Attributive Clause
Attributive Clause
主讲教师：熊锟 深插忠视杰学 简介 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 (attributive clause)。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词， 定语从句必须放在先行词后面。 ◆ 定语从句一般由关系代词that，,which,who, whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why引出。 ■关系代词和关系副词有两个作用： 1、把主句和从句连接起来： 2、在从句中作一个句子成分。例如： There are plants which have neither roots nor leaves 有些植物既无根又无叶
主讲教师：熊锟 简 介 ◼ 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 （attributive clause ）。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词， 定语从句必须放在先行词后面。 ◼ 定语从句一般由关系代词 that , which , who , whom , whose 和关系副词 when , where , why引出。 ◼ 关系代词和关系副词有两个作用： 1、把主句和从句连接起来； 2、在从句中作一个句子成分。例如： ◼ There are plants which have neither roots nor leaves . 有些植物既无根又无叶
主讲教师：熊锟 深以插忠视在学 一、 关系代词引出的定语从句 ·关系代词whi©h指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句 中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；whose指人或物， 在从句中作定语；hat指人或物，常替代which,who,或hom在从 句中作主语或宾语。例如： *There are many sounds which that)have a meaning and yet are not ■words. *The few points that(which)the president stressed in his report are very important indeed. ◆ *Some people who (that )are successful language learners often fail in other fields. *Here is the man whom who,that you've been looking for *She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken *How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies. ■*注意：当关系代词在句中作宾语时，也可以省略
主讲教师：熊锟 一、关系代词引出的定语从句 ◼ 关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句 中作主语或宾语；whom指人, 在从句中作宾语;whose指人或物， 在从句中作定语；that指人或物,常替代which , who , 或whom在从 句中作主语或宾语。例如： ◼ *There are many sounds which ( that ) have a meaning and yet are not ◼ words . ◼ *The few pointsthat (which ) the presidentstressed in his report are ◼ very important indeed . ◼ *Some people who ( that ) are successful language learners often fail ◼ in otherfields . ◼ *Here is the man whom ( who , that ) you’ve been looking for . ◼ *She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken . ◼ *How many students are there in your class whose parentsserve in the ◼ government agencies . ◼ **注意：当关系代词在句中作宾语时，也可以省略
主讲教师：熊锟 。深训拂电视太学 二、关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when指时间，where指地点，why指原 因等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、 原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例 如： ◆ *At the time when I saw him,he was well *This is the place where the accident took place last night. *That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan
主讲教师：熊锟 二、关系副词引出的定语从句 ◼ 关系副词 when 指时间 ，where 指地点，why 指原 因等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、 原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例 如： ◼ *At the time when I saw him , he was well . ◼ *This is the place where the accident took place last night . ◼ *That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan
主讲教师：熊银 深插忠视杰学 三、介词+which(whom)引出的定语从句 如果which.或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语， 那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which (whom)引出的定语从句。例如： There are scientific ways in which man solves problems The girl to whom you spoke is my sister Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. ■这种句子中的关系代词有时也可省略。关系代词省略 之后，定语从句句首的介词应放在定语从句的句尾， 口语中这种句型很常用。例如：The girl you spoke to is my sister
主讲教师：熊锟 三、介词+which ( whom )引出的定语从句 如果which或 whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语， 那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+ which ( whom ) 引出的定语从句。例如： ◼ There are scientific ways in which man solves problems . ◼ The girl to whom you spoke is my sister . ◼ Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . ◼ 这种句子中的关系代词有时也可省略。关系代词省略 之后，定语从句句首的介词应放在定语从句的句尾， 口语中这种句型很常用。例如：The girl you spoke to is my sister
主讲教师：熊银 深以插忠视在学 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ■定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制 性定语从句。 ■1.限制性定语从句 ◆ 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少 的部分。如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句 之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词 例如： The distance that light travels in one second is 300 thousand kilometers. This is the place where the anti-Japanese War broke out 限制性定语从句中的关系代词如果作宾语，则该关系代词可 以省略。例如： Foods provide us with the nutrients(that )we need
