《微生物生物学》课程教学资源（书籍文献）World of Microbiology and Immunology，Brigham Narins, Editor，Volumes 1 and 2 A-Z

WORLD of CROBOLOG

WORLD of Brigham Narins,Editor Volumes 1 and 2 A-Z AND IMMUNOLOGY MICROB OLOGY C THOMSON GALE

WORLD of AND IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY Brigham Narins, Editor Volumes 1 and 2 A-Z WOMI1.tpgs 5/8/03 6:01 PM Page 3

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .v. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK .ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.xiii ENTRIES Volume 1:A-L 。， Volume2:M-Z.359 SOURCES CONSULTED .619 HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY .643 GENERAL INDEX .661

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii HOW TO USE THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . .ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii ENTRIES Volume 1: A-L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Volume 2: M-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 SOURCES CONSULTED . . . . . . . . . . . .619 HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . .643 GENERAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661 CONTENTS v • • womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page v

INTRODUCTION- Although microbiology and immunology are fundamen- During the early part of the twentieth century,the science being an"off-shoot of chem orism is a real and nt worldwide dange such as micr World of Mi elgiacolectiono gies.as we ll as with the es and fu of pl ment o ms,the nature infectious the immune response.the carch from the very obiology as a science had cial mmur of them of the er relatio rticl th genetics hemistry.This as ciati n also laid the that World of Microbiology and impact on science and medicine ding current events. seful jects because they are relatively hro ng hout microorganism Beadle and orge w and Edwar ered hu In the era.civic sanitation n1941 g muta of the bread mold mtations were tly spon s and sYet much of the world is still rav by the environ Sub r to challenge the most advanced medical and public on evidence that DNA was the genetic ma d ar

INTRODUCTION vii • • Although microbiology and immunology are fundamen￾tally separate areas of biology and medicine, they combine to provide a powerful understanding of human health and dis￾ease—especially with regard to infectious disease, disease prevention, and tragically, of the growing awareness that bioterrorism is a real and present worldwide danger. World of Microbiology and Immunology is a collection of 600 entries on topics covering a range of interests—from biog￾raphies of the pioneers of microbiology and immunology to explanations of the fundamental scientific concepts and latest research developments. In many universities, students in the biological sciences are not exposed to microbiology or immunology courses until the later half of their undergraduate studies. In fact, many medical students do not receive their first formal training in these subjects until medical school. Despite the complexities of terminology and advanced knowl￾edge of biochemistry and genetics needed to fully explore some of the topics in microbiology and immunology, every effort has been made to set forth entries in everyday language and to provide accurate and generous explanations of the most important terms. The editors intend World of Microbiology and Immunology for a wide range of readers. Accordingly, the articles are designed to instruct, challenge, and excite less experienced students, while providing a solid foundation and reference for more advanced students. The editors also intend that World of Microbiology and Immunology be a valuable resource to the general reader seeking information fundamen￾tal to understanding current events. Throughout history, microorganisms have spread deadly diseases and caused widespread epidemics that threatened and altered human civilization. In the modern era, civic sanitation, water purification, immunization, and antibiotics have dramat￾ically reduced the overall morbidity and the mortality of dis￾ease in advanced nations. Yet much of the world is still rav￾aged by disease and epidemics, and new threats constantly appear to challenge the most advanced medical and public health systems. For all our science and technology, we are far from mastering the microbial world. During the early part of the twentieth century, the science of microbiology developed somewhat independently of other biological disciplines. Although for many years it did not exist as a separate discipline at all—being an “off-shoot” of chem￾istry (fermentation science) or medicine—with advances in techniques such as microscopy and pure culturing methodolo￾gies, as well as with the establishment of the germ theory of disease and the rudiments of vaccination, microbiology sud￾denly exploded as a separate discipline. Whereas other biolog￾ical disciplines were concerned with such topics as cell struc￾ture and function, the ecology of plants and animals, the repro￾duction and development of organisms, the nature of heredity and the mechanisms of evolution, microbiology had a very dif￾ferent focus. It was concerned primarily with the agents of infectious disease, the immune response, the search for chemotherapeutic agents and bacterial metabolism. Thus, from the very beginning, microbiology as a science had social applications. A more detailed historical perspective of the development of the field may be found in the article “History of Microbiology” in this volume. Microbiology established a closer relationship with other biological disciplines in the 1940s because of its association with genetics and biochemistry. This association also laid the foundations for the subsequent and still rapidly developing field of genetic engineering, which holds promise of profound impact on science and medicine. Microorganisms are extremely useful experimental sub￾jects because they are relatively simple, grow rapidly, and can be cultured in large quantities. George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum studied the relationship between genes and enzymes in 1941 using mutants of the bread mold Neurospora. In 1943 Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück used bacterial mutants to show that gene mutations were apparently spontaneous and not directed by the environment. Subsequently, Oswald Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty provided strong evidence that DNA was the genetic material and car￾ried genetic information during transformation. The interac￾tions between microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry soon womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page vii

