Unit 17 Work and Family Life(工作与家庭生活) 一、本单元重点内容 1.Beginning of the penal colo(澳大利亚作为充军地的始末) 2.Family life in the penal colony(充军陆中的家庭生活)and Women in the penal coloery(充军 地中女性) 3.Comvict labourers and workers(罪鬼劳工与若力) 4.Emancipis时s(利满释放者) 5.From convict trarsportation to free migration(从罪犯运输到白由移民) 6.The basie problem of free migration(自由移民的根本性问题) 7.The Wa做efield Scheme(“事克罪尔德”计 二、本单元重、难点辅导 L.Beginning of the penal colony(澳大利亚作为充军地的始末矧 The European settlemen in Australia started in 1788 in Sydney.After that,there were 6 separate British colonies New South Wales,Tasmania.Qucensland.Westem Australia Victoria and South Australia NSW.Tasmania.and Qucensland were established as comvict colonies ()Victoria and South Australia were scttled as"free"colonies.Western Australia,established in 1828 as a free colony.turned to convict labour in 1850 and became a convict colomy for 19 years until 1869. 2.Family life in the penal colo时（充军地中的家庭生活） At the beginning of the settlement,men vastly outnumbered women becaurse convicts'wives in England were discouraged from following their huskbands to Australia.Family life in the colony was different from lite in the Britain omen im the penal colo充军地中女性)：When a ship wit油women comvic本o国free”wome migrants docked,frst the Government officials and senior officers,then the sailors and "free"working men were allowed to go on board to claim a woman as a servant and/or a concubine.Convicts could claim the remaining women.The women who were not claimed either slept on the streets or were sent to the "Female Fao”-apr1 son in Paramatta当载有女复或女性自由移民的船掌岸时，首先是政府官员和高级军 官，然后是水手和自由民工人都可以到船上去领一个女人回家做仆人兼/成情妇。罪犯可以认领剩下 的女人。没有人认额的女人要么睡在大街上，要么棱送到位于新南威尔士Pm电的一座监就，称 为“女子工厂”，女犯门在里而从事幼枫布等工作。 Women in the colony had little choice between an informal relationship or prostitution.在表大利重的 妇女除了选择非正式的家庭关系（即做情或卖深之外，没有八它的选择。 The comvict husbands of froe wives could be assigned to work for their own families as
1 Unit 17 Work and Family Life (工作与家庭生活) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Beginning of the penal colony (澳大利亚作为充军地的始末) 2. Family life in the penal colony (充军地中的家庭生活) and Women in the penal colony (充军 地中女性) 3. Convict labourers and workers (罪犯劳工与苦力) 4. Emancipists （刑满释放者） 5. From convict transportation to free migration (从罪犯运输到自由移民) 6. The basic problem of free migration （自由移民的根本性问题） 7. The Wakefield Scheme (“韦克菲尔德”计划) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Beginning of the penal colony (澳大利亚作为充军地的始末) The European settlement in Australia started in 1788 in Sydney. After that, there were 6 separate British colonies: New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia. NSW, Tasmania, and Queensland were established as convict colonies (充军地); Victoria and South Australia were settled as “free” colonies. Western Australia, established in 1828 as a free colony, turned to convict labour in 1850 and became a convict colony for 19 years until 1869. 2. Family life in the penal colony (充军地中的家庭生活) At the beginning of the settlement, men vastly outnumbered women because convicts’ wives in England were discouraged from following their husbands to Australia. Family life in the colony was different from life in the Britain. Women in the penal colony(充军地中女性): When a ship with women convicts or “free” women migrants docked, first the Government officials and senior officers, then the sailors and “free” working men were allowed to go on board to claim a woman as a servant and/or a concubine. Convicts could claim the remaining women. The women who were not claimed either slept on the streets or were sent to the “Female Factory”---a prison in Paramatta.当载有女犯或女性自由移民的船靠岸时，首先是政府官员和高级军 官，然后是水手和自由民工人都可以到船上去领一个女人回家做仆人兼/或情妇。罪犯可以认领剩下 的女人。没有人认领的女人要么睡在大街上，要么被送到位于新南威尔士 Paramatta 的一座监狱，称 为“女子工厂”。女犯们在里面从事纺织布等工作。 Women in the colony had little choice between an informal relationship or prostitution.在澳大利亚的 妇女除了选择非正式的家庭关系(即做情妇)或卖淫之外，没有其它的选择。 The convict husbands of free wives could be assigned to work for their own families as
ticket-of-leave(假释证ervanits.获得减刑或免利的罪犯丈夫可以被分配给他们的自由民委子去做以 工换倒的的仆人· The first generation of children who were bor in NSW were called "Curreney children"and in the physical stature and easy demeanor.they were favorably compared with those of the children reared in the industrial towns and slums of England.They were also less criminal than their peers in England..早期新南 威尔士雅民地出生长大的孩子被称为C■rency child忙n”。