
Chapter Fifteen Monopoly 一、名词解释(SOLUTIONS TO Key Concepts: 1.m0opo%茶断:知果一个企业是某种产品的唯一卖者,而且这种产品没有相近的替代 品,这个企业就是一个垄断企业。整断企业是市场价格的制定者,消费者只能以垄断企业制 定的价格购买该商品。举斯产生的基本原因是进入壁垒,即其他企业不能进入市场并与之竞 争。董断金业的产量低于社会最优产量,具时还存在无谓损失。 2.natural monop0y自然孝断:当一个企业能以低于当市场上有两个或者更多企业时的成 本为整个市场提供一种物品或劳务时,这个企业就是自然垄断企业。当在一定产量范围内存 在规核经济时,自然坐斯就产生了,在自然生斯情况下,一个企业可以以最低的成本生产任 何数量的产品,也就意味着在既定的产量下,企业数量越多,每个企业的产量越少,平均总 成本越高。自然垄断企业的平均总成本随着产量的增如面下降,面边际成本将保持不变。 3.price discrimination,价格歧程:有市场势力的全业为了肥消费者的剩余转变为生产者剩 余,即为了获得更多的利润,在出售相同的或有微小差别的产品时,对不同的消费者收取不 同的价格,尽管这些产品的生产成本是相同的。企业的这种做法就是价格歧程。价格歧视增 如了企业的利润,使消费者剩余减少。一个企业能够实行价格歧视意味着这个企业能够根据 某种特性把消费者区分开米,从而对不同消费者素要不洞的价格。 二、间答题(Problem and Applications): 1.Suppose that a natural monopolist was required by law to charge average total cost.On a diagram,label the price charged and the deadweight loss to society relative to marginal-cost pridng. 无有同洗 Pac 平均总成4 PHo ”际最术 01 入富浓”戟 0 Qare Qc F文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建w,fineprint,cn
1 Chapter Fifteen Monopoly 一、名词解释(SOLUTIONS TO Key Concepts): 1. monopoly, 垄断:如果一个企业是某种产品的唯一卖者,而且这种产品没有相近的替代 品,这个企业就是一个垄断企业。垄断企业是市场价格的制定者,消费者只能以垄断企业制 定的价格购买该商品。垄断产生的基本原因是进入壁垒,即其他企业不能进入市场并与之竞 争。垄断企业的产量低于社会最优产量,同时还存在无谓损失。 2. natural monopoly, 自然垄断:当一个企业能以低于当市场上有两个或者更多企业时的成 本为整个市场提供一种物品或劳务时,这个企业就是自然垄断企业。当在一定产量范围内存 在规模经济时,自然垄断就产生了。在自然垄断情况下,一个企业可以以最低的成本生产任 何数量的产品,也就意味着在既定的产量下,企业数量越多,每个企业的产量越少,平均总 成本越高。自然垄断企业的平均总成本随着产量的增加而下降,而边际成本将保持不变。 3. price discrimination, 价格歧视:有市场势力的企业为了把消费者的剩余转变为生产者剩 余,即为了获得更多的利润,在出售相同的或有微小差别的产品时,对不同的消费者收取不 同的价格,尽管这些产品的生产成本是相同的。企业的这种做法就是价格歧视。价格歧视增 加了企业的利润,使消费者剩余减少。一个企业能够实行价格歧视意味着这个企业能够根据 某种特性把消费者区分开来,从而对不同消费者索要不同的价格。 二、问答题(Problem and Applications): 1. Suppose that a natural monopolist was required by law to charge average total cost.On a diagram, label the price charged and the deadweight loss to society relative to marginal-cost pricing. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

图1 图1表明一个自然茶斯金业会把价格设定在需求曲线与平均总成本由线相交的点。即 Pc,均衡产量是Qr·如果按边际成本米定价,则价格是Pe,产量是Qx,这种情 况下,总利剩余增加了如图所示的三角形的面积。 2.Consider the delibery of mail.In generall,what is the shape of the average-total-cost ourve?How might the shape differ between isolated rural areas and densely populated urban areas?How might the shape have changed over time?Explain. 因为固定投资很大,都递业的平均总成木随着部递业务的大而不斯下降,投递一封信 的边际成本是很小的。阻是在偏远的乡村,因为交通费用很高。投递一封信比在人口利密的 城市要高很多。随着时间的推移,自动化设各的增加如降低了边际成本但增如了固定成本,所 以总成本由线在投逸量很小时很陡箱。在授递量很大是很平坦。 3.Suppose the Clean Spring Water Company has a monopoly on bottled water sales in California.If the price of tap water increases,what is the changer in Clean Spring's profit-maximizing levels of output,price,and profit?Explain in words an with a graph. P. 边际成木 平均成木 AC D MRz 0 0 MR. 图2 如果自米水的价格上升,对瓶装水的需求将增加。在图2中,需求由线由D移动到D, 相应的边际收益曲线由MR移动到MR2,利阀最大化产量是边际成本等于边际收益时的产 量。利润最大化产量、价格、平均成本如图所示。在自来水价格上升之前,利润最大化产量 是Q,自米水价格上升之后。利润最大化的产量是C,P:是自米水价格上升之前的利润最 大化价格,P是自来水价格上升之后的利润最大化价格。AC是自来水价格上升之前的平均 成本,AC2是自来水价格上升之后的平均成本。利润从(P1AC)×Q:上升到(P2AC2) ×Q2+ 4.A small town is served by many competing supermarkets,which have constant marginal 00s. a.Using a diagram of the market for groceries,show the consumers surplus,producers surplus,and total surplus. b.Now suppose that the independent supermarkets combine into one chain.Using a new 2 P诉文件使用”pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建.finsprint,cn