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY led to the development of modern,molecularly oriented ent their genetics. e taken place in the past lave re he can consider the eradication of smallpo a viral dis of th have been eeply in prime exam ager ynthesis.Mic isms were used in many of the greatest single tive toward s the es on reg In the 19 m of Ed udy of immunology of reco ant ge mbi logy an is th found and medicine dur were awarded t n,no ng c are are foun cannot reappe er by na ural pr ln an idy of mi clery in c a bacterial di from the ally and orie Ages. ween 1346 and 1350 e third of th da with It has in y it is a larg rand food .eco biocher tury provi ic an sare interested in the biology of the mics appli who study viruses s).bacteriologists (scientists who study bac one.especially in the treatme t of viral diseases (which do yfungi)who study tries.Al s)and of preva ntists who study protozoa). Othe rs may be interested i Indeed,there has gy.genetics.taxonomy.and mo r biology.Some microb nd acquired immunode ncy syndrome (AlD ous tu-like suck the southes dairy mic yor public health.Beca ng in 33 deaths must familiat with basic mic Fo cample,a med n ton becam physiology to identifyand p yespoadiohepaihyd nism synthesized a potent toxin and caused haemolytic conce可 died.In 1993,400,000 peo hia organisms at the beginning of the twentieth century,whe ater supply es which nov that the 0foswscienti ts to more closely and fully investigate the world ery soon after the oubreaks.The bacteria causing One of the focuses of this book is the field of medica d in the past few decades as have the viruses that cause microbioltogyandisconction ith immu AIDS.Aumber of factors account for the fact that s illy advanced.As live onger.their ability mpaired and as a result the 多

