Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism (从种族主义到多元文化主义) 一、本单元重点内容 】.Ethnicity and immigration(种族特点与移民) 2.White Australia Policy(白澳政策) 3 Multiculturalism(多元文化主义) 4.Pauline-ans道nd the One Nation Party(波林·汉森和“同一国家党) 5 Migration to Australia tody(如今涌向澳大利亚的移民) 6.Four stages of the scttler-Aboriginal relatioes(殖民者与士著人的美系发展的4个阶段) 7,The stru里gle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people(为土著人争取土地权的斗争) 1)The Mabo Decision(《马博截决》) 2)The Wik Decision(《减克裁徒》) &The History Wars广历史截争” 二、本单元重、难点辅导 L.Ethnicity and immigration(种族特点与移民) Migration has accoumed for up to 50%of Australia's population increase.During the middle of the 19学century migrants were predominantly Britis动and those who benefited from assi6 d migra国ioe资助移 )were almost all from Britain.The gold rushes from the 1850s attracted large numbers of non-asis过ed migrants(丰资助移民)from Germany and China By the l870 s,the Chinese constitued the 3 largest group in Australia,after the British and Germans Pacific Islanders were kidnapped and brought to North Queensland to be sold as indentured labourers to work in家gar industry(太平洋岛民技绑果到昆士兰北部实给糖业做包身工).But later the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 requested that Pacific Islanders should be sent back to heir home islands (1901年的《太平洋岛国劳工法案》要求太平洋岛民被避送日自己的岛国) After the 2 World War,the Labor Government intoduced a massive programme of assisted immigration(大规模的移民计划)，aimed supporting a large scale expansion of the economy,defend Australia against the threat of Eastern Communism and keep Australia"white and free"目的是支持经济 的大规模扩张.保卫澳大利亚免受东方共产主义的威助，保特澳大利亚的种族纯净和自由). preferred migrant groups were British.followed by other northern.then southern and central Europeans. 2,White Australia Policy(白澳政策) The White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commoewealth of Australian in 1901,in the Immigration Re-triction Act(《移民限制法案》)Itw2 s made to stop Chinese and other non-Britis动 1
1 Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism (从种族主义到多元文化主义) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Ethnicity and immigration (种族特点与移民) 2. White Australia Policy (白澳政策) 3. Multiculturalism (多元文化主义) 4. Pauline-Hanson and the One Nation Party （波林·汉森和“同一国家党”） 5. Migration to Australia today （如今涌向澳大利亚的移民） 6. Four stages of the settler-Aboriginal relations (殖民者与土著人的关系发展的 4 个阶段) 7. The struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people (为土著人争取土地权的斗争) 1) The Mabo Decision (《马博裁决》) 2) The Wik Decision (《威克裁决》) 8. The History Wars (“历史战争”) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Ethnicity and immigration (种族特点与移民) Migration has accounted for up to 50% of Australia’s population increase. During the middle of the 19th century migrants were predominantly British and those who benefited from assisted migration(资助移 民计划) were almost all from Britain. The gold rushes from the 1850s attracted large numbers of non-assisted migrants (非资助移民) from Germany and China. By the 1870s, the Chinese constituted the 3 rd largest group in Australia, after the British and Germans. Pacific Islanders were kidnapped and brought to North Queensland to be sold as indentured labourers to work in the sugar industry (太平洋岛民被绑架到昆士兰北部卖给蔗糖业做包身工). But later the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 requested that Pacific Islanders should be sent back to heir home islands (1901 年的《太平洋岛国劳工法案》要求太平洋岛民被遣送回自己的岛国) After the 2nd World War, the Labor Government introduced a massive programme of assisted immigration (大规模的移民计划), aimed at supporting a large scale expansion of the economy, defend Australia against the threat of Eastern Communism and keep Australia “white and free”(目的是支持经济 的大规模扩张, 保卫澳大利亚免受东方共产主义的威胁，保持澳大利亚的种族纯净和自由). The preferred migrant groups were British, followed by other northern, then southern and central Europeans. 2. White Australia Policy (白澳政策) The White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act (《移民限制法案》). It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British