2 图 1 图 1 表明一个自然垄断企业会把价格设定在需求曲线与平均总成本曲线相交的点,即 PATC ,均衡产量是 QATC 。如果按照边际成本来定价,则价格是 PMC ,产量是 QMC ,这种情 况下,总剩余增加了如图所示的三角形的面积。 2. Consider the delibery of mail. In general, what is the shape of the average-total-cost curve? How might the shape differ between isolated rural areas and densely populated urban areas? How might the shape have changed over time? Explain. 因为固定投资很大,邮递业的平均总成本随着邮递业务的扩大而不断下降,投递一封信 的边际成本是很小的。但是在偏远的乡村,因为交通费用很高,投递一封信比在人口稠密的 城市要高很多。随着时间的推移,自动化设备的增加降低了边际成本但增加了固定成本,所 以总成本曲线在投递量很小时很陡峭,在投递量很大是很平坦。 3.Suppose the Clean Spring Water Company has a monopoly on bottled water sales in California. If the price of tap water increases, what is the changer in Clean Spring’s profit-maximizing levels of output, price, and profit? Explain in words an with a graph. 图 2 如果自来水的价格上升,对瓶装水的需求将增加。在图 2 中,需求曲线由 D1移动到 D2, 相应的边际收益曲线由 MR1 移动到 MR2。利润最大化产量是边际成本等于边际收益时的产 量。利润最大化产量、价格、平均成本如图所示。在自来水价格上升之前,利润最大化产量 是 Q1,自来水价格上升之后,利润最大化的产量是 Q2。P1是自来水价格上升之前的利润最 大化价格,P2是自来水价格上升之后的利润最大化价格。AC1是自来水价格上升之前的平均 成本,AC2 是自来水价格上升之后的平均成本。利润从(P1-AC1)×Q1 上升到(P2-AC2) ×Q2。 4. A small town is served by many competing supermarkets, which have constant marginal cost. a. Using a diagram of the market for groceries, show the consumers surplus, producers surplus, and total surplus. b. Now suppose that the independent supermarkets combine into one chain. Using a new PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

diagram,show the new consumer surlplus,producer surplus,and total surplus.Relative to the competitive market,what is the transfer from consumers to producers?What is the deadweight loss? 力综岐人 Qe 图3 a.图3表示在有很多竞争性的超市的市场上,日用品的市场状况。此时销售量是Qc, 价格是P化,生产者剩余是零,消费者剩余是A的面积,总剩余是A的面积。 P D P 边际成本 面求 边小 农节 Qu Qe 图4 b.如果超市都合并成一家连领店。图4表明新的市场状况。销售量从Qc下降到Qm, 价格从P化上升到Pm,图3中A的面积等于图5中B+C+D+E+F的面积。现在,生产者剩 余是D+E的面积。消费者剩余是B+C的面积。总利余是B+C+D+E的面积。相对于意争市 场,消费者将D+E的时余转移给生产看。无谓指失是F的面积。 5.Johnny Rockabilly has just finished recording his latest CD.His record company's marketing department determines that the demand for the CD is as follows: PDF文件使用“pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建,fineprint,cn
3 diagram,show the new consumer surlplus,producer surplus,and total surplus.Relative to the competitive market,what is the transfer from consumers to producers?What is the deadlweight loss? 图 3 a. 图 3 表示在有很多竞争性的超市的市场上,日用品的市场状况。此时销售量是 Qc, 价格是 Pc, 生产者剩余是零,消费者剩余是 A 的面积,总剩余是 A 的面积。 图 4 b. 如果超市都合并成一家连锁店,图 4 表明新的市场状况。销售量从 Qc 下降到 Qm, 价格从 Pc 上升到 Pm,图 3 中 A 的面积等于图 5 中 B+C+D+E+F 的面积。现在,生产者剩 余是 D+E 的面积,消费者剩余是 B+C 的面积。总剩余是 B+C+D+E 的面积。相对于竞争市 场,消费者将 D+E 的剩余转移给生产者。无谓损失是 F 的面积。 5. Johnny Rockabilly has just finished recording his latest CD. His record company’s marketing department determines that the demand for the CD is as follows: PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