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY viii • • Introduction led to the development of modern, molecularly oriented genetics. Recently microbiology has been a major contributor to the rise of molecular biology, the branch of biology dealing with the physical and chemical bases of living matter and its function. Microbiologists have been deeply involved in stud￾ies of the genetic code and the mechanisms of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Microorganisms were used in many of the early studies on the regulation of gene expression and the control of enzyme activity. In the 1970s new discoveries in microbiology led to the development of recombinant gene technology and genetic engineering. One indication of the importance of microbiology today is the number of Nobel Prizes awarded for work in physiology and medicine during the twentieth century; about a third of these were awarded to scientists working on microbiological problems. Microorganisms are exceptionally diverse, are found almost everywhere, and affect human society in countless ways. The modern study of microbiology is very different from the chemically and medically oriented discipline pio￾neered by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Today it is a large discipline with many specialities. It has impact on medicine, agricultural and food sciences, ecology, genetics, biochem￾istry, and many other fields. Today it clearly has both basic and applied aspects. Many microbiologists are interested in the biology of the microorganisms themselves. They may focus on a specific group of microorganisms and be called virologists (scientists who study viruses), bacteriologists (scientists who study bac￾teria), phycologists or algologists (scientists who study algae), mycologists (scientists who study fungi), or protozoologists (scientists who study protozoa). Others may be interested in microbial morphology or particular functional processes and work in fields such as microbial cytology, physiology, ecolo￾gy, genetics, taxonomy, and molecular biology. Some microbi￾ologists may have a more applied orientation and work on problems in fields such as medical microbiology, food and dairy microbiology, or public health. Because the various fields of microbiology are interrelated, an applied microbiolo￾gist must always be familiar with basic microbiology. For example, a medical microbiologist must have a good under￾standing of microbial taxonomy, genetics, immunology, and physiology to identify and properly respond to the pathogen of concern. It is clear that scientists study the microbial world in much the same way as they studied the world of multicellular organisms at the beginning of the twentieth century, when microbiology was a young discipline. This is in part due to the huge developments and refinements of techniques, which now allow scientists to more closely and fully investigate the world of bacteria and viruses. One of the focuses of this book is the field of medical microbiology and its connection with immunology. Medical microbiology developed between the years 1875 and 1918, during which time many disease-causing bacteria were identi￾fied and the early work on viruses begun. Once people realized that these invisible agents could cause disease, efforts were made to prevent their spread from sick to healthy people. The great successes that have taken place in the area of human health in the past 100 years have resulted largely from advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious disease. We can consider the eradication of smallpox, a viral disease, as a prime example. The agent that causes this disease is one of the greatest killers the world has ever known—and was probably the greatest single incentive towards the formaliza￾tion of the specialized study of immunology. Research into the mechanism of Edward Jenner’s “vaccination” discovery—he found that of a patient injected with cow-pox produces immu￾nity to smallpox—laid the foundations for the understanding of the immune system and the possibility of dealing with other diseases in a similar way. Because of an active worldwide vac￾cination program, no cases of smallpox have been reported since 1977. (This does not mean, however, that the disease cannot reappear, whether by natural processes or bioterror.) Another disease that had a huge social impact was bubon￾ic plague, a bacterial disease. Its effects were devastating in the Middle Ages. Between 1346 and 1350, one third of the entire population of Europe died of bubonic plague. Now gen￾erally less than 100 people die each year from this disease. The discovery of antibiotics in the early twentieth century provid￾ed an increasingly important weapon against bacterial dis￾eases, and they have been instrumental in preventing similar plague epidemics. Although progress in the application of immunological research has been impressive, a great deal still remains to be done, especially in the treatment of viral diseases (which do not respond to antibiotics) and of the diseases prevalent in developing countries. Also, seemingly “new” diseases contin￾ue to arise. Indeed, there has been much media coverage in the past twenty years in the U.S. of several “new” diseases, including Legionnaires’ disease, toxic shock syndrome, Lyme disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Three other diseases emerged in 1993. In the summer of that year a mysterious flu-like disease struck the Southwest, result￾ing in 33 deaths. The causative agent was identified as a virus, hantavirus, carried by deer mice and spread in their droppings. In the same year, more than 500 residents of the state of Washington became ill with a strain of Escherichia coli pres￾ent in undercooked beef prepared at a fast-food restaurant. The organism synthesized a potent toxin and caused haemolytic￾uremic syndrome. Three children died. In 1993, 400,000 peo￾ple in Milwaukee became ill with a diarrheal disease, cryp￾tosporidiosis, that resulted from the improper chlorination of the water supply. It is a great credit to the biomedical research community that the causative agents for all these diseases were identified very soon after the outbreaks. The bacteria causing Legionnaires’ disease and Lyme disease have only been iso￾lated in the past few decades, as have the viruses that cause AIDS. A number of factors account for the fact that seeming￾ly “new” diseases arise almost spontaneously, even in indus￾trially advanced countries. As people live longer, their ability to ward off infectious agents is impaired and, as a result, the organisms that usually are unable to cause disease become womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page viii

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY Introduction potentially deadly agents.Also.lifestyles chans and nev use information in immu y often moves rapidl opportunities arise for deadly agents.For example.the use of ing.it is increa and produce critical deci ions regarding their own toxin causing toxic shock e in making ding of the es sen th unity to infect new hosts.It is I realities he las the within Not nbut manyinfectious tha .eon the in the U.S.hav is of U.S.citizens and for reign visitors enter the country biological warfare and bio daily. About one isitors now com cience underpin a fever still exist In develoned s have editors hope that World of Microbiology been largely elim h our n st wish that this book pro many inc ump prominent role in our civi ncreasingly urgent part of our everyday live not to va children.Thus if the diseas A third reas for the rise of infectious dise s is that the w. me the eld eaken the ability of the imm a guide to pe lical treatment c ected witl (HIV with their ions that their imm The (TB)ha nd allywith regard to isst nfected wth the bacterium TB.though ple f TB a iygoups,ndpeopteinRCedwih How to Use the Book sing the s that ese new case ces to related articles.defin ove ohies in thi d by d- los of life ouh far from the pa rela 【ogen the that micre serious.incurable es that dirctly impact top cal r rch to be nd Gale's World of relation to the fields of i eference For those readers interested in additi nlinrfo hav allo mend Cale's World of ding of the hu nd of the elegance of an a ne ally to effectively fight diseas and debilitation both by directly and by strengthening th articles