migrants from entering and settling down in Australia This was mainly achieved through a dictation test in a European langus,the failure of which would be given the status of "prohibited mmigrant"(考试不合 格者会技归入-禁止移民的类别.The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in1973 3.Multiculturalism(多元文化主义) Multiculturalism was adopeed in 1973.It was comprised of 3 areas of policy:Cultural Identity( 份h.which means the righ址to express and share one's cultural heritage,Social Justice(社会会正)the rigl址 to equal trea减nent and opportunity.nd Economic Efficiency(经济效益).the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds域所有澳大利重人，无论他们来白何处，他们 的技能都应得到保持和发扬) The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS)television channel(特殊广播节目电视台)began broadeasting in 1980.It cumently broadeasts in 6 languages and provides a variety of programmes for ethnic minority group网少数民族群体) 4.Pauline-Hans0 n and the One Nation Par中y(波林汉森和“同一国家党") The One Nation Party was formed by Pauline Hanson in 1997.It believed that by adopting policies that favoured migrants,indigenous Australians and multiculturalism,the government caused major division in Australian society.Though the One Nation Party had collapsed due to its lack of democratic procedures within the party(由于其内部民主体制的缺乏而解体.ts doctrines have been absorbed i0 contemporary Australian politics 5.Migration to Australia today（如今涌向澳大利亚的移民) Northern European and Asian Australians share much the same occupational characteristics as Australian born workers while Southern and Eastern Europears and Middle Easter migrants occupy the lower range0 foccupation以在澳大利亚的北欧和亚洲移民与在澳大利亚出生的人职业特点，而南欧、 东欧和中东的移民从事着较为低等的职业) 6 Four stages of the settler-.Aboriginal relations(殖民者与土著人的关系发展的4 个阶段) I)expropriation[cks那'an]of land and the killing of the Peoples没收土地，残杀土著人 2)Segregation and“Protection'气种族隔离与“保护”) 3)Assimilation.s父gregation and the amempted destruction of the cultures of the Dreaming(同化，种族 隔离和企图毁坏土著人的梦创文化红ad 4 rom the mid2 century:citizenship and the fight against racism.(从20世纪开输：给予公民权. 反对种族鼓祝) *The Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 introduced powers to mowe people away from towns and T©vs(1909年的《土著人保护法》允许将土著人从城镇和保护地带走) Freedom Rides(白由来车运动) In the mid-1960s.an aboriginal unrversity student led a group of white university students to the
2 migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a dictation test in a European language, the failure of which would be given the status of “prohibited immigrant”(考试不合 格者会被归入“禁止移民”的类别). The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973. 3. Multiculturalism (多元文化主义) Multiculturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity(文化身 份), which means the right to express and share one's cultural heritage; Social Justice(社会公正), the right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency(经济效益), the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds(所有澳大利亚人，无论他们来自何处，他们 的技能都应得到保持和发扬). The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) television channel ( 特殊广播节目电视台) began broadcasting in 1980. It currently broadcasts in 68 languages and provides a variety of programmes for ethnic minority groups(少数民族群体). 4. Pauline-Hanson and the One Nation Party（波林·汉森和“同一国家党”） The One Nation Party was formed by Pauline Hanson in 1997. It believed that by adopting policies that favoured migrants, indigenous Australians and multiculturalism, the government caused major division in Australian society. Though the One Nation Party had collapsed due to its lack of democratic procedures within the party(由于其内部民主体制的缺乏而解体), its doctrines have been absorbed into contemporary Australian politics. 5. Migration to Australia today （如今涌向澳大利亚的移民） Northern European and Asian Australians share much the same occupational characteristics as Australian born workers while Southern and Eastern Europeans and Middle Easter migrants occupy the lower range of occupations(在澳大利亚的北欧和亚洲移民与在澳大利亚出生的人职业特点，而南欧、 东欧和中东的移民从事着较为低等的职业). 6. Four stages of the settler-Aboriginal relations (殖民者与土著人的关系发展的 4 个阶段) 1) expropriation of land and the killing of the Peoples(没收土地，残杀土著人); 2) Segregation and “Protection”(种族隔离与“保护”) 3) Assimilation, segregation and the attempted destruction of the cultures of the Dreaming(同化、种族 隔离和企图毁坏土著人的梦创文化); and 4) from the mid 20th century: citizenship and the fight against racism.(从 20 世纪开始：给予公民权， 反对种族歧视) * The Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 introduced powers to move people away from towns and reserves (1909 年的《土著人保护法》允许将土著人从城镇和保护地带走). * Freedom Rides (自由乘车运动) In the mid-1960s, an aboriginal university student led a group of white university students to the
