William Strunk,Jr. The Elements of Style NEW YORK 1918
William Strunk, Jr. The Elements of Style NEW YORK 1918
Contents PREFACE i I INTRODUCTORY II ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 1.Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's................. 3 2.In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction,use a comma after each term except the last... 4 3.Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas·,··,·,·,···,,· 4.Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause....... 6 5.Do not join independent clauses by a comma.,········, 7 6.Do not break sentences in two........................ d 7.A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical 9 8.Divide words at line-ends,in accordance with their formation and pronunciation 10 III ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION 13 9.Make the paragraph the unit of composition:one paragraph to each topic 10.As a rule,begin each paragraph with a topic sentence;end it in conformity with the beginning,·, 15 11.Use the active voice 12.Put statements in positive form.... 20 l3.Omit needless words.,...,.,,....,,,....,, 21 14.Avoid a succession of loose sentences 23 l5.Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form,,,·,·,,···,·,··, 24 16.Keep related words together......................... 25 17.In summaries,keep to one tense 27 18.Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end............... 28 IV A FEW MATTERS OF FORM 31 V WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED 35 VI WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED 45 i
Contents PREFACE III I INTRODUCTORY 1 II ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 3 1. Form the possessive singular of nouns with ’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause . . . . . . . 6 5. Do not join independent clauses by a comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Do not break sentences in two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. Divide words at line-ends, in accordance with their formation and pronunciation . 10 III ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION 13 9. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic . . . . 13 10. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 11. Use the active voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 12. Put statements in positive form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13. Omit needless words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14. Avoid a succession of loose sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 15. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 16. Keep related words together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 17. In summaries, keep to one tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 18. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 IV A FEW MATTERS OF FORM 31 V WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED 35 VI WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED 45 i
PREFACE Asserting that one must first know the rules to break them,this classic reference is a must-have for any student and conscientious writer.Intended for use in which the practice of composition is combined with the study of literature,it gives in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style and concentrates attention on the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated. ii
PREFACE Asserting that one must first know the rules to break them, this classic reference is a must-have for any student and conscientious writer. Intended for use in which the practice of composition is combined with the study of literature, it gives in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style and concentrates attention on the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated. iii
Chapter I INTRODUCTORY This book is intended for use in English courses in which the practice of composition is combined with the study of literature.It aims to give in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style.It aims to lighten the task of instructor and student by concentrating attention(in Chapters II and IIl)on a few essentials,the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated.The numbers of the sections may be used as references in correcting manuscript. The book covers only a small portion of the field of English style,but the experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials,students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of their own work,and that each instructor has his own body of theory,which he prefers to that offered by any textbook. The writer's colleagues in the Department of English in Cornell University have greatly helped him in the preparation of his manuscript.Mr.George McLane Wood has kindly consented to the inclusion under Rule 11 of some material from his Suggestions to Authors. The following books are recommended for reference or further study:in connec- tion with Chapters II and IV,F.Howard Collins,Author and Printer(Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press,Manual of Style;T.L.De Vinne,Correct Composition(The Century Company);Horace Hart,Rules for Compositors and Printers(Oxford Univer- sity Press);George McLane Wood,Extracts from the Style-Book of the Government Printing Office(United States Geological Survey);in connection with Chapters III and V,Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch,The Art of Writing(Putnams),especially the chapter,In- terlude on Jargon;George McLane Wood,Suggestions to Authors(United States Geo- logical Survey);John Leslie Hall,English Usage(Scott,Foresman and Co.);James P. Kelly,Workmanship in Words(Little,Brown and Co.). 1
Chapter I INTRODUCTORY This book is intended for use in English courses in which the practice of composition is combined with the study of literature. It aims to give in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style. It aims to lighten the task of instructor and student by concentrating attention (in Chapters II and III) on a few essentials, the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated. The numbers of the sections may be used as references in correcting manuscript. The book covers only a small portion of the field of English style, but the experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials, students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of their own work, and that each instructor has his own body of theory, which he prefers to that offered by any textbook. The writer’s colleagues in the Department of English in Cornell University have greatly helped him in the preparation of his manuscript. Mr. George McLane Wood has kindly consented to the inclusion under Rule 11 of some material from his Suggestions to Authors. The following books are recommended for reference or further study: in connection with Chapters II and IV, F. Howard Collins, Author and Printer (Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press, Manual of Style; T. L. De Vinne, Correct Composition (The Century Company); Horace Hart, Rules for Compositors and Printers (Oxford University Press); George McLane Wood, Extracts from the Style-Book of the Government Printing Office (United States Geological Survey); in connection with Chapters III and V, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Art of Writing (Putnams), especially the chapter, Interlude on Jargon; George McLane Wood, Suggestions to Authors (United States Geological Survey); John Leslie Hall, English Usage (Scott, Foresman and Co.); James P. Kelly, Workmanship in Words (Little, Brown and Co.). 1
