Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hou-haifeng
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hou-haifeng
LUNG STRUCTURE LUL儿NGS Right main stem bronchus Trache卷 Right lobes Left main stem bronchus Bronch相 Bronchioles Left Lobes -Pleura Pleural fluid Diaphragm Alveoli adam.com
LUNG STRUCTURE
NORMAL VENTILATORY FUNCTION Diaphragm contracts and descends,rib cage moves upwards and outward. Pressure in the thorax is less than in the mouth so air flow into the lungs occurs. In expiration diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards,the rib cage moves inward. Expiration is passive so no muscular contraction is needed. Lung tissue is intrinsically elastic and has a natural ability to recoil. During exercise expiration is aided by the contraction of abdominal and thoracic expiratory muscles. Contractions generate positive pressure in the thorax pushing air out
NORMAL VENTILATORY FUNCTION • Diaphragm contracts and descends, rib cage moves upwards and outward. • Pressure in the thorax is less than in the mouth so air flow into the lungs occurs. • In expiration diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, the rib cage moves inward. • Expiration is passive so no muscular contraction is needed. • Lung tissue is intrinsically elastic and has a natural ability to recoil. • During exercise expiration is aided by the contraction of abdominal and thoracic expiratory muscles. • Contractions generate positive pressure in the thorax pushing air out
COPD DISORDERS Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Asthma (? Although not strictly a COPD disorder ASTHMA is often linked with being a COPD disorder
COPD DISORDERS – Chronic Bronchitis – Emphysema – Asthma (?) Although not strictly a COPD disorder ASTHMA is often linked with being a COPD disorder
DEFINITION -Progressive,non-reversible,obstructive airway disease leading to damaged alveolar walls and inflammation of the conducting airways Some part of the airway becomes obstructed or no longer functions efficiently
DEFINITION ▪ Progressive, non-reversible, obstructive airway disease leading to damaged alveolar walls and inflammation of the conducting airways • Some part of the airway becomes obstructed or no longer functions efficiently
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: Chronic Asthma bronchitis Emphysema Reversibility Sputum production Alveolar damage
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE:
THE NORMAL LUNG 5 THE LUNG WITH COPD BRONCHITIS NORMAL LUNG Normal gos excheng EMPHYSEMA
Pathogenesis of COPD NOXIOUS AGENT (tobacco smoke,pollutants,occupational agent) Genetic factors Respiratory infection Other COPD
Pathogenesis of COPD NOXIOUS AGENT (tobacco smoke, pollutants, occupational agent) COPD Genetic factors Respiratory infection Other
Noxious particles and gases Host factors Lung inflammation Anti-oxidants Anti-proteinases Oxidative stress Proteinases Repair mechanisms COPD pathology
Noxious particles and gases Lung inflammation Host factors COPD pathology Oxidative stress Proteinases Anti-oxidants Anti-proteinases Repair mechanisms
MECHANISMS Bronchial glands cells inflame Increased secretions Inflammation spreads to smooth muscle (bronchiole) Airway obstruction,decreased ciliary action Air trapping Collapse of small airways Further air trapping Hyperventilation Increased pressure in airways Weakened airway walls wall destruction Alveolar destruction Overstressed right ventricle
MECHANISMS Bronchial glands / cells inflame Increased secretions Inflammation spreads to smooth muscle (bronchiole) Airway obstruction, decreased ciliary action Air trapping / Collapse of small airways Further air trapping Hyperventilation Increased pressure in airways Weakened airway walls / wall destruction Alveolar destruction Overstressed right ventricle