Lecture B Coherence
Lecture 8 Coherence
a.objectives of this lecture b.to know the meaning of coherence c.to know the ways to achieve coherence in English writing d.to practice
Outline a. objectives of this lecture b. to know the meaning of coherence c. to know the ways to achieve coherence in English writing d. to practice
①biectives To know how to achieve coherence in English writing
Objectives To know how to achieve coherence in English writing
I.What is Coherence? Co-is a Latin prefix meaning“together''or“with” According to Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary,coherence means when the parts of something fit together in a natural or sensible way
1. What is Coherence? Co- is a Latin prefix meaning “together” or “with”. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, coherence means “when the parts of something fit together in a natural or sensible way ”
2.The Ways to Achieve Coherence In order to have coherence in writing,the movement from one sentence to the next (and in longer essays,from one paragraph to the next)must be logical and smooth.There must be no sudden jumps.Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one. What are the ways to achieve coherence?
2. The Ways to Achieve Coherence In order to have coherence in writing, the movement from one sentence to the next (and in longer essays, from one paragraph to the next) must be logical and smooth. There must be no sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one. What are the ways to achieve coherence?
*1.use linking words and phrases *2.use pronouns such as "they","it",etc. 3.change the part-of-speech of a word, use synonyms and antonyms. *4.repetition. 5.use this/these a summary word (usu. a noun)to join ideas together. *6.write in the logical order
v 1. use linking words and phrases v 2. use pronouns such as “they” , “it” , etc. v 3. change the part-of-speech of a word, use synonyms and antonyms. v 4. repetition. v 5. use this/these + a summary word (usu. a noun) to join ideas together. v 6. write in the logical order
2.1 Transition words Transition words (also called "connecting"words)are important words that signal the relationship between one word. phrase,or sentence and the next word,phrase,or sentence Compare paragraphs 1 and 2.Both paragraphs give the same information,yet one paragraph is easier to understand than the other because it contains transition words to lead the reader from one idea to the next.Which paragraph contains transition words and is more coherent?Circle all of the transition words that you can identify
2.1 Transition words Transition words (also called “connecting” words) are important words that signal the relationship between one word, phrase, or sentence and the next word, phrase, or sentence. Compare paragraphs 1 and 2. Both paragraphs give the same information, yet one paragraph is easier to understand than the other because it contains transition words to lead the reader from one idea to the next. Which paragraph contains transition words and is more coherent? Circle all of the transition words that you can identify
Paragraph 1 A difference among the world's seas and oceans is that the salinity (varies in different climate zones.The Baltic Sea(波罗的海)in Northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline (as the Red Sea in the Middle East.There are reasons for this.In warm climates,water evaporates rapidly.The concentration (of salt is greater.The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute (the salty sea water.In cold climate zones,water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water. Paragraph 2 Another difference among the world's seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones.For example,the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one- fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East.There are two reasons for this First of all,in warm climate zones,water evaporates rapidly;therefore,the concentration of salt is greater.Second,the surrounding land is dry and, consequently,does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water.In cold climate zones,on the other hand,water evaporates slowly.Furthermore,the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water
Paragraph 1 A difference among the world’s seas and oceans is that the salinity（盐度）varies in different climate zones. The Baltic Sea（波罗的海）in Northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline（咸的） as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are reasons for this. In warm climates, water evaporates rapidly. The concentration（浓缩）of salt is greater. The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute（稀释）the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water. Paragraph 2 Another difference among the world’s seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. For example, the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only onefourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry and, consequently, does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water
There are several main classes of transition words: Chronological(words about the order of things) First,second,third,next,then,after,following,at that very moment,earlier,eventually, immediately,meanwhile,later on,an hour later,later that same day,delay,etc. Cause-Effect (words about things which make other things happen) so,thus,what followed...,therefore,hence,for this reason,consequently,the result was..., due to,the reaction to...,in response,etc. Example (words to show what a thing is) one such,another,such as,to illustrate/demonstrate,for instance,for example,especially specifically,that too,an example of,e.g.,etc. Addition (words that add more information) similarly,additionally,another,also,next,moreover,besides,like/unlike,likewise,close to, near,same,furthermore,in addition,etc. Opposition/Concession (words that signal a conflict or problem) but,though,although,whereas,while,however,on the other hand,conversely,yet nonetheless,nevertheless,despite,in spite of,in contrast,etc. Spatial Relationship (words that describe location,arrangement,space,etc. between,near,to the right,to the left,in front of,beside Conclusion/Summary In conclusion,in summary,to conclude,to summarize,to sum up,etc
There are several main classes of transition words: Chronological (words about the order of things) First, second, third, next, then, after, following, at that very moment, earlier, eventually, immediately, meanwhile, later on, an hour later, later that same day, delay, etc. Cause-Effect (words about things which make other things happen) so, thus, what followed…, therefore, hence, for this reason, consequently, the result was…, due to, the reaction to…, in response, etc. Example (words to show what a thing is) one such, another, such as, to illustrate/demonstrate, for instance, for example, especially, specifically, that too, an example of, e.g., etc. Addition (words that add more information) similarly, additionally, another, also, next, moreover，besides, like/unlike, likewise, close to, near, same, furthermore, in addition, etc. Opposition/Concession (words that signal a conflict or problem) but, though, although, whereas, while, however, on the other hand, conversely, yet, nonetheless, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc. Spatial Relationship（words that describe location, arrangement, space, etc.） between, near, to the right, to the left, in front of, beside Conclusion/Summary In conclusion, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up, etc
Tip Using transition words to guide your reader makes it easier to follow your ideas.Transition words give your paragraph coherence.However, you should not use a transition signal in front of every sentence in a paragraph.Using too many transition signals can be just as confusing as using too few. Consider the following example: To be honest,I also felt a bit of frightened as so many movie scenes that robots governed the earth in the future crowded into my mind. However,I think these are not unrealistic. To be honest,I also felt a bit frightened as so many movie scenes that robots governed the earth in the future crowded into my mind.However,I don't think these scenes would become realistic/would come true
Tip Using transition words to guide your reader makes it easier to follow your ideas. Transition words give your paragraph coherence. However, you should not use a transition signal in front of every sentence in a paragraph. Using too many transition signals can be just as confusing as using too few. Consider the following example: To be honest, I also felt a bit of frightened as so many movie scenes that robots governed the earth in the future crowded into my mind. However, I think these are not unrealistic. To be honest, I also felt a bit frightened as so many movie scenes that robots governed the earth in the future crowded into my mind. However, I don’t think these scenes would become realistic/would come true