General Linguistics Morphology 楚军外国语学院
Morphology 楚军 外国语学院 General Linguistics
Defining several terms Morphology,Morpheme,Morph Allomorph: Morphology. the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morpheme(语素/词素/形位)： morph-:form,-eme:the smallest unit or class of. --the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms
Defining several terms Morphology, Morpheme, Morph & Allomorph: Morphology: the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morpheme (语素 / 词素 / 形位): morph-: form, -eme: the smallest unit or class of. --the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms
Defining several terms A morpheme may be realized as: a single sound:/pigz/;a syllable:/maenli/ Morph(语子)： Morphemes are abstract units,which are realized in speech by discrete units known as Morphs.Morphs are actual spoken forms,minimal carriers of meaning The phonetic(spoken)or orthographic (written)strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed Morphs. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme
Defining several terms A morpheme may be realized as: a single sound: /pigz/; a syllable: /mænli/. Morph (语子): Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as Morphs. Morphs are actual spoken forms, minimal carriers of meaning. The phonetic (spoken) or orthographic (written) strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed Morphs. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme
Defining several terms Allomorph: --referring to a member of a set of morphs,which represent the same morpheme. Just as we class phones together as allophones of a single phoneme,we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. To be exact,allomorphs refer to any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds
Defining several terms Allomorph: --referring to a member of a set of morphs, which represent the same morpheme. Just as we class phones together as allophones of a single phoneme, we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. To be exact, allomorphs refer to any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds
Defining several terms e.g.the plural marker:books,pigs,horses; the verb ending -ed:marked,radioed, seated; the negative prefixes:in-,un-,im-,ir-,il-, dis-,non-,a-
Defining several terms e.g. the plural marker: books, pigs, horses; the verb ending –ed: marked, radioed, seated; the negative prefixes: in-, un-, im-, ir-, il-, dis-, non-, a-
Classification of Morphemes free morphemes and bound morphemes free morpheme:It may constitute a word by itself. E.g.care,man bound morpheme:It must appear with at least one other morpheme,bound or free,in a word. Affixes are bound morphemes. e.g.careful,manly,credible
Classification of Morphemes free morphemes and bound morphemes free morpheme: It may constitute a word by itself. E.g. care, man bound morpheme: It must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free, in a word. Affixes are bound morphemes. e.g. careful, manly, credible
Classification of Morphemes roots and affixes Roots:that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Roots may be classified into: Free roots and Bound roots Free roots:which can stand as words (care,man)
Classification of Morphemes roots and affixes Roots: that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Roots may be classified into: Free roots and Bound roots Free roots: which can stand as words (care, man)
Classification of Morphemes Bound roots:which cannot be used as words, they are mainly derived from foreign sources, esp.from Greek Latin. viv-:to live;vit:life:revive,survive,vivid, vivacious,vital,vitamin. -duce:to lead/take:produce,induce,deduce, abduct,viaduct. -scrib (-script):to write:describe (description), prescribe,inscribe,scribble,manuscript, postscript
Classification of Morphemes Bound roots: which cannot be used as words, they are mainly derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek & Latin. viv-: to live; vit: life: revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vital, vitamin. –duce: to lead/take: produce, induce, deduce， abduct, viaduct. –scrib (-script): to write: describe (description), prescribe, inscribe, scribble, manuscript, postscript
Classification of Morphemes Affixes can be divided into: inflectional affixes (morphemes) which do not form a new word with new lexical meaning and do not change the part of speech of the word to which they are affixed. the plural marker,the genitive case,the verbal endings(-s,-ed,-ing),the comparative degrees of adj.and adv. derivational affixes (morphemes): which have a specific lexical meaning
Classification of Morphemes Affixes can be divided into: • inflectional affixes (morphemes): which do not form a new word with new lexical meaning and do not change the part of speech of the word to which they are affixed. the plural marker, the genitive case, the verbal endings( -s, -ed, -ing), the comparative degrees of adj. and adv. • derivational affixes (morphemes): which have a specific lexical meaning
Classification of Morphemes Lexical and grammatical morphemes: derivational morphemes are also known as lexical morphemes; grammatical morphemes refer to the inflectional morphemes and the functional words (in,have, and,they,etc.). Affixes can also be classified into: a.prefixes;suffixes;infixes;circumfixes b.native affixes;foreign affixes c.living affixes;dead affixes Hybrid:referring to words formed from elements of two or more different languages
Classification of Morphemes Lexical and grammatical morphemes: derivational morphemes are also known as lexical morphemes; grammatical morphemes refer to the inflectional morphemes and the functional words (in, have, and, they,etc.). Affixes can also be classified into: a. prefixes; suffixes; infixes; circumfixes b. native affixes; foreign affixes c. living affixes; dead affixes Hybrid: referring to words formed from elements of two or more different languages