3 CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTORY It is an old observation that the best writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric. When they do so,however,the reader will usually find in the sentence some compen- sating merit,attained at the cost of the violation.Unless he is certain of doing as well, he will probably do best to follow the rules.After he has learned,by their guidance,to write plain English adequate for everyday uses,let him look,for the secrets of style,to the study of the masters of literature
2 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY It is an old observation that the best writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric. When they do so, however, the reader will usually find in the sentence some compensating merit, attained at the cost of the violation. Unless he is certain of doing as well, he will probably do best to follow the rules. After he has learned, by their guidance, to write plain English adequate for everyday uses, let him look, for the secrets of style, to the study of the masters of literature
Chapter II ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 1.Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's Follow this rule whatever the final consonant.Thus write, Charles's friend Burns's poems the witch's malice This is the usage of the United States Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press. Exceptions are the possessives of ancient proper names in -es and-is,the possessive Jesus',and such forms as for conscience'sake,for righteousness'sake.But such forms as Achilles'heel,Moses'laws,Isis'temple are commonly replaced by the heel of Achilles the laws of Moses the temple of Isis The pronominal possessives hers,its,theirs,yours,and oneselfhave no apostrophe. 3
Chapter II ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 1. Form the possessive singular of nouns with ’s Follow this rule whatever the final consonant. Thus write, Charles’s friend Burns’s poems the witch’s malice This is the usage of the United States Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press. Exceptions are the possessives of ancient proper names in -es and -is, the possessive Jesus’, and such forms as for conscience’sake, for righteousness’ sake. But such forms as Achilles’ heel, Moses’ laws, Isis’ temple are commonly replaced by the heel of Achilles the laws of Moses the temple of Isis The pronominal possessives hers, its, theirs, yours, and oneself have no apostrophe. 3
CHAPTER II.ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 2.In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction,use a comma after each term except the last Thus write, red.white.and blue honest,energetic,but headstrong He opened the letter,read it and made a note of its contents. This is also the usage of the Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press. In the names of business firms the last comma is omitted,as Brown,Shipley and Company The abbreviation etc.,even if only a single term comes before it,is always preceded by a comma. 3.Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas The best way to see a country,unless you are pressed for time,is to travel on foot. This rule is difficult to apply;it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however,or a brief phrase,is or is not parenthetic.If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight,the writer may safely omit the commas.But whether the interruption be slight or considerable,he must never omit one comma and leave the other.Such punctuation as Marjorie's husband,Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday My brother you will be pleased to hear,is now in perfect health. is indefensible
4 CHAPTER II. ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE 2. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last Thus write, red, white, and blue honest, energetic, but headstrong He opened the letter, read it and made a note of its contents. This is also the usage of the Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press. In the names of business firms the last comma is omitted, as Brown, Shipley and Company The abbreviation etc., even if only a single term comes before it, is always preceded by a comma. 3. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot. This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however, or a brief phrase, is or is not parenthetic. If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may safely omit the commas. But whether the interruption be slight or considerable, he must never omit one comma and leave the other. Such punctuation as Marjorie’s husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday. My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health. is indefensible
J Non-restrictive relative clauses are,in accordance with this rule,set off by commas. The audience,which had at first been indifferent,became more and more interested. Similar clauses introduced by where and when are similarly punctuated. In 1769,when Napoleon was born,Corsica had but re- cently been acquired by France. Nether Stowey,where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,is a few miles from Bridgewater. In these sentences the clauses introduced by which,when,and where are non-restrictive; they do not limit the application of the words on which they depend,but add,paren- thetically,statements supplementing those in the principal clauses.Each sentence is a combination of two statments which might have been made independently. The audience was at first indifferent.Later it became more and more interested. Napoleon was born in 1769.At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France. Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey.Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater. Restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas. The candidate who best meets these requirements will ob- tain the place. In this sentence the relative clause restricts the application of the word candidate to a single person.Unlike those above,the sentence cannot be split into two independent statements The abbreviations etc.and jr:are always preceded by a comma,and except at the end of a sentence,followed by one