Price Number of CDs 24 10,000 22 20.000 20 30,000 18 40,000 16 50.000 14 60.000 The company can produce the CD with no fixed cost and a variable cost of $5 per CD. a.Find total revenue for quantity equal to 10,000,20,000,and so on.What is the marginal revenue for each 10,000 increase in the quantity sold? b.What quantity of CDs would maximize profit?What would the price be?What would the profit be? c.If you were Johnny's agent,what recording fee would you advise Johnny to demand from the record company?Why? 解: a.下表说明了在每一个均衡价格和产量上,总收整和边际收益的情况: 价格产量 总收益 边际牧益 总成木 利润 2410.000 $240,000 车50,000 5190,000 2220.000 440.000 $20 100,000 340.000 20 30.000 600.000 16 150,000 450.000 18 40.000 720,000 12 200,000 520,000 16 50,000 800,000 8 250,000 550,000 14 60.000 840.000 4 300.000 540.000 b.当产量在S0,000价格在16时,总利润达到最大。在这个点上,总利润是550,000 c,作为Johnny的经纪人,你最好建i议他向唱片公司收取550.000的费用。这时,Johnny 获得了全都的刊荆,企业没有获得利荆。 6.In 1969 the govemment charged IBM with monopolizing the computer market.The govemment argued (correctly)that a large share of all mainframe computers sold in the United States were produced by IBM.IBM argued (correctly)that a much smaller share of the market for all types of computers consisted of IBM products.Based on these facts,do you think that the government should have brought suit against IBM for violating the antitrust laws?Explain. 解:是杏对B州提起诉诊,要看IB州在市场上是查真的具有垄斯地位以及他的生斯地位有 多强大。从IB州反驳理由来看,顾客可以用其他大型机来代替B州的机器,这使得他的考 断势力受到限制。所以政府首先要确定别大型机的需求由线,进面确定他的价格和边际 成本之间的差额从面确定1B别公司的垄断势力有多强大。 7.A company is considering building a bridge across a river.The bridge would cost $2 PF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建w.fineprint,n
4 Price Number of CDs $24 10,000 22 20,000 20 30,000 18 40,ooo 16 50,000 14 60,000 The company can produce the CD with no fixed cost and a variable cost of $5 per CD. a. Find total revenue for quantity equal to 10,000, 20,000, and so on. What is the marginal revenue for each 10,000 increase in the quantity sold? b. What quantity of CDs would maximize profit? What would the price be? What would the profit be? c. If you were Johnny’s agent, what recording fee would you advise Johnny to demand from the record company? Why? 解: a. 下表说明了在每一个均衡价格和产量上,总收益和边际收益的情况: 价格 产量 总收益 边际收益 总成本 利润 24 10,000 $ 240,000 ---- $ 50,000 $ 190,000 22 20,000 440,000 $ 20 100,000 340,000 20 30,000 600,000 16 150,000 450,000 18 40,000 720,000 12 200,000 520,000 16 50,000 800,000 8 250,000 550,000 14 60,000 840,000 4 300,000 540,000 b. 当产量在 50,000 价格在$16 时,总利润达到最大。在这个点上,总利润是$550,000 c. 作为 Johnny 的经纪人,你最好建议他向唱片公司收取$550,000 的费用。这时,Johnny 获得了全部的利润,企业没有获得利润。 6. In 1969 the government charged IBM with monopolizing the computer market. The government argued (correctly) that a large share of all mainframe computers sold in the United States were produced by IBM. IBM argued (correctly) that a much smaller share of the market for all types of computers consisted of IBM products. Based on these facts, do you think that the government should have brought suit against IBM for violating the antitrust laws? Explain. 解:是否对 IBM 提起诉讼,要看 IBM 在市场上是否真的具有垄断地位以及他的垄断地位有 多强大。从 IBM 反驳理由来看,顾客可以用其他大型机来代替 IBM 的机器,这使得他的垄 断势力受到限制。所以政府首先要确定 IBM 大型机的需求曲线,进而确定他的价格和边际 成本之间的差额从而确定 IBM 公司的垄断势力有多强大。 7. A company is considering building a bridge across a river. The bridge would cost $2 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

