Unit 14 Irish Culture:Language,Literature and Arts 爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术 一、本单元重点内容 1 Erse and the colonial policy(爱尔兰盖耳语和箱民政策) 2 Hiberno-English(爱尔兰英语) 3.Oral culture tradition(口头文化传统 4 Folk heritage(民间传统) 5.Irish literature(爱尔兰的文学) 6.Nobel Prize winners for Literature(诺贝尔文学凳的获得者) 7.Irish music and dance(爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈)and River山nce(“河之舞”) &.Popular sports in Ireland(爱尔兰流行的体有运动)nd Hurling(爱尔兰式由程球) 9.Science and technolo②y in Ireland(爱尔兰的科学技术) 10.The Irish identity in the world(爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 L.Erse and the colonial policy(爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策) The Irish people spoke their own language.called Irish or Erse However.the English colonial policy brought much pressure to stop the lrish people speaking their own language and to learn standard English instead.Until the mid-19 century Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes The death blow (政命打击)to the Iris动language wa西the Great Famine of845-l849.In the late I9 acentury,an attempt was made to revive(复%，t族复)the use of the Irish language among the middle and professior回cdas After the first Irish national stale was set up in 1922,a concerted,official attempt was made to make Irish once again the national language.And Irish was made compulsory subject in schools. 2.Hiberno--English(爱尔兰英语) Despite such official pressures,the language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard English known as Hiberno-English. 3.Oral culture tradition(口头文化传统) Ireland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level.Almost inevitably,an Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time(时间紧迫).The basis for this is in the original peasant culture.which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century.But even among the most lierate classes,great value is extendod to the ability to talk 印ontancousl小y and with grace and force(即使是在受过最好数育的阶层，人们门还是非常重视自然，优雅 和有力的谈话能力).Oral culture isone key to Ireland's very effoctive business and diplom诚tic efforts
1 Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts 爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术 一、本单元重点内容 1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策) 2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语) 3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统) 4. Folk heritage (民间传统) 5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学） 6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者） 7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈) and Riverdance (“河之舞”) 8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）and Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球) 9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术) 10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策) The Irish people spoke their own language, called Irish or Erse. However, the English colonial policy brought much pressure to stop the Irish people speaking their own language and to learn standard English instead. Until the mid-19th century Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes. The death blow (致命打击) to the Irish language was the Great Famine of 1845-1849. In the late 19th century, an attempt was made to revive (复兴，恢复) the use of the Irish language among the middle and professional classes. After the first Irish national state was set up in 1922, a concerted, official attempt was made to make Irish once again the national language. And Irish was made compulsory subject in schools. 2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语) Despite such official pressures, the language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard English known as Hiberno-English. 3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统) Ireland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level. Almost inevitably, an Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time (时间紧迫). The basis for this is in the original peasant culture, which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century. But even among the most literate classes, great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously and with grace and force(即使是在受过最好教育的阶层，人们还是非常重视自然，优雅 和有力的谈话能力). Oral culture is one key to Ireland’s very effective business and diplomatic efforts
