14 Parenterals
14. Parenterals
Contents iNjections a Small volume parenterals Large volume parenterals a Special considerations associated with parenteral therapy a Other injectable products-pellets or implants a Irrigation and dialysis solutions
Contents Injections Small volume parenterals Large volume parenterals Special considerations associated with parenteral therapy Other injectable products-pellets or implants Irrigation and dialysis solutions
Injections a Injections are sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be administered parenterally (注射剂为用于注射给药的无菌、无热原的 制剂) a The term parenteral refers to the injectable routes of administration
Injections Injections are sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be administered parenterally. （注射剂为用于注射给药的无菌、无热原的 制剂） The term parenteral refers to the injectable routes of administration
substances arising from microbia/C a Pyrogens are fever-producing organic contamination and are responsible for many of the febrile reactions which occur in patients following intravenous injection ■热原为来自微生物污染引起发热反应的有 机物质,是造成许多患者在静脉注射后产 生高热反应的原因
Pyrogens are fever-producing organic substances arising from microbial contamination and are responsible for many of the febrile reactions which occur in patients following intravenous injection. 热原为来自微生物污染引起发热反应的有 机物质，是造成许多患者在静脉注射后产 生高热反应的原因
Parenteral routes of administration 1)Intravenous route a Intravenously administered drugs provide rapid action compared with other routes of administration a In emergency situations, the intravenous administration of a drug may be a life saving procedure a On the negative side, once a drug is administered intravenously, it cannot be retrieved
Parenteral Routes of Administration 1) Intravenous route Intravenously administered drugs provide rapid action compared with other routes of administration. In emergency situations, the intravenous administration of a drug may be a lifesaving procedure. On the negative side, once a drug is administered intravenously, it cannot be retrieved
a Strict aseptic precautions must be taken at all times to avoid risk of infection a Not only are the injectable solutions sterile a the syringes and needles used must also be sterilized a and the point of entrance must be disinfected to reduce the chance of carrying bacteria from the skin into the blood via the needle
Strict aseptic precautions must be taken at all times to avoid risk of infection. Not only are the injectable solutions sterile, the syringes and needles used must also be sterilized, and the point of entrance must be disinfected to reduce the chance of carrying bacteria from the skin into the blood via the needle
a Both small and large volumes of drug solutions may be administered intravenously a The main hazard of intravenous infusion is the possibility of thrombus formation induced by the touching of the wall of the vein by the catheter or needle a Intravenously administered drugs ordinarily must be in aqueous solution they must mix with the circulating blood and not precipitate from solution
Both small and large volumes of drug solutions may be administered intravenously. The main hazard of intravenous infusion is the possibility of thrombus formation induced by the touching of the wall of the vein by the catheter or needle. Intravenously administered drugs ordinarily must be in aqueous solution; they must mix with the circulating blood and not precipitate from solution
a Intravenously delivered fat emulsions have gained acceptance for use as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for patients requiring parenteral nutrition for extended periods of time Patient-controlled analgesia
Intravenously delivered fat emulsions have gained acceptance for use as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for patients requiring parenteral nutrition for extended periods of time. Patient-controlled analgesia
2) Intramuscular route a Intramuscular injections of drugs provide drug effects that are less rapid, but generally of greater duration than those obtained from intravenous administration Aqueous or oleaginous solutions or suspensions of drug substances may be administered intramuscularly a The Z-Track Injection technique is useful for intramuscular injections of medications that stain upper tissue
2) Intramuscular route Intramuscular injections of drugs provide drug effects that are less rapid, but generally of greater duration than those obtained from intravenous administration. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions or suspensions of drug substances may be administered intramuscularly. The Z-Track Injection technique is useful for intramuscular injections of medications that stain upper tissue
3)Subcutaneous route The subcutaneous route may be utilized for the injection of small amounts of medication a Drugs that are irritating or those that are present in thick suspension form may produce induration(硬化),S| coughing (蜕皮), or abscess formation(形成囊肿) and may be painful to the patient. Such preparations should be considered not suitable for subcutaneous injection
3) Subcutaneous route The subcutaneous route may be utilized for the injection of small amounts of medication. Drugs that are irritating or those that are present in thick suspension form may produce induration（硬化）, sloughing （蜕皮）, or abscess formation（形成囊肿） and may be painful to the patient. Such preparations should be considered not suitable for subcutaneous injection