million to build and nothing to maintain.The following table shows the company's anticipated demand over the lifetime of the bridge: Price per Crossing. Number of Crossing (in thousand) 8 0 7 100 6 200 300 4 400 3 500 2 600 700 0 800 a.If the company were to build the bridge,what would be its profit-maximizing price? Would that be the efficient level of output?Why or why not? b.If the company is interested in maximizing profit,should it build the bridge?What would be its profit or loss? c.If the government were to build the bridge,what price should it charge? d.Should the government build the bridge?Explain. 解: a.下图说明了这座桥的总牧益和边际收益之间的关系。 价格 需求量 总收益 边际收益 车8 0 车0 7 100 700 李7 6 200 1,200 5 5 300 1,500 3 4 400 1,600 1 3 500 1,500 -1 2 600 1,200 -3 1 700 700 -5 0 800 0 -7 从图中可以看出,当价格是料时,总收益达到最大。此时需求量是400。但是这不是 有效半的供给量。有效率的供给量是800是因为在这时价格等于边际成本。利荆最大 化的量比有效率的量低是因为这个公司是平新企业, 心.因为从这摩桥上所获得利润是负的,这家公可不应该建这座桥。如果建造这座桥,公司 的最大受拉是$1,600,000,但是他的建造成本是$2,000,000。所以他将亏损400,000. C,如果政府要建造这座桥的话,他应该将价格设为零。因为当边际成本等丁边际受益时, 这时的价格水平是有效率的。但是从这隆桥上通过一个人的边际成本是零,所以政府不 应该对从这座桥上通过的人收取任何的费川, 山政府应该建造这座桥,因为建造这座桥可以使社会总剩余增加。从图5中可以看到。总 剩余是1/2×8×800,000=$3,200,000,它超过了建造这座桥的总成本. 5 P诉文件使用”pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建.finsprint,Gn
5 million to build and nothing to maintain. The following table shows the company’s anticipated demand over the lifetime of the bridge: Price per Crossing Number of Crossing (in thousand) $8 0 7 100 6 200 5 300 4 400 3 500 2 600 1 700 0 800 a.If the company were to build the bridge, what would be its profit-maximizing price? Would that be the efficient level of output? Why or why not? b.If the company is interested in maximizing profit, should it build the bridge? What would be its profit or loss? c.If the government were to build the bridge, what price should it charge? d.Should the government build the bridge? Explain. 解: a. 下图说明了这座桥的总收益和边际收益之间的关系。 价格 需求量 总收益 边际收益 $ 8 0 $ 0 ---- 7 100 700 $ 7 6 200 1,200 5 5 300 1,500 3 4 400 1,600 1 3 500 1,500 -1 2 600 1,200 -3 1 700 700 -5 0 800 0 -7 从图中可以看出,当价格是$4 时,总收益达到最大。此时需求量是 400。但是这不是 有效率的供给量。有效率的供给量是 800 是因为在这时价格等于边际成本。利润最大 化的量比有效率的量低是因为这个公司是垄断企业。 b. 因为从这座桥上所获得利润是负的,这家公司不应该建这座桥。如果建造这座桥,公司 的最大受益是$1,600,000,但是他的建造成本是$2,000,000。所以他将亏损$400,000。 c. 如果政府要建造这座桥的话,他应该将价格设为零。因为当边际成本等于边际受益时, 这时的价格水平是有效率的。但是从这座桥上通过一个人的边际成本是零,所以政府不 应该对从这座桥上通过的人收取任何的费用。 d. 政府应该建造这座桥,因为建造这座桥可以使社会总剩余增加。从图 5 中可以看到,总 剩余是 1/2 x 8 x 800,000 = $3,200,000,它超过了建造这座桥的总成本。 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