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY ix • • Introduction potentially deadly agents. Also, lifestyles change and new opportunities arise for deadly agents. For example, the use of vaginal tampons by women has resulted in an environment in which the Staphylococcus bacterium can grow and produce a toxin causing toxic shock syndrome. New diseases can also emerge because some agents have the ability to change abrupt￾ly and thereby gain the opportunity to infect new hosts. It is possible that one of the agents that causes AIDS arose from a virus that at one time could only infect other animals. Not only are new diseases appearing but many infectious diseases that were on the wane in the U.S. have started to increase again. One reason for this resurgence is that thou￾sands of U.S. citizens and foreign visitors enter the country daily. About one in five visitors now come from a country where diseases such as malaria, cholera, plague, and yellow fever still exist. In developed countries these diseases have been largely eliminated through sanitation, vaccination, and quarantine. Ironically, another reason why certain diseases are on the rise is the very success of past vaccination programs: because many childhood diseases (including measles, mumps, whooping cough, and diphtheria) have been effectively con￾trolled in both developed and developing countries, some par￾ents now opt not to vaccinate their children. Thus if the disease suddenly appears, many more children are susceptible. A third reason for the rise of infectious diseases is that the increasing use of medications that prolong the life of the eld￾erly, and of treatments that lower the disease resistance of patients, generally weaken the ability of the immune system to fight diseases. People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus responsible for AIDS, are a high-risk group for infections that their immune systems would normal￾ly resist. For this reason, tuberculosis (TB) has increased in the U.S. and worldwide. Nearly half the world’s population is infected with the bacterium causing TB, though for most peo￾ple the infection is inactive. However, many thousands of new cases of TB are reported in the U.S. alone, primarily among the elderly, minority groups, and people infected with HIV. Furthermore, the organism causing these new cases of TB is resistant to the antibiotics that were once effective in treating the disease. This phenomenon is the result of the uncontrolled overuse of antibiotics over the last 70 years. Until a few years ago, it seemed possible that the terrible loss of life associated with the plagues of the Middle Ages or with the pandemic influenza outbreak of 1918 and 1919 would never recur. However, the emergence of AIDS dramatizes the fact that microorganisms can still cause serious, incurable, life-threatening diseases. With respect to disease control, there is still much microbiological research to be done, especially in relation to the fields of immunology and chemotherapy. Recent advances in laboratory equipment and techniques have allowed rapid progress in the articulation and under￾standing of the human immune system and of the elegance of the immune response. In addition, rapidly developing knowl￾edge of the human genome offers hope for treatments designed to effectively fight disease and debilitation both by directly attacking the causative pathogens, and by strengthening the body’s own immune response. Because information in immunology often moves rapidly from the laboratory to the clinical setting, it is increasingly important that scientifically literate citizens—those able to participate in making critical decisions regarding their own health care—hold a fundamental understanding of the essen￾tial concepts in both microbiology and immunology. Alas, as if the challenges of nature were not sufficient, the evolution of political realities in the last half of the twentieth century clearly points toward the probability that, within the first half of the twenty-first century, biological weapons will surpass nuclear and chemical weapons as a threat to civiliza￾tion. Accordingly, informed public policy debates on issues of biological warfare and bioterrorism can only take place when there is a fundamental understanding of the science underpin￾ning competing arguments. The editors hope that World of Microbiology and Immunology inspires a new generation of scientists who will join in the exciting worlds of microbiological and immuno￾logical research. It is also our modest wish that this book pro￾vide valuable information to students and readers regarding topics that play an increasingly prominent role in our civic debates, and an increasingly urgent part of our everyday lives. K. Lee Lerner & Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors St. Remy, France June 2002 Editor’s note: World of Microbiology and Immunology is not intended to be a guide to personal medical treatment or emergency procedures. Readers desiring information related to personal issues should always consult with their physician. The editors respectfully suggest and recommend that readers desiring current information related to emergency protocols— especially with regard to issues and incidents related to bioter￾rorism—consult the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website at http://www.cdc.gov/. How to Use the Book The articles in the book are meant to be understandable by anyone with a curiosity about topics in microbiology or immunology. Cross-references to related articles, definitions, and biographies in this collection are indicated by bold-faced type, and these cross-references will help explain and expand the individual entries. Although far from containing a compre￾hensive collection of topics related to genetics, World of Microbiology and Immunology carries specifically selected topical entries that directly impact topics in microbiology and immunology. For those readers interested in genetics, the edi￾tors recommend Gale’s World of Genetics as an accompanying reference. For those readers interested in additional informa￾tion regarding the human immune system, the editors recom￾mend Gale’s World of Anatomy and Physiology. This first edition of World of Microbiology and Immunology has been designed with ready reference in mind: • Entries are arranged alphabetically rather than chronologically or by scientific field. In addition to clas￾sical topics, World of Microbiology and Immunology contains many articles addressing the impact of womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page ix