主讲教师：熊锟 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ◼ 定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制 性定语从句。 ◼ 1．限制性定语从句 ◼ 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少 的部分。如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句 之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。 例如： ◼ The distance that light travels in one second is 300 thousand kilometers . ◼ This is the place where the anti-JapaneseWar broke out . ◼ 限制性定语从句中的关系代词如果作宾语，则该关系代词可 以省略。例如： ◼ Foods provide us with the nutrients( that ) we need
主讲教师：熊银 。深训拂电视太学 2、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只 是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍 然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时， 从句常单独译成一句。例如： Steel,which has many useful properties,is widely used in the machine-building industry. Mr.Brown,who just came from Britain yesterday,will teach us accounting this term She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan where she has some relatives
主讲教师：熊锟 ◼ 2、非限制性定语从句 ◼ 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只 是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍 然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时， 从句常单独译成一句。例如： ◼ Steel , which has many useful properties , is widely used in the machine-building industry . ◼ Mr. Brown , who just came from Britain yesterday , will teach us accounting this term . ◼ She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan , where she has some relatives
主讲教师：熊银 深插忠视杰学 五、as引出的定语从句 ■as常在such..as和same.…as的结构中作关系代词，引 出定语从句。例如： *Such people as you describe are rare nowadays *Let us discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us. *I feel just the same as you do *My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago
主讲教师：熊锟 五、as引出的定语从句 ◼ as常在such…as 和 same…as的结构中作关系代词，引 出定语从句。例如： ◼ *Such people as you describe are rare nowadays . ◼ *Let us discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us . ◼ *I feel just the same as you do . ◼ *My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago
主讲教师：熊银 深以插忠视在学 六、关系代词that与which的比较 关系代词that可用来制人或指物，因而that可以代替Mo, whom,和which而hich只能用来指物，不能代替who whom.that不可作介词的宾语，因此只能用介词+which引出定语 从句，而没有介词+that的结构。虽然在指物时that与which常可互 相替代，但在下列情况下一般都用that引出定语从句： *先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词的最高级时。例如： *The first thing(that)we should do is to work out a plan *This is one of the most exciting football games that )I have ever seen. *先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,等 不定代词时。例如： *Is there anything(that)I can do for you *He told me something that)I had never heard of *That's all (that)I know. 此外，that不能引出非限制性定语从句
主讲教师：熊锟 六、关系代词that 与 which的比较 关系代词that可用来制人或指物，因而that可以代替who , whom , 和 which 而 which只能用来指物，不能代替who , whom. .that不可作介词的宾语，因此只能用介词+which引出定语 从句，而没有介词+that的结构。虽然在指物时that 与 which常可互 相替代，但在下列情况下一般都用that引出定语从句： *先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词的最高级时。例如： ◼ *The first thing( that ) we should do is to work out a plan . ◼ *This is one of the most exciting football games ( that ) I have ever seen . ◼ *先行词为all , everything , nothing , something , anything ,little , 等 不定代词时。例如： ◼ *Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you . ◼ *He told me something ( that ) I had never heard of . *That’s all ( that ) I know . ◼ 此外，that不能引出非限制性定语从句
主讲教师：熊银 。深训拂电视太学 七、定语从句表示状语关系 ·有时定语从句除了修饰作用外，还可与主句有状语关 系，表示原因、条件、目的、结果等。 The computer,which seems to play the role of a human brain,is often called an electronic brain. Computer,which have many advantages,cannot replace man.(让步)
主讲教师：熊锟 七、定语从句表示状语关系 ◼ 有时定语从句除了修饰作用外，还可与主句有状语关 系，表示原因、条件、目的、结果等。 ◼ The computer , which seems to play the role of a human brain , is often called an electronic brain . (原因) ◼ Computer , which have many advantages , cannot replace man. （让步）