5 Non-restrictive relative clauses are, in accordance with this rule, set off by commas. The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested. Similar clauses introduced by where and when are similarly punctuated. In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France. Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater. In these sentencesthe clausesintroduced by which, when, and where are non-restrictive; they do not limit the application of the words on which they depend, but add, parenthetically, statements supplementing those in the principal clauses. Each sentence is a combination of two statments which might have been made independently. The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested. Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France. Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater. Restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas. The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place. In this sentence the relative clause restricts the application of the word candidate to a single person. Unlike those above, the sentence cannot be split into two independent statements. The abbreviations etc. and jr. are always preceded by a comma, and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one
6 CHAPTER II.ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence.The sentences quoted in this section and under Rules 4,5,6,7, 16,and 18 should afford sufficient guidance. If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction,place the first comma before the conjunction,not after it. He saw us coming,and unaware that we had learned of his treachery,greeted us with a smile. 4.Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause The early records of the city have disappeared,and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed The situation is perilous,but there is still one chance of escape. Sentences of this type,isolated from their context,may seem to be in need of rewrit- ing.As they make complete sense when the comma is reached,the second clause has the appearance of an after-thought.Further,and,is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses,it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation.In the example above,the relation is that of cause and result.The two sentences might be rewritten: As the early records of the city have disappeared,the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. Although the situation is perilous,there is still one chance of escape Or the subordinate clauses might be replaced by phrases: Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city,the story of its first years can no longer be recon- structed. In this perilous situation,there is still one chance of escape
6 CHAPTER II. ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence. The sentences quoted in this section and under Rules 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, and 18 should afford sufficient guidance. If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction, place the first comma before the conjunction, not after it. He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile. 4. Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape. Sentences of this type, isolated from their context, may seem to be in need of rewriting. As they make complete sense when the comma is reached, the second clause has the appearance of an after-thought. Further, and, is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses, it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation. In the example above, the relation is that of cause and result. The two sentences might be rewritten: As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape. Or the subordinate clauses might be replaced by phrases: Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape
7 But a writer may err by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic,and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief.Consequently,loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy,unstudied writing.But a writer should be careful not to construct too many of his sentences after this pattern(see Rule 14). Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as(in the sense of because),for,or,nor,and while (in the sense of and at the same time)likewise require a comma before the conjunction. If a dependent clause,or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause,no comma is needed after the conjunction. The situation is perilous,but if we are prepared to act promptly,there is still one chance of escape. For two-part sentences connected by an adverb,see the next section. 5.Do not join independent clauses by a comma If two or more clauses,grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction,are to form a single compound sentence,the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon. Stevenson's romances are entertaining;they are full of exciting adventures. It is nearly half past five;we cannot reach town be- fore dark It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each,replacing the semicolons by periods. Stevenson's romances are entertaining.They are full of exciting adventures. It is nearly half past five.We cannot reach town before dark. If a conjunction is inserted,the proper mark is a comma(Rule 4). Stevenson's romances are entertaining,for they are full of exciting adventures
7 But a writer may err by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic, and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief. Consequently, loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy, unstudied writing. But a writer should be careful not to construct too many of his sentences after this pattern (see Rule 14). Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as (in the sense of because), for, or, nor, and while (in the sense of and at the same time) likewise require a comma before the conjunction. If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction. The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape. For two-part sentences connected by an adverb, see the next section. 5. Do not join independent clauses by a comma If two or more clauses, grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction, are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon. Stevenson’s romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures. It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark. It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each, replacing the semicolons by periods. Stevenson’s romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures. It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark. If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma (Rule 4). Stevenson’s romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures
