Canada Unit 22 Canada's International Relations(加章大的国际关系) 一、本单元重点内容 L.Cana山画a"middle power'in international affairs(加拿大作为国际事务中的“中等势力”) 2.Cnnada's"ole°in intemational organizations(加拿大在国际组织中的“角色”) 3.The emergence of Canada as a full-fledged and sovereign state(加拿大作为一个成熟的主权国 家的出现) 4. Can山s role in the Suez Crisis of1956(如拿大在1956年的“苏伊士危机”中的角色) 5.Lester Pearson(莱斯特·皮尔森) 6.'Imolurtary military guarantee'(“半志愿军事保障”) 7.Cnad-US relations(加美关系) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 I,Canada as a”middle power”in international affairs加章大作为国际事务中的°中等 势力”) 1)It was Canada that "invented"the coocept of United Nations peace-keeping and convinced the interational community to put pressure on South Africa'sapartheid policies(是加拿大“发明”了联合国 维和这个概念，并且说服国际社会对南重的种族隔离政策施加压力。) 2)In more recent years,partly through Canadian diplomatic efforts.things like women's issues and vironment have been pu道on the intern减ional agenda(近年来，部分是因为加拿大的外交努力，像妇 女问题和环境问题己经提到了国际议事日程上米了，) 3)a member of the powerful Group of Seven(七大工业国的成员) 4)When Britain lost its status as a world power after World War II,Canada became a junior partner helping American global imerests particularly during the Cold War S)Probably the most accurate way to think about Cana点，sasa“middle power"like Aus国ralia and India.Canada can be relied on to mediate disputes and ersure good relations among nations rather than to try to score political points and further its own power and influence(在调解争端，确保国家间的良好关系 方面加拿大值得信赖，不会只顾燕得政治上的优势、扩大自己的势力和影有.Caradian policy-mkes take a pragmatic approach to foreign policy,willing to lead on certain ises if necessary,but in general preferrin喀o work behind the scenes to get things do(如拿大决策者对外交政策采取务实的态度，如果 有必要地话，愿意某些列题上起带头作用，们总体颜向于在幕后酸事情) ·二战后，英国地位相对侧蜜，美围成了经济军事大国。加美关系日益紧密。为了找到加拿大在 世界事务中的地位和作用，政府提出了加拿大作为“中等势力”地位的概念，即一个怒济强国而不 是军事强国，这就意味着加拿大在国际事务中更关注经济政策，更关注对发展中国家的援助问题， 1
Canada 1 Unit 22 Canada’s International Relations (加拿大的国际关系) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Canada as a "middle power" in international affairs (加拿大作为国际事务中的“中等势力”) 2. Canada's "role" in international organizations (加拿大在国际组织中的“角色”) 3. The emergence of Canada as a full-fledged and sovereign state (加拿大作为一个成熟的主权国 家的出现) 4. Canada's role in the Suez Crisis of 1956 (加拿大在 1956 年的“苏伊士危机”中的角色) 5. Lester Pearson (莱斯特·皮尔森) 6. "Involuntary military guarantee" (“非志愿军事保障”) 7. Canada-US relations (加美关系) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Canada as a "middle power" in international affairs (加拿大作为国际事务中的“中等 势力”) 1) It was Canada that “invented” the concept of United Nations peace-keeping and convinced the international community to put pressure on South Africa’s apartheid policies. (是加拿大“发明”了联合国 维和这个概念，并且说服国际社会对南非的种族隔离政策施加压力。) 2) In more recent years, partly through Canadian diplomatic efforts, things like women’s issues and environment have been put on the international agenda. (近年来，部分是因为加拿大的外交努力，像妇 女问题和环境问题已经提到了国际议事日程上来了。) 3) a member of the powerful Group of Seven (七大工业国的成员) 4) When Britain lost its status as a world power after World War II, Canada became a junior partner helping American global interests particularly during the Cold War. 5) Probably the most accurate way to think about Canada, is as a “middle power” like Australia and India. Canada can be relied on to mediate disputes and ensure good relations among nations rather than to try to score political points and further its own power and influence (在调解争端、确保国家间的良好关系 方面加拿大值得信赖，不会只顾赢得政治上的优势、扩大自己的势力和影响). Canadian policy-makers take a pragmatic approach to foreign policy, willing to lead on certain issues if necessary, but in general preferring to work behind the scenes to get things done (加拿大决策者对外交政策采取务实的态度，如果 有必要地话，愿意某些问题上起带头作用，但总体倾向于在幕后做事情). *二战后，英国地位相对削弱，美国成了经济军事大国。加美关系日益紧密。为了找到加拿大在 世界事务中的地位和作用，政府提出了加拿大作为“中等势力”地位的概念，即一个经济强国而不 是军事强国。这就意味着加拿大在国际事务中更关注经济政策，更关注对发展中国家的援助问题
Canada 2.Canada's"role”international organizations加幸大在国际组织中的“角色”) 1)The major influence on Canada's participation in the interational system is geography,which rm山ycc些Canada's security(影响加拿大参与国际体系的最主要的因煮是其地理特征，它极大地 影响着加拿大的安全).In geography..Cana由s the world's longest coastline and lies between two superpowers,therefore militarily it is considere过“indefensible”or vulnerable(“不能防卫的”或易受攻 Canadian policy-makers have had a great interest in promoting peace and cooperation among nios(如拿大决策者极力推进各围之间的和平与合作).For this reason,.Cnad由hasalwin5 plaved兰 ctive role in interng国ional organizations like the United Nations the Commonweal地（英联邦(asa member of the Commonealth Canada used to uquestioningly assist Great Britain in its foreign policy) nd La Francophonis(法语国家联里) 2)To ensure its defense,Canada participates in alliances,most notably.the North Atlartic Treaty Organization (NATO(北的 3)To promote good conditions for pursuing international trade,Canada is involved in inernational monetary and trade organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO)and the World Bank More importantly,in 1988 it established with the United States the North American Free Trade Agreement,and later Mexico joined the group. .The emergence of Canada as a full-ledged and sovereign state(加幸大作为一个成 鹅的主权国家的出现) ·Former Canadia Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier(成尔弗雷德-洛里埃1841-191身used to refer1o the two world wars in which Canad由was involved in terms of"the vortex of European militarism"(欧洲军 国主义蒙) ·Consription Crisis of1917(l9i7年的径兵危机eIn1917,as World War1 drageed on for three years,the Canadian government introduced conscription with fewer and fewer volurteers fighting in Eurc.The conscription resuhed in bitter(霜苦的，怀恨的)rexntment(怨根)mong French speaking Canadians who did not want to fight under the British flag Bitterness ran so high in Qucbec that some historians regarded it as the point at which Canada truly became a country of two nations-French and English Canada emerged from World War Il as a full-fledged and sovereign state 4.Lester Pears0n来斯新符，皮尔森1963l968:Lester Pearson is former Canadian prime minis城a He first served as the External Affairs Minister(外事事长)in the l9S0 s when Canada entered into its golden age of international diplomacy.Pearson planyed the key role in the defusio道（调解）of the Suez Crisis of195s(I956年的苏伊士危机)y proposing that a UN peace keeping force be introduced into the region and offered to supply Canadian troops.For his efforts,Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. (他提议派遣谁和部从到苏伊士运河地区，并主动提供加拿大的密队，成功化解危机面获诺具尔和平 Pearson continued to serve as prime minister (1963-1968)and carried on his agenda of liberal 2
Canada 2 2. Canada's "role" in international organizations (加拿大在国际组织中的“角色”) 1) The major influence on Canada’s participation in the international system is geography, which gravely affects Canada’s security (影响加拿大参与国际体系的最主要的因素是其地理特征，它极大地 影响着加拿大的安全). In geography, Canada has the world’s longest coastline and lies between two superpowers, therefore, militarily it is considered “indefensible” or vulnerable (“不能防卫的”或易受攻 击的). Canadian policy-makers have had a great interest in promoting peace and cooperation among nations (加拿大决策者极力推进各国之间的和平与合作). For this reason, Canada has always played an active role in international organizations like the United Nations, the Commonwealth (英联邦) (as a member of the Commonwealth, Canada used to unquestioningly assist Great Britain in its foreign policy) and La Francophonie (法语国家联盟) 2) To ensure its defense, Canada participates in alliances, most notably, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (北约). 3) To promote good conditions for pursuing international trade, Canada is involved in international monetary and trade organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Bank. More importantly, in 1988 it established with the United States the North American Free Trade Agreement, and later Mexico joined the group. 3. The emergence of Canada as a full-fledged and sovereign state (加拿大作为一个成 熟的主权国家的出现) * Former Canadian Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier (威尔弗雷德·洛里埃 1841-1919) used to refer to the two world wars in which Canada was involved in terms of “the vortex of European militarism” (欧洲军 国主义旋涡) * Conscription Crisis of 1917 (1917 年的征兵危机)：In 1917, as World War I dragged on for three years, the Canadian government introduced conscription with fewer and fewer volunteers fighting in Europe. The conscription resulted in bitter (痛苦的，怀恨的) resentment (怨恨) among French speaking Canadians who did not want to fight under the British flag. Bitterness ran so high in Quebec that some historians regarded it as the point at which Canada truly became a country of two nations --- French and English. Canada emerged from World War II as a full-fledged and sovereign state. 4．Lester Pearson (莱斯特·皮尔森 1963-1968): Lester Pearson is former Canadian prime minister. He first served as the External Affairs Minister (外事部长) in the 1950s when Canada entered into its golden age of international diplomacy. Pearson played the key role in the defusion (调解) of the Suez Crisis of 1956 (1956 年的苏伊士危机) by proposing that a UN peace keeping force be introduced into the region and offered to supply Canadian troops. For his efforts, Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. (他提议派遣维和部队到苏伊士运河地区，并主动提供加拿大的部队，成功化解危机而获诺贝尔和平 奖) Pearson continued to serve as prime minister (1963 --1968), and carried on his agenda of liberal