面制 =}×8x800 =3.200 香求 8009 阁5 8.Larry,Curly,and Moe run the only saloon in town.Larry wants to sell as many drinks as possible without losing money.Curly wants the saloon to bring in as much revenue as possible.Moe wants to make the largest possible profits.Using a single diagram of the saloon's demand curve and its cost curves,show the price and quantity combinations favored by each of the three partners.Explain. 解: MC AC Pe D . Q MR 倒6 如图6所示,Lay想在不黯本的情况下尽量的多卖,能会把他的情售量定在价格等于平 均成本的地方。如图中的P、Q,Quy想尽可能多的获得收故,这意味着他会把他的 价格定在使边际牧益等于零的地方,如图中的P:,此时销售量是Q。M想获得最多 的利润,这意味着他会肥能的销售量设在边际收益等于边际成本的地方,如图中的Q, 这时价格是P。 PDF文件使用“pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建fineprint,cn
6 8.Larry, Curly, and Moe run the only saloon in town. Larry wants to sell as many drinks as possible without losing money. Curly wants the saloon to bring in as much revenue as possible. Moe wants to make the largest possible profits. Using a single diagram of the saloon’s demand curve and its cost curves, show the price and quantity combinations favored by each of the three partners. Explain. 解: 如图 6 所示。Larry 想在不赔本的情况下尽量的多卖,他会把他的销售量定在价格等于平 均成本的地方。如图中的 PL、QL 。Curly 想尽可能多的获得收益,这意味着他会把他的 价格定在使边际收益等于零的地方,如图中的 PC ,此时销售量是 QC 。Moe 想获得最多 的利润,这意味着他会把他的销售量设在边际收益等于边际成本的地方,如图中的 QM , 这时价格是 PM 。 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

9.For many years AT&T was a regulated monopoly,providing both local and long distance telephone service. a.Explain why long-distance phone service was originally a natural monopoly. b.Over the past two decades,many companies have launched communication satellites.each of which can transmit a limited number of calls.How did the growing role of satellites change the cost structure of long-distance phone service?After a lengthy legal battle with the government.AT&T agreed to compete with other companies in the long-distance market.It also agreed to spin off its local phone service into the "Baby Bells",which remain highly regulated. c.Why might it be effident to have competition in long-dstance phone service and regulated monopolies in local phone service? 解: ā,在长途电话通讯服务侧诞生的时候,安装一条电话线路的费用很高,这意味着一家公 司提俱这种服务的成本比多家公司提供这种服务的成本低,所以长途电话通讯服务从 一开始是白然垄斯的。 b,有了通讯卫星之后,一家公可提铁长途通讯服务和多家公可提供这种服务儿孕没有什 么差别。因此,整个长途通讯服用业又自然整断变成一个竞争市场。 C当前区域性的通话服务主要靠传统的电话线来实现,这意味着在区域性的通话服务 市场上,自然来断比自由竟争更有效率,所以要对提供区城性通话服务的自燃幸断实 行管制。但是长途电话服务现在主要靠卫星来实现,这意味着在这个市场上竞争比型 新更有效率。 10.The Best Computer Company ust developed a new computer chip,on which it immediately acquires a patent. a.Draw a diagram that shows the consumer surplus,producer surplus,and total surplus in the market for this new chip. b.What happens to these three measures of surplus if the firm can perfectly price discriminate?What is the change in deadweight loss?What transfers oocur? 解: MC P D MR 00e Q 图7 7 PF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建w.fineprint,n
7 9.For many years AT&T was a regulated monopoly, providing both local and long distance telephone service. a.Explain why long-distance phone service was originally a natural monopoly. b.Over the past two decades,many companies have launched communication satellites,each of which can transmit a limited number of calls.How did the growing role of satellites change the cost structure of long-distance phone service? After a lengthy legal battle with the government,AT&T agreed to compete with other companies in the long-distance market.It also agreed to spin off its local phone service into the “Baby Bells”, which remain highly regulated. c.Why might it be efficient to have competition in long-distance phone service and regulated monopolies in local phone service? 