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY advances in microbiology and immunology r Microbiology and the ethic and society CanaanSocieyofiMcobtIogls Bold-faced terms direct the reader to related entries ova Scotia.Canad Eric v.d.Luft.PhD MIs the body of the text rator es( n lists the SUNY of Historical Collections e most wor Danila morano Md and di n this yolum The Historical Ch t of mi bic Judvth Sa .Ph.D.ARCS went to pre topics and pe Constance K.Stein,Ph.D refer the or of Cytogenetics,As sistant Director of Molecula rto the term's tull entry compos shape of biolo gical mole un f Microbi and Accordingly.stu Acknowledgments In addition to our academic and contributing advisors,it ules ivilege and nor to w names for particular proteins.e enzymes,etc.).Where ne moth Lemer:Jill Liske. and dope- from any basic chemistry or biochemistry reference for authored specially commis: Advisory Board In compiling this edition we have been fortunate in bein cial contributions and ogy.and to them w RobertG.Best,Ph.D Immunodeficiency diseases,genetic most accurate and timely information possible Antonio Farina,M.D.Ph.D Department of Obstetricsan Brian D.Hovle.Ph.D Anthrax.terrorist use of as a biological weapor y alfred feldmr Antonio Farina,M.D.Ph.D. of Pat logy and Laboratory Med: Professor.Department of Embryology,Obstetrics.and impac Cons K Stein Ph D Bologna,Italy Genetic identification of microorganisms San Thorpe-Var Ph.D

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY x • • Introduction advances in microbiology and immunology on history, ethics, and society. • Bold-faced terms direct the reader to related entries. • “See also” references at the end of entries alert the reader to related entries not specifically mentioned in the body of the text. • A Sources Consulted section lists the most worthwhile print material and web sites we encountered in the com￾pilation of this volume. It is there for the inspired read￾er who wants more information on the people and dis￾coveries covered in this volume. • The Historical Chronology includes many of the sig￾nificant events in the advancement of microbiology and immunology. The most current entries date from just days before World of Microbiology and Immunology went to press. • A comprehensive General Index guides the reader to topics and persons mentioned in the book. Bolded page references refer the reader to the term’s full entry. Although there is an important and fundamental link between the composition and shape of biological molecules and their functions in biological systems, a detailed under￾standing of biochemistry is neither assumed or required for World of Microbiology and Immunology. Accordingly, stu￾dents and other readers should not be intimidated or deterred by the complex names of biochemical molecules (especially the names for particular proteins, enzymes, etc.). Where nec￾essary, sufficient information regarding chemical structure is provided. If desired, more information can easily be obtained from any basic chemistry or biochemistry reference. Advisory Board In compiling this edition we have been fortunate in being able to rely upon the expertise and contributions of the follow￾ing scholars who served as academic and contributing advisors for World of Microbiology and Immunology, and to them we would like to express our sincere appreciation for their efforts to ensure that World of Microbiology and Immunology contains the most accurate and timely information possible: Robert G. Best, Ph.D. Director, Division of Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina Antonio Farina, M.D., Ph.D. Visiting Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Brown University School of Medicine Providence, Rhode Island Professor, Department of Embryology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Brian D. Hoyle, Ph.D. Microbiologist Member, American Society for Microbiology and the Canadian Society of Microbiologists Nova Scotia, Canada Eric v.d. Luft, Ph.D., M.L.S. Curator of Historical Collections SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York Danila Morano, M.D. University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Judyth Sassoon, Ph.D., ARCS Department of Biology & Biochemistry University of Bath Bath, England Constance K. Stein, Ph.D. Director of Cytogenetics, Assistant Director of Molecular Diagnostics SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York Acknowledgments In addition to our academic and contributing advisors, it has been our privilege and honor to work with the following contributing writers, and scientists: Sherri Chasin Calvo; Sandra Galeotti, M.S.; Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner; Jill Liske, M.Ed.; and Susan Thorpe-Vargas, Ph.D. Many of the advisors for World of Microbiology and Immunology authored specially commissioned articles within their field of expertise. The editors would like to specifically acknowledge the following contributing advisors for their spe￾cial contributions: Robert G. Best, Ph.D. Immunodeficiency disease syndromes Immunodeficiency diseases, genetic Antonio Farina, M.D., Ph.D. Reproductive immunology Brian D. Hoyle, Ph.D. Anthrax, terrorist use of as a biological weapon Eric v.d. Luft, Ph.D., M.L.S. The biography of Dr. Harry Alfred Feldman Danila Morano, M.D. Rh and Rh incompatibility Judyth Sassoon, Ph.D. BSE and CJD disease, ethical issues and socio-economic impact Constance K. Stein, Ph.D. Genetic identification of microorganisms Susan Thorpe-Vargas, Ph.D Immunology, nutritional aspects womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page x

