and the volunteer became mildly sick but never contracted cowpox or smallpox – vaccination Protection from disease provided by the vaccination is called immunity 1880 – Pasteur discovered why Jenner’s experiment worked (avirulent microbial strains induce immunity to the virulent strain - vaccine)
8/17/2016 Birth of Modern Chemotherapy Antibiotics Dreams of the "Magic Bullet" A fortunate accident onidentifying Photo that substances that kill the pathogenic microbe BINSON ontaminated CG2nta5bsi0rc2wmctofadeasetsn9 Antibiotics-chemical produced by bacteria and 1928-Alexander Fleming almost threw out the fungi to act against other microorganisms ntibiotics due to his Synthetic drugs-chemotherapeuticagents was contaminated with mold prepared in the lab from chemicals ●Penicillium notat九um(chrysogenum)-a mold Antibiotic was called penicillin 1940s clinically tested and mass produced Since then thousands of antibiotics have beer 1910-Erhlich discovered first synthetic drug isolated that was effective against the syphilis agent Increasing Number of Drug-Resistant Modern Developments in Microorganisms World Economic Forum Report 2013 Microbiology the greatest risk..to human health comes in the form of antibiotic- resistant bacteria." Learning Objectives Antibiotic is a chemical substance Define bacteriology,mycology. parasitology,immunology,and virology microbes Explain the importance of recombinant o grow ilmir rug)that would normally DNA technology In the US,antibiotic-resistance causes over 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths annually (CDC report). 10
8/17/2016 10 Birth of Modern Chemotherapy Dreams of the “Magic Bullet” Microbiologists soon focused on identifying substances that kill the pathogenic microbe Chemotherapy - treatment of a disease using chemical substances Antibiotics - chemical produced by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms Synthetic drugs - chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab from chemicals Paul Erhlich speculated about drugs that could hunt down and kill pathogens without harming the host 1910 - Erhlich discovered first synthetic drug that was effective against the syphilis agent Salvarsan Antibiotics A fortunate accident 1928 - Alexander Fleming almost threw out the first discovery of antibiotics due to his bacterial culture was contaminated with mold Penicillium notatum (chrysogenum) - a mold Antibiotic was called penicillin 1940s clinically tested and mass produced Since then thousands of antibiotics have been isolated Photo that Fleming took of the contaminated plate Increasing Number of Drug-Resistant Microorganisms Antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills another microbe. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of a chemical (drug) that would normally kill them or limit their growth. World Economic Forum Report 2013 ”the greatest risk....to human health comes in the form of antibioticresistant bacteria.” In the US, antibiotic-resistance causes over 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths annually (CDC report). Learning Objectives Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology Explain the importance of recombinant DNA technology Modern Developments in Microbiology