lim sinx B x→>0 0 D 设单位圆O,圆心角∠AOB=x,(0<x<) 作单位圆的切线,得△ACO 扇形OAB的圆心角为x,△OAB的高为BD, 于是有sinx=BD,x=弧AB,tanx=AC
A C 一 1 sin lim 0 = → x x x ) 2 , , (0 设单位圆 O 圆心角AOB = x x 于是有sin x = BD, x = 弧AB, tan x = AC, x o B D 作单位圆的切线,得ACO. 扇形OAB的圆心角为x, OAB的高为BD
.sinx<x<tanx,即cosx< SInd <1, 上式对于-<x<0也成立.当0<x<时, 2 2 0<cos x-1=1-cos x=2sin2 <20 2 2 2 lim=0, . lim(1-cos x)=0, x→0 →0 sInd lim cosx=1,又:lim1= x→0 →0 0
sin x x tan x, 1, sin cos x x 即 x 0 . 2 上式对于 也成立 − x , 2 当 0 时 x 0 cos x − 1 = 1 − cos x 2 2sin2 x = 2 ) 2 2( x , 2 2 x = 0, 2 lim 2 0 = → x x lim(1 cos ) 0, 0 − = → x x limcos 1, 0 = → x x lim1 1, 0 = x→ 又 1. sin lim 0 = → x x x
1-cosx 例1求lm22 2sin SIn 解原式=im 2 lim 2 →>0x 2x→>0x
例 1 . 1 cos lim 2 0 x x x − → 求 解 22 0 2 2sin lim x x x → 原式 = 2 2 0 ) 2 ( 2 sin lim 21 x x x → = 2 0 ) 2 2 sin lim ( 21 x x x → = 2 1 21 = . 21 =
lim(1+-) x→0 设 十 n n 1+ ln(n-1).1 n(n-1)…(n-n+1 2 1+1+,(1--)+…+ 饥(、 (-25.(1-2-1 n n n+1 =1+1+-( )+…+二(1 )(1 )…(1 n n n+2 n 十 n+相、2 (n+D(1 n n n+1
二 e x x x + = → ) 1 lim(1 n n n x ) 1 设 = (1 + + − = + + 2 1 2! 1 ( 1) 1! 1 n n n n n ). 1 ) (1 2 )(1 1 (1 ! 1 ) 1 (1 2! 1 1 1 n n n n n n − = + + − ++ − − − n n n n n n n 1 ! ( 1) ( 1) − − + + ). 1 ) (1 2 2 )(1 1 1 (1 ( 1)! 1 ) 1 1 ) (1 2 2 )(1 1 1 (1 ! 1 ) 1 1 (1 2! 1 1 1 1 + − + − + − + + + − − + − + + + − + = + + − + n n n n n n n n n n n xn
显然xn+1>xn,∴{xn}是单调递增的; x.<1+1+-+…+-<1+1+-+ =3 1<3,∴{x,}是有界的 2 limx,存在 记为im(+y”=e(e=2.71828-) n→00
, 显然 xn+1 xn 是单调递增的; x n ! 1 2! 1 1 1 n xn + + ++ 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 − + + + + n 1 2 1 3 − = − n 3, 是有界的; x n lim 存在. n n x → e n n n + = → ) 1 记为lim(1 (e = 2.71828)
当x≥1时,有[xl≤x≤[xl+1, 十 )≤(+)≤(1+ x]+1 而im(1+,,)=mim(×、1yxl.im(1+ x→+0 x→+0 im(1+,,,)x →+0 x|十 lim(1+ lim(1+ x→+0 x]+1 x→+0 x]+1 lim(1+ x→+0
当 x 1时, 有[x] x [x]+ 1, ) , [ ] 1 ) (1 1 ) (1 [ ] 1 1 (1 [ ] [ ]+1 + + + + x x x x x x ) [ ] 1 ) lim (1 [ ] 1 ) lim (1 [ ] 1 lim (1 [ ] 1 [ ] x x x x x x x x + = + + →+ →+ + →+ 而 = e, [ ] 1 1 [ ] ) [ ] 1 1 ) lim (1 [ ] 1 1 lim (1 ) [ ] 1 1 lim (1 − →+ + →+ →+ + + + = + + + x x x x x x x x = e, ) . 1 lim (1 e x x x + = →+
t=-x ∴im(1+-)=lim(1-)=lim(1+ t→》+0 lim(1+ 十 t-1 (1+-) A t=-, lim(1+x)=lim(1+ x→>0 lim(1+x=e x→0
令 t = −x, t t x x x t − →− →+ + = − ) 1 ) lim(1 1 lim (1 t t t ) 1 1 lim (1 − = + →+ ) 1 1 ) (1 1 1 lim(1 1 − + − = + − →+ t t t t = e. e x x x + = → ) 1 lim(1 , 1 x 令 t = t t x x t x ) 1 lim(1 ) lim(1 1 0 + = + → → = e. x e x x + = → 1 0 lim(1 )