解: a. 在长途电话通讯服务刚诞生的时候,安装一条电话线路的费用很高,这意味着一家公 司提供这种服务的成本比多家公司提供这种服务的成本低。所以长途电话通讯服务从 一开始是自然垄断的。 b. 有了通讯卫星之后,一家公司提供长途通讯服务和多家公司提供这种服务几乎没有什 么差别。因此,整个长途通讯服用业又自然垄断变成一个竞争市场。 c. 当前区域性的通话服务主要靠传统的电话线来实现,这意味着在区域性的通话服务 市场上,自然垄断比自由竞争更有效率。所以要对提供区域性通话服务的自然垄断实 行管制。但是长途电话服务现在主要靠卫星来实现,这意味着在这个市场上竞争比垄 断更有效率。 10. The Best Computer Company just developed a new computer chip, on which it immediately acquires a patent. a.Draw a diagram that shows the consumer surplus,producer surplus, and total surplus in the market for this new chip. b.What happens to these three measures of surplus if the firm can perfectly price discriminate? What is the change in deadweight loss? What transfers occur? 解: PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

ā,专利权使公司处于花新地位,如图7所示,为了实现利润最大化,公词会将产量定 在Q,价格定在P,此时,消费者剩余是A+B的面积,消费者剩余是C+D的 面积,总剩余是A+B+C+D的面积. b.如果公可能够对消费者敏到完全价格歧视,则触会生产Q的量,这时消费者剩余是 零,面生产者剩余等于总剩余等于A+B+C+D+E的面积,无谓相失从E的面积变成 零,有A+B的面积的消费者剩会转移给生产者, 11.Explain why a monopolist will always produoe a quantity at which the demand curve is elastic.(Hint:If demand is inelastic and the firm raises its price,what happens to total revenue and total costs?) 解:一个美断企业总是在雷求由线有弹性的地方生产。如果袭断企业在需求曲线上缺乏舞 性的地方生产,则该企业只要提高价格,收益就会增加。这时成本会下降,月时收益 增加,这意味着企业的利润将增加。所以坐斯企业应该将价格提升到利洞达到量大化 为止,面这时的产量只会在香求曲线上有弹性的地方, 另外,在需求曲线上缺乏弹性的地方。边际收益是负的。提高产量则意味着价格将以 一个更高的比侧在下降,所以收益会下降。利润最大化的企业将会在边际收益等于边 际成木的地方生产。企业不会在边际成木是负的地方生产,这镜是说企业会把产量定 在需求曲线富有弹性的地方, 12.Singer Britney Spears has a monopoly over a scarce resource herself.She is the only person who can produce a Britney Spears concert.Does this fact imply that the govemment should regulate the prices of her concerts?Why or whry not? 解:虽然小甜甜布兰妮对她的歌声拥有毕断地位,但是在这个市场上有很多竟争者提供他 们的承声。如果小甜甜布兰妮将价格提地太高,消费者就会用其他承手来代替地。所 以政府没有必要管制地演唱会的价格, 13.Napster,the on-line fle-swapping service,allowed people to use the Intemet to download copies of their favorite songs from other people's computers without cost.In what sense did Napster enhance economic efficiency in the short run?In what sense might Napster have reduced economic efficiency in the long run?Why do you think the courts eventually shut Napster down?Do you think this was the right policy? 解: 因为下载一首歌的边际成本是零,那些支付意显在售价以下但又高于零的个人筑可以享 受歌曲,所以在短期p提高了经济的效率。但是在长期。因为每个人都可以免 费下线他想所的量曲,音乐家们和用片公司就没有激历去提供新用片,这会使总利 余减少,所以法院最峰关闭了Np威er是因为他们相信这种链接违反了版权法, 14.Many schemes for price disoriminating involve some cost.For example,discount coupons take up time and resources from both the buyer and the seller.This question considers the implications of costly price discrimination.To keep things simple.let's assume that our monopolist's production COSTS are simply proportional to output,so that average total cost and marginal cost are constant and equal to each other. P诉文件使用”pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建.finsprint,Gn
8 a. 专利权使公司处于垄断地位。如图 7 所示,为了实现利润最大化,公司会将产量定 在 QM ,价格定在 PM ,此时,消费者剩余是 A+B 的面积,消费者剩余是 C+D 的 面积,总剩余是 A+B+C+D 的面积。 b. 如果公司能够对消费者做到完全价格歧视,则他会生产 QC的量,这时消费者剩余是 零,而生产者剩余等于总剩余等于 A+B+C+D+E 的面积,无谓损失从 E 的面积变成 零,有 A+B 的面积的消费者剩余转移给生产者。 11.Explain why a monopolist will always produce a quantity at which the demand curve is elastic.(Hint:If demand is inelastic and the firm raises its price, what happens to total revenue and total costs?) 解: 一个垄断企业总是在需求曲线有弹性的地方生产。如果垄断企业在需求曲线上缺乏弹 性的地方生产,则该企业只要提高价格,收益就会增加。这时成本会下降,同时收益 增加,这意味着企业的利润将增加。所以垄断企业应该将价格提升到利润达到最大化 为止,而这时的产量只会在需求曲线上有弹性的地方。 另外,在需求曲线上缺乏弹性的地方,边际收益是负的。提高产量则意味着价格将以 一个更高的比例在下降,所以收益会下降。利润最大化的企业将会在边际收益等于边 际成本的地方生产。企业不会在边际成本是负的地方生产,这就是说企业会把产量定 在需求曲线富有弹性的地方。 12.Singer Britney Spears has a monopoly over a scarce resource:herseIf.She is the only person who can produce a Britney Spears concert.Does this fact imply that the government should regulate the prices of her concerts? Why or why not? 解: 虽然小甜甜布兰妮对她的歌声拥有垄断地位,但是在这个市场上有很多竞争者提供他 们的歌声。如果小甜甜布兰妮将价格提地太高,消费者就会用其他歌手来代替她。所 以政府没有必要管制她演唱会的价格。 13.Napster, the on-line file-swapping service,allowed people to use the Internet to download copies of their favorite songs from other people’s computers without cost.In what sense did Napster enhance economic efficiency in the short run? In what sense might Napster have reduced economic efficiency in the long run? Why do you think the courts eventually shut Napster down? Do you think this was the right policy? 解: 因为下载一首歌的边际成本是零,那些支付意愿在售价以下但又高于零的个人就可以享 受歌曲,所以在短期 Napster 提高了经济的效率。但是在长期,因为每个人都可以免 费下载他们想听的歌曲,音乐家们和唱片公司就没有激励去提供新唱片,这会使总剩 余减少。所以法院最终关闭了 Napster 是因为他们相信这种链接违反了版权法。 14.Many schemes for price discriminating involve some cost.For example, discount coupons take up time and resources from both the buyer and the seller.This question considers the implications of costly price discrimination. To keep things simple,let’s assume that our monopolist's production COSTS are simply proportional to output, so that average total cost and marginal cost are constant and equal to each other. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

a.Draw the cost,demand.and marginal-revenue curves for the monopolist.Show the price the monopolist would charge without Price discrimination. b.In your diagram.mark the area equal to the monopolist's profit and call it X.Mark the area equal to consumer surplus and calll it Y.Mark the area equal to the deadweight loss and call it Z. c.Now suppose that the monopolist can perfectly price disariminate.What is the monopolist's profit?(Give your answer in terms of X.Y and Z.) d.What is the change in the monopolist's profit from price discrimination?What is the change in total surplus from price discrimination?Which change is larger? Explain.(Give your answer in terms of X,Y and Z.) e.Now suppose that there is some cost of price discrimination.To model this cost. let's assume that the monopolist has to pay a fioed cost C in order to price discriminate.How would a monopolist make the decision whether to pay this fixed cost?