在澳大利亚出生长大的儿童，在体格和 行为做事上，都要优于在英格兰的工业城镇和贫民扉中长大的儿童，他们的纪墨率也比英格兰的同 龄人要低： 3.Convict labourers and workers(罪犯劳工与苦力) Francis Greenaway(弗朗西斯·格林纳或)was a convict archite.edks到gned many of the fine buildings in Sydney,some of which can still be seen today. The pasteralists are majo向r landowners They are usually the magis城res(地方官员)of their local area They used the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts.This is why they supported the tramsportation of comvicts to Australia 4.Emancipists(刑满释放者) The emancipists are ex-comvicts who were fullyo conditionally pardoned for conduct or service. They became successful farmers,lawyers,architects and government administrators They contributed a lot to the development Australian society.By the 1820s,a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists.among them were Mary Reibey and James Ruse. Mary Reibey:"Free"women convicts ran the new businesses with their husbands.Those who had been widowed operated as independent publicans dealers,traders,and shopkeepers able to request extra servants and grants of ext士ra land.Mary Reibey(玛形莱蓓)m西the mo以famous of these successful and wealthy ex-convict busines women. The convicts Elizabeth and James Ruse became the 1"successful farming family James ruse received家1 land grant in the NSW.这是殖民地第一次向个人授予土地， 5,From convict transportation to free mis吧ration(从罪犯运输到自由移民) Convict transportation was suspended (in New South Wales in 1840,and Tasmania,1852. Western Australia,1868 By the mid 1830s,the free migrants considerably outnumbered the convict population of Australia From the 1830s to the latter half of the 20 century,it was the policy of government-assisted migration of "free labour"that played a major part in the development of the modern political cconomy of Australia 6.The basic problem of free migration(自由移民的根本性问题) the capitalist's inability to retain labor(货本主义没有能力图住劳动力) 7.The Wakefield Scheme(“韦克菲尔德计划 2
2 ticket-of-leave(假释证) servants.获得减刑或免刑的罪犯丈夫可以被分配给他们的自由民妻子去做以 工换酬的的仆人。 The first generation of children who were born in NSW were called “Currency children”, and in the physical stature and easy demeanor, they were favorably compared with those of the children reared in the industrial towns and slums of England. They were also less criminal than their peers in England. 早期新南 威尔士殖民地出生长大的孩子被称为“Currency children”。在澳大利亚出生长大的儿童，在体格和 行为做事上，都要优于在英格兰的工业城镇和贫民窟中长大的儿童。他们的犯罪率也比英格兰的同 龄人要低。 3. Convict labourers and workers (罪犯劳工与苦力) Francis Greenaway（弗朗西斯·格林纳威）was a convict architect. He designed many of the fine buildings in Sydney, some of which can still be seen today. The pastoralists are major landowners. They are usually the magistrates (地方官员) of their local area. They used the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard. They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts. This is why they supported the transportation of convicts to Australia. 4. Emancipists （刑满释放者） The emancipists are ex-convicts who were fully or conditionally pardoned for conduct or service. They became successful farmers, lawyers, architects and government administrators. They contributed a lot to the development Australian society. By the 1820s, a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists, among them were Mary Reibey and James Ruse. Mary Reibey: "Free" women convicts ran the new businesses with their husbands. Those who had been widowed operated as independent publicans, dealers, traders, and shopkeepers able to request extra servants and grants of extra land. Mary Reibey (玛丽·莱蓓) was the most famous of these successful and wealthy ex-convict business women. The convicts Elizabeth and James Ruse became the 1st successful farming family. James ruse received the 1st land grant in the NSW. 这是殖民地第一次向个人授予土地。 5. From convict transportation to free migration (从罪犯运输到自由移民) Convict transportation was suspended (中止) in New South Wales in 1840, and Tasmania, 1852, Western Australia, 1868. By the mid 1830s, the free migrants considerably outnumbered the convict population of Australia. From the 1830s to the latter half of the 20th century, it was the policy of government-assisted migration of “free labour” that played a major part in the development of the modern political economy of Australia. 6. The basic problem of free migration （自由移民的根本性问题） the capitalist’s inability to retain labor (资本主义没有能力留住劳动力) 7. The Wakefield Scheme (“韦克菲尔德”计划)
Wakeficld Scheme was devised by Edward Wakefield,a convict and theorist on colonization,to solve the problem of labour shortage in colonial Australia.His proposal on the development of colonial Australia was that land should not be freely and cheaply available.It should be sold at sfficient price to ensure that only men of capital could afford it.The money eamned from selling land should be used to assist selected free migrants to Australia.('It was adopted principally in South Australia)
3 Wakefield Scheme was devised by Edward Wakefield, a convict and theorist on colonization, to solve the problem of labour shortage in colonial Australia. His proposal on the development of colonial Australia was that land should not be freely and cheaply available. It should be sold at sufficient price to ensure that only men of capital could afford it. The money earned from selling land should be used to assist selected free migrants to Australia. (*It was adopted principally in South Australia.)