自秋不大时 视中院 Organic Chemistry,6th Edition L.G.Wade,Jr. Chapter 24 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids By Junru Wang Email:wangjr07@163.com
By Junru Wang Email: wangjr07@163.com Chapter 24 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr
Content ■Introduction Structure and configuration of saccharides Reactions of monosaccharides Disaccharides and polysaccharides
Content ◼Introduction ◼Structure and configuration of saccharides ◼Reactions of monosaccharides ◼Disaccharides and polysaccharides
Randy Moore,Dennis Clark,and Darrell Vodopich,Botany Visual Resource Library 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved The Carbon Cycle Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Combustion Respirati n Photosynthe Photosynthesis Respiration Decomposition Dissolved waste and organic death Fossil fuels Sec 1 matter coal,gas,oil introduction
Sec 1 introduction
能源物质、结构物质、信息载体 Flexor muscle Flexor muscle Extensor muscle Exoskeleton 昆虫外骨骼 肌糖原一能 (cuticle) Extensor 源 loint 一糖 muscle (quadriceps) Femur 结缔组织 动物干 Tendon一结构糖 重2% Patella (kneecap) Cartilage Ligamen韧带 结构糖 Fibula 糖蛋白、糖脂、 Tibia 信息分子糖 生物活性物质 细胞表面识别标记一糖
能源物质、结构物质、信息载体 昆虫外骨骼 －糖 韧带－ 结构糖 结缔组织 －结构糖 肌糖原－能 源 动物干 重2％ 细胞表面识别标记－糖 糖蛋白、糖脂、 信息分子糖 生物活性物质
Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO,and H2O to glucose and O2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is storage unit for solar energy. Most sugars have formula C(H2O)r "hydrate of carbon
Carbohydrates ◼Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose and O2 . ◼Polymers include starch and cellulose. ◼Starch is storage unit for solar energy. ◼Most sugars have formula Cn(H2O)n , “hydrate of carbon
Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides or simple sugars opolyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses polyhydroxyketones or ketoses Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. E.g.,starch and cellulose have 1000 glucose units
Classification of Carbohydrates ◼Monosaccharides or simple sugars ⚫polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses ⚫polyhydroxyketones or ketoses ◼Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. ◼Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. ⚫E.g., starch and cellulose have > 1000 glucose units
Sugars in Fruits 20 Sugar of total fruit weight (Fennema,1985 High in fructose;other sugars present also ☐glucose 1816 ■fructose ▣sucrose ▣a11 8 苹果 葡萄 桃 梨 樱桃 草莓
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 wt% sugar 苹 果 葡 萄 桃 梨 樱 桃 草 莓 glucose fructose sucrose all ◼% Sugar of total fruit weight (Fennema, 1985 ) ◼High in fructose; other sugars present also Sugars in Fruits
Sugars in Vegetables Sugar of total vegetable weight(Fennema,1985) 7 Vegetables less sweet,higher in sucrose 6 ☐glucose Ie3ns 5 ☐fructose □sucrose ▣a11 置 3 2 1 n 思 018004 出 1MS 2u1 花椰菜 利马豆
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 wt% sugar beet broccoli onion spinach swt corn swt potato tomato lima beans pea glucose fructose sucrose all Sugars in Vegetables ◼% Sugar of total vegetable weight (Fennema, 1985) ◼Vegetables less sweet, higher in sucrose 花椰菜 利马豆
Sugars in Processed I Foods Sugar of total food weight 70 60 Glucose ☑Glucose,/Fructose 50 ☐Sucrose □Lactose 40 All sugars 30 20 10 0 Tomato Ketchup Canned J Milk Ice Yogurt Sauce 调味蕃茄酱 Corn 果酱 Cream
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 Tomato Sauce Ketchup Canned Corn Jam Milk Ice Cream Yogurt % Sugar Glucose Glucose/Fructose Sucrose Lactose All sugars Sugars in Processed Foods ◼% Sugar of total food weight 调味蕃茄酱 果酱
Monosaccharides Classified by: ●aldose or ketose onumber of carbons in chain oconfiguration of chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group CHO CH,OH C=0 H OH glucose,a D-aldohexose HO H HO H H OH H OH fructose,a H OH D-ketohexose OH => CH2OH CH2OH
Monosaccharides ◼Classified by: ⚫aldose or ketose ⚫number of carbons in chain ⚫configuration of chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group glucose, a D-aldohexose fructose, a D-ketohexose =>