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY Introduction The editors would like to extend special thanks Dr.Judyth complexitieand difficerMo thank the Projec acknowledge Dr.Eric v.d.Luft for his diligent and extensive esearch related to the preparation many di a O可 The edit fully acknowldge the assist Christine Jeryan and Ms.Meggin Condino forth heir faith in and the Gale Imaging Team for their guidance through the

WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY Introduction xi The editors would like to extend special thanks Dr. Judyth Sassoon for her contributions to the introduction to World of Microbiology and Immunology. The editors also wish to acknowledge Dr. Eric v.d. Luft for his diligent and extensive research related to the preparation of many difficult biogra￾phies. The editors owe a great debt of thanks to Dr. Brian Hoyle for his fortitude and expertise in the preparation and review of a substantial number of articles appearing in World of Microbiology and Immunology. The editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of many at Gale for their help in preparing World of Microbiology and Immunology. The editors thank Ms. Christine Jeryan and Ms. Meggin Condino for their faith in this project. Special thanks are offered to Ms. Robyn Young and the Gale Imaging Team for their guidance through the complexities and difficulties related to graphics. Most direct￾ly, the editors wish to acknowledge and thank the Project Editor, Mr. Brigham Narins for his good nature, goods eyes, and intelligent sculptings of World of Microbiology and Immunology. The editors dedicate this book to Leslie Moore, M.D., James T. Boyd, M.D., E.M. Toler, M.D., and to the memory of Robert Moore, M.D. Their professional skills and care provid￾ed a safe start in life for generations of children, including our own. The editors and authors also dedicate this book to the countless scientists, physicians, and nurses who labor under the most dangerous and difficult of field conditions to bring both humanitarian assistance to those in need, and to advance the frontiers of microbiology and immunology. • • womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A group of seven exiled lepers,photograph.Michael false-colour transmission electron micrograph of stacks of Maslan Hist enneth R.Mill blood stream.phot raph.Institut p fied virus called alpha-plaquc.photograph.Lester V Reproduced by permissi Close-up of Ebola virus,photo of p -A paramec CNRS/Corbis Sym ced by A tubula .Reproduced by permission Colored flu- hydrothermal,photograph. RalphwWhmeCotsRept衣ci Julie Houck/Corbis Britain.bumine as precaution ainst spread of footand electron mic ofthe nuclear membrane surface of a par Motta sel Ehime oduced by permission. Maru,photograph. mmunity rden. Joel graph. AFP/Corbis. Corbis. permission Court In Open Air During 1918 Influen rah by Kent Epidemic.photo Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by Ameson.Charlic.photograph.Roger Re r/Corbis graph.Astier Frederik/Corbis pern in e Reproduced by permission. hoto Crying girl getting vaccination iect nst eraph. on Reproduced by Mi photograph orb Corbis.Repro ead Boat collec in petri dishe photos Roge fish,pho eprodu eye of the Vo Trung orbis. e s ha using a pipette in a ory.photograp mission.Diagram depicting DNA and RNA with an inseton

