Chapter 9 Environments >Environment determines its success or failure as an individual. >Environment determines organisms >Environment is affected by organisms
Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Environments Environments ¾Environment determines its success or failure as an individual. ¾Environment determines organisms ¾Environment is affected by organisms
Environment -the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism. Natural environment-all living and non- living things that occur naturally on Earth The environment is of supreme importance to an organism and its ability to exist in the environment where it lives will determine its success or failure as an individual
Environment —— the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism. Natural environment—— all living and nonliving things that occur naturally on Earth The environment is of supreme importance to an organism and its ability to exist in the environment where it lives will determine its success or failure as an individual
Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres,the lithosphere,the hydrosphere,the atmosphere. and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water,air,and life
Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere lithosphere, the hydrosphere hydrosphere, the atmosphere atmosphere, and the and the biosphere biosphere as correspondent to as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life
Environment环境 1.Inorganic(physical,abiotic)environment Light,Temperature,water,air,soil (光、温、水、气、土) 2.Organic (biotic)environment Competition,predation,parasitism,cooperation 害虫、病原菌、杂草、天敌
Environment Environment 环境 1. Inorganic (physical, abiotic) environment Light, Temperature, water, air, soil (光、温、水、气、土） 2. Organic (biotic) environment Competition, predation, parasitism, cooperation 害虫、病原菌、杂草、天敌
length of time of snow cover determines length of growing season aspeet morning or evening sun ellfs very steep except for ledges scree slope poor soil development rock outerops may determine pH, altitude affects drainage,soil depth temperature. lowland slope good drainage poor drainage flood plain frost hollow river of river Figure9.5 Some topographic features and their abiotic effects
Investigations of the components of the environment and the responses of organisms play a crucial part in ecological study as they add to our understanding of both the distribution of species and the structure of communities
Investigations of the components of the environment and the responses of organisms play a crucial part in ecological study as they add to our understanding of both the distribution of species and the structure of communities
9.2 The physical environment 9.2.1.The composition of the physical environment The physical or abiotic environment experienced by an organism depends on several factors:geology (地质学rock and soil types):topography地貌 (landscape):world location (latitudinal light and temperature variation):climate and weather:and catastrophes (fire,earthquakes etc.)
9.2 The physical environment 9.2 The physical environment 9.2.1. The composition of the physical environment The physical or abiotic environment experienced by an organism depends on several factors: geology (地质学 rock and soil types): topography 地貌 (landscape): world location (latitudinal light and temperature variation): climate and weather: and catastrophes (fire, earthquakes etc.)
Shelford's 'law'of tolerance Zone of Lower limit Upper limit Zone of intolerance of tolerance of tolerance intolerance Organisms Organisms absent absent R ponse Greatest fitness Growth Growth Survival Survival Environmental Conditions Lov! High
Shelford Shelford’s ‘law’ of tolerance of tolerance Low Environmental Conditions Hi Response
Law of tolerance for two factors that might limit geographical distributions. Moisture and temperature limiting 6 5 4 anjs!ow Temperature Adequate range 0 limiting for survival and in this reproduction 2 region 1 Moisture limiting in this region 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 Temperature
Law of tolerance for two factors that might Law of tolerance for two factors that might limit geographical distributions. limit geographical distributions
Black maple Red maple Silver maple