Canada internationalism(胜铁坚持其自由国际主义的议事日3.And it wis under his leaders动ip when Canada pushed fo the irternational recognition of the People's Republic of Chir四（在快的领导下，知拿大奋力争 取国际对中华人民共和国的认可 ·Pierre Trudeau(皮尔特鲁多I968一l984 with a small interruption of9 months):Former Canadian prime minister.Trudeau succeeded Lester Pearson as Canadian prime minister from 1968 to 1984 He worked especially hard to give Canada a foreign policy distinctive from the US 5."1vol加ntary milits叮guarantee”(“幸志最军事保障”) a term used to refer to the state of affair with regard to Carada's national defense.Its meaning is two fold:on the one hand,the US would protect Canada in the event of a foreign invasion.because American security would also be threatened.On the other hand,the US might take actions even if Canada did not want such assistance.eg.f Canada had become a socialist country the U.S.would use force if necessary to overthrowa government it considered"hostile"to its interests 6.Canada-US relations加类美系) The Canadian-American relationship is unique in many senes 1)it is unique in the sense that they are two of the mo知and interconnecte过（相互连接的）socicties in the world The sovereignty of the two countries is less formal and coecrete.2)In terms of its defense policy,both Canada and the U.S. participated in the same military alliance,most notably,the North American Treaty Organization 3)The two countries also share long-term interests in their economy.To facilitate economic integration,the two countries established the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).However,Canadian-American rd过tions are not free from differences They have been rocky(不稳图的，棍摇晁尾的)because of disagreements over foreign policy,and many other areas "The Canada-U.S.relations are so close that Prime Minister Louis Laurent once said it was like a relationship between two farmers. "One of the historic reasons that lead Canada to empathizing (with the problems the Third World countries face on their way to independence is:its colonial past
Canada 3 internationalism (继续坚持其自由国际主义的议事日程). And it was under his leadership when Canada pushed for the international recognition of the People’s Republic of China (在他的领导下，加拿大奋力争 取国际对中华人民共和国的认可). * Pierre Trudeau (皮尔·特鲁多 1968—1984 with a small interruption of 9 months)：Former Canadian prime minister. Trudeau succeeded Lester Pearson as Canadian prime minister from 1968 to 1984. He worked especially hard to give Canada a foreign policy distinctive from the US. 5. "Involuntary military guarantee" (“非志愿军事保障”) a term used to refer to the state of affair with regard to Canada’s national defense. Its meaning is two fold: on the one hand, the US would protect Canada in the event of a foreign invasion, because American security would also be threatened. On the other hand, the US might take actions even if Canada did not want such assistance, e.g. if Canada had become a socialist country, the U.S. would use force if necessary to overthrow a government it considered “hostile” to its interests. 6. Canada-US relations (加美关系) The Canadian-American relationship is unique in many senses: 1) it is unique in the sense that they are two of the most open and interconnected (相互连接的) societies in the world. The sovereignty of the two countries is less formal and concrete. 2) In terms of its defense policy, both Canada and the U.S. participated in the same military alliance, most notably, the North American Treaty Organization. 3) The two countries also share long-term interests in their economy. To facilitate economic integration, the two countries established the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, Canadian-American relations are not free from differences. They have been rocky (不稳固的，摇摇晃晃的) because of disagreements over foreign policy, and many other areas. *The Canada-U.S. relations are so close that Prime Minister Louis Laurent once said it was like a relationship between two farmers. *One of the historic reasons that lead Canada to empathizing (同情) with the problems the Third World countries face on their way to independence is: its colonial past