A group of seven exiled lepers, photograph. © Michael Maslan Historic Photographs/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—A hand holds an oyster on the half-shell, photograph. © Philip Gould/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—A magni￾fied virus called alpha-plaque, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—A paramecium protozoan, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—A paramecium undergoing a sex￾ual reproductive fission, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—A tubular hydrothermal, photograph. © Ralph White/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—About 600 sheep from France and Great Britain, burning as precaution against spread of foot-and￾mouth disease, photograph by Michel Spinger. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Aerial view shows the oil slick left behind by the Japanese fishing training vessel Ehime Maru, photograph. © AFP/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—An employee of the American Media building carries literature and antibiotics after being tested for anthrax, photo￾graph. © AFP/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—An under￾equipped system at the Detroit Municipal Sewage Water Treatment Plant, photograph. © Ted Spiegel/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Anthrax, photograph by Kent Wood. Photo Researcher, Inc. Reproduced by permission.— Arneson, Charlie, photograph. © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Beer vats in brewery, Czechoslovakia, photograph by Liba Taylor. Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.—Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, photo￾graph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.— Bison grazing near Hot Springs, photograph. © Michael S. Lewis/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Boat collecting dead fish, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Bottles of the antibiotic Cipro, photograph. © FRI/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.—Bousset, Luc, photograph. © Vo Trung Dung/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Budding yeast cells, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Chlorophyll, false-colour transmission electron micrograph of stacks of grana in a chloroplast, photograph by Dr. Kenneth R. Miller. Reproduced by permission.—Close-up of Ebola virus in the blood stream, photograph. © Institut Pasteur/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.—Close-up of Ebola virus, photo￾graph. © Corbis Sygma/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.— Close-up of prion structure examined in 3-D, photograph. © CNRS/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.— Colonies of Penicillium Notatus, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Colored flu￾ids in chemical beakers, photograph. © Julie Houck/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Colored high resolution scanning electron micrograph of the nuclear membrane surface of a pan￾creatic acinar cell, photograph by P. Motta & T. Naguro/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Composite image of three genet￾ic researchers, photograph. Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library. Reproduced by permission.—Compost pile overflow￾ing in community garden, photograph. © Joel W. Rogers/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Cosimi, Benedict, photograph. © Ted Spiegel/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Court In Open Air During 1918 Influenza Epidemic, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Cringing girl getting vaccination injection against Hepatitis B, photograph. © Astier Frederik/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.—Crustose Lichen, photo￾graph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Crying girl getting vaccination injection against Hepatitis B, photograph. © Astier Frederik/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.—Cultures of Photobacterium NZ- 11 glowing in petri dishes, photograph. © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Darwin, Charles, photograph. Popperfoto/Archive Photos. © Archive Photos, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Detail view of an employee’s hands using a pipette in a laboratory, photograph. © Bob Rowan; Progressive Image/Corbis. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Diagram depicting DNA and RNA with an inset on ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii • • womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page xiii

Acknowledgments WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY the DNA side sho ific Base Pairing diagra earins hazardous materials suits,U.S.Post Office in Wes ing. The Gale Group. renton. New Jersey.photograph. Re oduced b of Mok tcultrBiolog ibrary o Congre nr.Edward.ph Gale Group Sue.Dr.photo raph.James L.Am is.Reproduced b m photograph Cor is/Douglas P.Wilson; Lan erpest Peridinium sp. ning electron micrograph.Dr.Denn Koch.Robert.pl Kunk by permi E.coli doing n by permission -Electro micro hs echn cian samples.ph tograph. De Publi ograph.AP/Wide d by pe photos raph uters ed h orb p Libra Bob Kri -En e-line oabso Re uced by permis ntor photo raph ergman/Cor ogra mage epr the m nk aph by D n ring fo FB nza virus photograph.Be n/Corbis. h Lester V an/Ce by pe h Tinea photograph Lester Bergman/Corbi photo raph d by wn in a V B n mi h by D cids char m by Argos photograph by Dougl hotograph.④ /Corbis.Reprodu Corbis ed by pern Golde of Health L photograph.Don Blegen/JLM Visuals.R eprodu s/Corbis Reproduce Medica nlants nho ory.p ced by rea Plat Ces photograph.Pho in photograph.Michael Freeman/Corbis.Reproduced by pe eproduced by permis telophase of an anima anh

