12。 Solutions
12. Solutions
Contents 1. Solubilit 2. Some Solvents for Liquid Preparations 3. Preparation of Solutions 4. Oral Solutions and Preparations for Oral Solution 5. Syrups
Contents 1. Solubility 2. Some Solvents for Liquid Preparations 3. Preparation of Solutions 4. Oral Solutions and Preparations for Oral Solution 5. Syrups
6. Elixirs 7. Tinctures 8. Proper Administration and Use of Liquid Peroral Dosage Forms 9. Topical Solutions and Tinctures 10. Vaginal and Rectal Solutions 11. Topical Tinctures
6. Elixirs 7. Tinctures 8. Proper Administration and Use of Liquid Peroral Dosage Forms 9. Topical Solutions and Tinctures 10. Vaginal and Rectal Solutions 11. Topical Tinctures
12. Topical Oral (Dental) Solutions 13. Miscellaneous solutions 14. Nonaqueous Solutions 15. Extraction Methods for Preparing Solutions
12. Topical Oral (Dental) Solutions 13. Miscellaneous Solutions 14. Nonaqueous Solutions 15. Extraction Methods for Preparing Solutions
In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents” Because of a particular pharmaceutical solution's use, it may be classified as oral solution, otic solution, ophthalmic solution, topical solution
◼ In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are “liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents”. ◼ Because of a particular pharmaceutical solution’s use, it may be classified as - oral solution, - otic solution, - ophthalmic solution, - topical solution
Solutions, because of their composition or use, may be classified as other pharmaceutical dosage forms Syrups ■ Elixirs a Spirits ■ Tinctures Certain solutions prepared to be sterile and pyrogen-free and intended for parenteral administration are classified as injections
Solutions, because of their composition or use, may be classified as other pharmaceutical dosage forms. ◼ Syrups ◼ Elixirs ◼ Spirits ◼ Tinctures Certain solutions prepared to be sterile and pyrogen-free and intended for parenteral administration are classified as injections
a Oral solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, and tinctures are prepared and used for the specific effects of the medicinal agents they carrV a In these preparations, the medicinal agents are intended to provide systemic effects
◼ Oral solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, and tinctures are prepared and used for the specific effects of the medicinal agents they carry. ◼ In these preparations, the medicinal agents are intended to provide systemic effects
1. Solubility When molecules interact, attractive and repulsive forces are in effect. When the attractive and repulsive forces are equal, the potential energy between two molecules is minimum and the system is most stable
1. Solubility ◼ When molecules interact, attractive and repulsive forces are in effect. ◼ When the attractive and repulsive forces are equal, the potential energy between two molecules is minimum and the system is most stable
When a solute dissolves. the substances intermolecular forces of attraction must be overcome by forces of attraction between the solute and solvent molecules a This entails breaking the solute-solute forces and the solvent-solvent forces to achieve the solute-solvent attraction
◼ When a solute dissolves, the substance’s intermolecular forces of attraction must be overcome by forces of attraction between the solute and solvent molecules. ◼ This entails breaking the solute-solute forces and the solvent-solvent forces to achieve the solute-solvent attraction
a The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent a When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be saturated
◼ The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent. ◼ When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be saturated