(Give your answer in terms of X,Z,and C.) f.How would a benevollent social planner,who cares about total surplus,decide whether the monopolist should price discriminate?(Give your answer in terms of X, ¥,Z,andc) g.Compare your answers to parts (e)and (f).How does the monopolist's incentive to price discriminate differ from the social planner's?Is it possible that the monopolist will prme disoriminate even though it is not so dally desirable? 解 MC =AC D MR QM Qe 阳阳 ,图8说明了堇断者的成本,需求和边际收益曲线。当设有价格歧视时,整断者会把 他们的价格定在Pw,生产Q的产量 D.茶断者的利润由两部分知图中的两个X的面积构成,消费者剩余由图中两个丫的面 积构成。无谓损失是Z的面积。 C如果垄断者能够实现完全价格歧税。则他会生产Q的量,这时他的利润是X+Y+Z 的面积, d.垄断者的利润从X增加到X+Y+Z,净增加了Y+Z。总剩余增加了Z。因为垄断者 PDF文件使用“pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建fineprint.cn
9 a. Draw the cost, demand,and marginal-revenue curves for the monopolist.Show the price the monopolist would charge without Price discrimination. b. In your diagram,mark the area equal to the monopolist’s profit and call it X.Mark the area equal to consumer surplus and call it Y. Mark the area equal to the deadweight loss and call it Z. c. Now suppose that the monopolist can perfectly price discriminate.What is the monopolist’s profit?(Give your answer in terms of X,Y and Z.) d. What is the change in the monopolist’s profit from price discrimination? What is the change in total surplus from price discrimination? Which change is larger? Explain. (Give your answer in terms of X,Y and Z.) e. Now suppose that there is some cost of price discrimination.To model this cost, let's assume that the monopolist has to pay a fixed cost C in order to price discriminate. How would a monopolist make the decision whether to pay this fixed cost?(Give your answer in terms of X,Z, and C.) f. How would a benevolent social planner, who cares about total surplus, decide whether the monopolist should price discriminate?(Give your answer in terms of X, Y, Z, and C.) g. Compare your answers to parts (e) and (f).How does the monopolist's incentive to price discriminate differ from the social planner’s? Is it possible that the monopolist will prme discriminate even though it is not so dally desirable? 解: a. 图 8 说明了垄断者的成本、需求和边际收益曲线。当没有价格歧视时,垄断者会把 他们的价格定在 PM ,生产 QM的产量。 b. 垄断者的利润由两部分如图中的两个 X 的面积构成。消费者剩余由图中两个 Y 的面 积构成。无谓损失是 Z 的面积。 c. 如果垄断者能够实现完全价格歧视,则他会生产 QC的量,这时他的利润是 X+Y+Z 的面积。 d. 垄断者的利润从 X 增加到 X+Y+Z,净增加了 Y+Z。总剩余增加了 Z。因为垄断者 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn

的剩念增加的留分是原来的无谓根失和酒费者剩众的部分,所以幸新者的利间比总 利余的相加要多。 总,如果Y+Z超过C,即实行价格歧视的收益超过其成木,则垄斯企业将实行价格线视. :当且仅当茶断的无谓损失Z超过C时,这封,一个驰善的关:心总剩余最大化的社 会计划者会希望室断企业实行价格歧视。 9.只要Y+Z>C,坐斯企业便有藏扇去实行价格歧视,但是当且仅当Z>C时,社会计划 者才会允许垄斯者实行价格线视。当ZC时,垄斯企业将会实行价格 歧视,而这种情况下实行价格歧祝不是社会的最好选择。这设是说套断企业比社会 计划者有更大的激励去实行价格歧规。 0 PF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建w.fineprint,n
10 的剩余增加的部分是原来的无谓损失和消费者剩余的部分,所以垄断者的利润比总 剩余的增加要多。 e. 如果 Y+Z 超过 C,即实行价格歧视的收益超过其成本,则垄断企业将实行价格歧视。 f. 当且仅当垄断的无谓损失 Z 超过 C 时,这时,一个慈善的关心总剩余最大化的社 会计划者会希望垄断企业实行价格歧视。 g. 只要 Y+Z>C,垄断企业便有激励去实行价格歧视,但是当且仅当 Z>C 时,社会计划 者才会允许垄断者实行价格歧视。当 ZC 时,垄断企业将会实行价格 歧视,而这种情况下实行价格歧视不是社会的最好选择。这就是说垄断企业比社会 计划者有更大的激励去实行价格歧视。 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.cn