Acknowledgments WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY the DNA side showing specific Base Pairing, diagram by Argosy Publishing. The Gale Group.—Diagram of DNA Replication I, inset showing Semiconservative Replication (DNA Replication II), diagram by Argosy Publishing. The Gale Group.—Diagram of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, DNA to RNA to Protein, diagram by Argosy Publishing. The Gale Group.—Diatom Plankton, circular, transparent organ￾isms, photograph. Corbis/Douglas P. Wilson; Frank Lane Picture Agency. Reproduced by permission.—Dinoflagellate Peridinium sp., scanning electron micrograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake. Reproduced by permission.—E. coli infec￾tion, photograph by Howard Sochurek. The Stock Market. Reproduced by permission.—Electron micrographs, hanta virus, and ebola virus, photograph. Delmar Publishers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Electron Microscope views Martian meteorite, photograph. © Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Elementary school student receiving a Vaccine, photograph. © Bob Krist/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Enzyme-lines immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—False-color transmission electron micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium, photograph by Dr. Tony Brain. Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Farmers feeding chickens, photograph. USDA— Firefighters preparing a decontamination chamber for FBI investigators, photograph. © Randall Mark/Corbis Sygma. Reproduced by permission.—First photographed view of the influenza virus, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—First sightings of actual antibody antigen docking seen on x-ray crystallography, photograph. © Ted Spiegel/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Fleming, Alexander, photograph. The Bettmann Archive/Corbis￾Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.—Fleming, Sir Alexander, photograph. Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Friend, Charlotte, photograph. The Library of Congress. Reproduced by permission.—Fungal skin infection causing Tinea, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Fungus colony grown in a petri dish, photograph.© Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Gambierdiscus toxicus, scanning electron micro￾graph by Dr. Dennis Kunkel. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake. Reproduced by permission.—Genetic code related to models of amino acids inserting into a protein chart, diagram by Argosy Publishing. The Gale Group.—German firefighters remove suspicious looking packets from a post office distribution cen￾ter, photograph. © Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Giardia, cells shown through a microscope, photograph by J. Paulin. Reproduced by permission.—Golden lichen, photograph. © Don Blegen/JLM Visuals. Reproduced by permission.—Hay fever allergy attack triggered by oilseed rape plants, photograph. © Niall Benvie/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Hemolytic Staphyloccoccus Streak Plate, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Human Immunodeficiency Virus in color imaging, photograph. © Michael Freeman/Corbis. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Industrial Breweries, man filling kegs, photograph. Getty Images. Reproduced by permission.—Investigators wearing hazardous materials suits, U.S. Post Office in West Trenton, New Jersey, photograph. © AFP/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Iron lungs, photograph. UPI/Corbis￾Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.—Jacob, Francois, pho￾tograph. The Library of Congress.—Jenner, Edward, photo￾graph. Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.—Kiefer, Sue, Dr., photograph. © James L. Amos/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Koch, Robert, studying Rinderpest in laboratory, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Koch, Robert, photograph. The Library of Congress.— Laboratory technician doing medical research, photograph. © Bill Varie/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Laboratory technician performing a density test from urine samples, pho￾tograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.— Laboratory technician working with restriction enzymes, pho￾tograph. © Ted Spiegel/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.— Landsteiner, Karl, photograph. The Library of Congress.— Lederberg, Joshua and Esther, photograph, 1958. UPI-Corbis￾Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.—Leeuwenhoek, Anton Van, photograph. Getty Images. Reproduced by permission.— Lightning strikes on Tucson horizon, photograph. Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Lister, Joseph, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Magnification of a gram stain of pseudomonas aerugi￾nosa, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Magnification of bacillus, or rodlike bacteria, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by per￾mission.—Magnification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Magnification of klebsiella bacteria, photo￾graph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Magnified fungi cells called Candida albicans sac, pho￾tograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Making of a genetic marker, with an individual DNA sequence to indicate specific genes, photograph. © Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Mallon, Mary (Typhoid Mary), 1914, photograph. Corbis Corporation. Reproduced by permission.—Man carries stretcher with patient, dysentery epidemic amongst Hutu refugees, photo￾graph. © Baci/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Man washing his hands, photograph. © Dick Clintsman/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Marine Plankton, green organ￾isms with orange spots, photograph by Douglas P. Wilson. Corbis/Douglas P. Wilson; Frank Lane Picture Agency. Reproduced by permission.—Measles spots on child’s back, photograph. © John Heselltine/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Medical Researcher, fills a sample with a pipette at the National Institute of Health Laboratory, photograph. © Paul A. Souders/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Medical researcher dills sample trays with a pipette in a laboratory, pho￾tograph. © Paul A. Souders/Corbis. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Milstein, Cesar, photograph. Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Mitosis of an animal cell, immunofluorescence photomicrograph. © CNRI/Phototake. Reproduced by permission.—Mitosis telophase of an animal cell, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake. Reproduced by permis￾sion.—Montagnier, Luc, photograph by Gareth Watkins. xiv • • womi_fm 5/6/03 1:34 PM Page xiv