4,Folk heritage(民间传统 Ireland is a traditional culture which has derived from its rich folk heritage. 5.Irish literat加re(爱尔兰的文学) In Ireland,writers and poets are honored most.Writers may publish in either the lrish or the English language.The first poem identified as "Irish"is the saga of the Tai,which was transmitted crally for centuries before it was wrimen down棱认为是第一首爱尔兰语诗歌“泰邀”传奇，已经在口头上流传 了几个世纪后才用文字记载下来).Famous writers include Jenathan Swit价乔纳森·斯威夫特 (1667-l745)f6 amous stire Gwlltver3Taeh著名的讽喇f作品《格列佛游记》1726)，La■rence Sterne劳 伦斯·斯特恩(I7I3-1768)Engs边novel Tristram Sho《项我传》，.nwTi业Richard Sherid画理 查德·谢力HI75l.l816)(The School for Scandal《丑闻学t校》，aywrig些，poet and novelis过Ocar Wlr奥折卡·王尔微18S6-l900)l:7 e Importance of Being Earest《认真的重要性》(I895 oetry,The Ballad of Readi限Gaol(雷丁之歌(I898)and nov旦The Pictue of Dorian Gra(道林格 雷的面像》1andn0 welist James Joyce詹舞斯·乔伊斯1882-1941)nowels.A Portrait时布Artist as a o略《一个年轻艺术家的面像》adxa《尤利西断)) 6.Nobel Prize winners for Literat相re(诺贝尔文学奖的获得者) The Republic of Ireland has been the home of 4 winners of the Nohel Prize for Literature:the poets X.&rats叶芝(18新5-1929纱and Seamus Heaney西默斯·希尼(1939 and the playwrights,George Bernard Shaw乔治·肖伯的18361950 and Samuel长ckett塞缪尔·贝克特1906-1989%famous for his great abrdis过play Wairing for Godat荒美银戏剧（等特戈多）.The works of James Joyce and Samuel and Samuel Becket are self-comsciously avant-garde,playing with different dialects and styles of English 爸if they were part of a game(乔伊斯以及贝克特的作品有白我意识的先锋派风格，运用不同的方言和 文体，就像在玩游戏) 7,Irish music and dance(爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈 I)Riverdance("河之舞)） Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing hased on Irelands intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted omo current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is uslly accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the action is from the waist down,with the arms held rigidly at the sides. 2).The lrish pipe(爱尔兰风笛) The Irish pipe is distinctive.Unlike the Scottish hagpipe()which is blown.the Irish pipe is played by holding the airbag(安全气under thearm and pumpingl抽吸)with the elbow.In ton音到，he Irish pipes are quieter and more musicall than those of the Scots,which are employed as war-pipes) The Irish pipes are for private entertainment.and dancing. ·reland is not very noted for visual culture(视觉文化compared with its literature and music. 8.Popular sport本in Ireland(爱尔兰流行的体育运动) 2
2 4. Folk heritage (民间传统) Ireland is a traditional culture which has derived from its rich folk heritage. 5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学） In Ireland, writers and poets are honored most. Writers may publish in either the Irish or the English language. The first poem identified as “Irish” is the saga of the Tain, which was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down(被认为是第一首爱尔兰语诗歌“泰恩”传奇，已经在口头上流传 了几个世纪后才用文字记载下来). Famous writers include Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特 (1667-1745)(famous satire Gulliver’s Travels 著名的讽刺作品《格列佛游记》1726), Laurence Sterne 劳 伦斯·斯特恩(1713-1768) (English novel Tristram Shandy《项狄传》), playwright Richard Sheridan 理 查德·谢力丹(1751-1816) (The School for Scandal《丑闻学校》), playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1900) [play: The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》(1895), poetry, The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁狱之歌》(1898) and novel The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格 雷的画像》] and novelist James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) (novels: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》and Ulysses《尤利西斯》) 6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者） The Republic of Ireland has been the home of 4 winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: the poets, W.B. Yeats 叶芝 (1865-1929) and Seamus Heaney 西默斯·希尼(1939-); and the playwrights, George Bernard Shaw 乔治·肖伯纳(1856-1950) and Samuel Beckett 塞缪尔·贝克特(1906-1989)(famous for his great absurdist play Waiting for Godot荒诞派戏剧《等待戈多》). The works of James Joyce and Samuel and Samuel Becket are self-consciously avant-garde, playing with different dialects and styles of English as if they were part of a game(乔伊斯以及贝克特的作品有自我意识的先锋派风格，运用不同的方言和 文体，就像在玩游戏). 