outhack(内地，指澳大利亚等偏僻面人口稀少的地方)of Australia to demonst中ate againet racial segregation发动游行示威。反抗种线W离政策).Their activities helped to raise the publie awareness of racism and segregation in Australian society,and demonstrated the need for social change. T.The struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people(为土著人争取土地权的 斗争) On January 26.1938,the aboriginal people gathered in Sydney's Australia Hall to mourn the loss of their lands and to demand the same hasic rights as the rest of the population.It was the Ist mational Aborigimal civil rights ga由ering They call it the“Day of Mourning and作eY“哀掉与抗议日"，对澳 大利亚原住民来说，1？88年1月当日是白人对他门的土地占领的开始，从那以后，他门失去士地， 在白己的土地上表失了基本的生存权利。因此，这一天成为他们的衰惊与抗议日) I)The Mabo Decision(《马博接块》) In1982,Eddie Mabo and two other Torres Strait Islanders(托需斯海峡岛民)took legal proceeding华 to claim the traditional rights to the land they had been living on提起诉论，要求法律赋子也们对他们赖 以生存的这片土地的所有权).InI的7,4 months after Eddie Mabo died家High Court found in favour of Mabo减最高法院判马博胜诉).The finding is historically and politically significant because it rejects the principle of"lerra nullius'气这一裁决在历史上和政治都具有重大意义，因为它挥弃了“无人唇住论 2)The Wi张Decision(《底克接决》) In 1996 the Wik Peoples of Cape York Peninsula took the State of Queenesand to the High Court of Australia(生活在是士兰州约克角西都的酸克人将昆士兰州告上了澳大利亚的最高法院).Tewk People were claiming rights0 wer two pastoral leases in Northern Queenslan道威克人要求得到昆士兰北 z的两块租赁牧场的土地所有权，.The court found that the pastoralists were the holders of the leases of the land and had not been granted "exclusive possession"and their pastoral activities did not necessarily exinguis动indigenous rights and inerests女法庭爱现大枚场主具是土地的粗借者，他们并未得到土地 的“全都占有权”，而且他们的畜牧活动并不能中止原住民对土地的权利和利 &.The History Wars历史战争”-对澳大利亚历史的争议) In 1993.Geoffrey Blainey.an Australian historian argued that there was an over-emphasis upon the negative aspects of Australian histo1993年，离大利亚历史学家Geof管ey Blainey提出说，人们对于 澳大利亚历史中的黑暗面强调过多了)
3 outback (内地, 指澳大利亚等偏僻而人口稀少的地方) of Australia to demonstrate against racial segregation(发动游行示威，反抗种族隔离政策). Their activities helped to raise the public awareness of racism and segregation in Australian society, and demonstrated the need for social change. 7.The struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people (为土著人争取土地权的 斗争) On January 26, 1938, the aboriginal people gathered in Sydney’s Australia Hall to mourn the loss of their lands and to demand the same basic rights as the rest of the population. It was the 1st national Aboriginal civil rights gathering. They call it the “Day of Mourning and Protest”(“哀悼与抗议日”：对澳 大利亚原住民来说，1788 年 1 月 26 日是白人对他们的土地占领的开始。从那以后，他们失去土地， 在自己的土地上丧失了基本的生存权利。因此，这一天成为他们的哀悼与抗议日) 1) The Mabo Decision (《马博裁决》) In 1982, Eddie Mabo and two other Torres Strait Islanders (托雷斯海峡岛民) took legal proceedings to claim the traditional rights to the land they had been living on(提起诉讼，要求法律赋予他们对他们赖 以生存的这片土地的所有权). In 1997, 4 months after Eddie Mabo died, the High Court found in favour of Mabo(最高法院判马博胜诉). The finding is historically and politically significant because it rejects the principle of “terra nullius”(这一裁决在历史上和政治都具有重大意义，因为它摒弃了“无人居住论”). 2) The Wik Decision (《威克裁决》) In 1996 the Wik Peoples of Cape York Peninsula took the State of Queensland to the High Court of Australia(生活在昆士兰州约克角西部的威克人将昆士兰州告上了澳大利亚的最高法院). The Wik People were claiming rights over two pastoral leases in Northern Queensland(威克人要求得到昆士兰北 部的两块租赁牧场的土地所有权). The court found that the pastoralists were the holders of the leases of the land and had not been granted “exclusive possession” and their pastoral activities did not necessarily extinguish all indigenous rights and interests(法庭发现大牧场主只是土地的租借者，他们并未得到土地 的“全部占有权”，而且他们的畜牧活动并不能中止原住民对土地的权利和利益). 8. The History Wars (“历史战争”---对澳大利亚历史的争议) In 1993, Geoffrey Blainey, an Australian historian argued that there was an over-emphasis upon the negative aspects of Australian history(1993 年，澳大利亚历史学家 Geoffrey Blainey 提出说，人们对于 澳大利亚历史中的黑暗面强调过多了)