7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈) 1) Riverdance (“河之舞”) Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland's intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides. 2).The Irish pipe（爱尔兰风笛） The Irish pipe is distinctive. Unlike the Scottish bagpipe(风笛), which is blown, the Irish pipe is played by holding the airbag (安全气袋) under the arm and pumping(抽吸) it with the elbow. In tone(音调), the Irish pipes are quieter and more musical than those of the Scots, which are employed as war-pipes(战笛). The Irish pipes are for private entertainment, and dancing. * Ireland is not very noted for visual culture (视觉文化)compared with its literature and music. 8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）
Soccer or football,rughy,cricket and tennis owe their origins to Britain The newest and most fashionable ball game in Ireland is golf.Other widely popular sports are sailing and running.But that nearest the Irish heart must be the sport of horse-racing because they can place a bet for the occasion/ Hurling(爱尔兰式曲榈球鹅 This sport is the most natively Irish game is hurling It is played by two teams of fifteen players( 15 A).with a ball like a hockey ball which is struck by wooden sticks with a curved,rounded end or boss. 9.Seience and technology in Ireland(爱尔兰的科学技术) Distinguis小hed names I)Robert Boyle罗伯特·波伊耳(I627-l69I):he"father of chemisty”出生于爱尔兰的英国化学 家被称为“化学之父”， 2)ohn Tyndall约翰·廷道尔(l820-l89)inventor of the fireman's respirator and ete.发明了消防 面具等。 3L.ord Kelvin凯尔文第游(I82490 renowned for his work on transatlantic cables以跨大西 洋电液工程著移。 4)Charles Pars0s查尔斯·帕进18S4-l931 invented the steam turbine engine蒸汽祸轮发动机 5)Ernest T.Walten E.TS.(1903-1995)of Trinty College.Dublin won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1951. I0.The Irish identiry in the world(爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征) Ireland is a very people-oriented(以人为本的society,which regard由the family as central to its vues.Even today,he Irish still have a residual(残留的)esentmen(怨根，i银)against the British.and eain可ay歌nation which they feel might try to bully(欺负，凌辱)hem The Irish diaspora [dai'aspara(爱尔兰裔) The Irish diaspora,as it has been called,isa scattering of Irish people acros the world,uly as the result of dre conditions at home-famine,foreign domination,and poverty.As a reslt,Irish people can today be found in significant concentrations in many countries In fact,it is hard to go anywhere and not dlrs边people.爱尔兰着人是指收居世界各地爱尔兰人，通常是由于其家乡的恶劣环境导致他们移 民一饥荒、受外米人口的统治，贫穷等原因。结果。现在在许多国家都会发现有大量的爱尔兰人聚 居的地方。事实上，根难找到没有爱尔兰人的地方， 3
3 Soccer or football, rugby, cricket and tennis owe their origins to Britain. The newest and most fashionable ball game in Ireland is golf. Other widely popular sports are sailing and running. But that nearest the Irish heart must be the sport of horse-racing because they can place a bet for the occasion/ Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球) This sport is the most natively Irish game is hurling. It is played by two teams of fifteen players(每队 15 人), with a ball like a hockey ball which is struck by wooden sticks with a curved, rounded end or boss. 9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术) Distinguished names: 1) Robert Boyle 罗伯特·波伊耳 (1627-1691)：the “father of chemisty” 出生于爱尔兰的英国化学 家,被称为“化学之父”. 2) John Tyndall 约翰·廷道尔(1820-1893): inventor of the fireman’s respirator and etc.发明了消防 面具等。 3) Lord Kelvin 凯尔文勋爵 (1824-1907): renowned for his work on transatlantic cables 以跨大西 洋电缆工程著称。 4) Charles Parsons 查尔斯·帕逊(1854-1931): invented the steam turbine engine 蒸汽涡轮发动机 5) Ernest T. Walton E.T.S.沃尔顿( (1903-1995) of Trinity College, Dublin won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1951. 10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征) Ireland is a very people-oriented (以人为本的) society, which regards the family as central to its values. Even today, the Irish still have a residual(残留的) resentment (怨恨，愤恨) against the British, and against any large nation which they feel might try to bully (欺负，凌辱) them. The Irish diaspora (爱尔兰裔) The Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home-famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people. 爱尔兰裔人是指散居世界各地爱尔兰人，通常是由于其家乡的恶劣环境导致他们移 民---饥荒、受外来人口的统治、贫穷等原因。 结果，现在在许多国家都会发现有大量的爱尔兰人聚 居的地方。事实上，很难找到没有爱尔兰人的地方