Unit12 Politics and Economy(爱尔兰的政治和经济) 一、本单元重点内容 】.Representative democracy(代议民主 2.The structure of lris小government(爱尔兰政府的结构》 3.Checks and balanoes(制的与平衡) 4.Civil Service(公务员制度) 5.The Irish legal system(爱尔兰法律制度) 6.Small,,apen,de-dependent economy(小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济)and Economic transformation(经济转型) 7.Ireland's accession to the EU as a watershed(爱尔兰加入欧里是一个分水岭) &.Soc过hun款（社会变迁） 9.New prosperity(新的繁荣)and New incqualities(新的不平等) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1.The political system 1)Representative democracy(代议民主制 2)Republic(共和制 2.The structure of Irish government (爱尔兰政府的结构) 1)The Presidemt The President ncts as a symbolie Head of State only and does not have executive functions.(总绕是象 征性的国家元首，并不具有行或积能)The lrish Presidency perhaps is nearer to the status of the prese Queen in England than to that of the President of the United States.The President's term of office is 7 yer总统任期7年)A president can be reelected once only.Every citizen of35 years of age or over is digible to ru f每President.(现任总统玛丽·麦卡利斯Mary Mcaleese) 2)The Govermment(行威机关) The executive powers(行政权力力of the State are exereise by.or on the authority of,the Government The Constitution provides that the Government shall consist of not less than 7 and not more than 15 members all must be elected members of the lrish parliament.The Government acts collectively and is responsible to the Dail(爱尔兰国会之下议院)or Irish Parliament.The Prime Minister(总理：Brian Cnen)or Taoiseach(爱尔兰共和国总理)is appointed by the President on the nomination of the Parliament.The Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister appoint a cabinet to exc the daily business of gowernment.Each member of the Govermment heads one Department of State.Government mimisters (政府都长)are assisted in their work b的linisters of State(国务都长，国务大臣副部长级)，who are 1
1 Unit 12 Politics and Economy (爱尔兰的政治和经济) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Representative democracy (代议民主制) 2. The structure of Irish government （爱尔兰政府的结构） 3. Checks and balances (制约与平衡) 4. Civil Services (公务员制度) 5. The Irish legal system (爱尔兰法律制度) 6. Small, open, trade-dependent economy (小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济) and Economic transformation (经济转型) 7. Ireland’s accession to the EU as a watershed (爱尔兰加入欧盟是一个分水岭) 8. Social change (社会变迁) 9. New prosperity (新的繁荣) and New inequalities (新的不平等) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. The political system 1) Representative democracy (代议民主制) 2) Republic (共和制) 2. The structure of Irish government （爱尔兰政府的结构） 1) The President The President acts as a symbolic Head of State only and does not have executive functions.(总统是象 征性的国家元首，并不具有行政职能) The Irish Presidency perhaps is nearer to the status of the present Queen in England than to that of the President of the United States. The President’s term of office is 7 years(总统任期 7 年). A president can be reelected once only. Every citizen of 35 years of age or over is eligible to run for President. (现任总统玛丽·麦卡利斯 Mary Mcaleese) 2) The Government (行政机关) The executive powers (行政权力) of the State are exercise by, or on the authority of, the Government. The Constitution provides that the Government shall consist of not less than 7 and not more than 15 members: all must be elected members of the Irish parliament. The Government acts collectively and is responsible to the Dail (爱尔兰国会之下议院) or Irish Parliament. The Prime Minister (总理：Brian Cowen) or Taoiseach (爱尔兰共和国总理) is appointed by the President on the nomination of the Parliament. The Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister appoint a cabinet to execute the daily business of government. Each member of the Government heads one Department of State. Government ministers （政府部长）are assisted in their work by Ministers of State (国务部长, 国务大臣(副部长级), who are
not members of the Government)The Prime Minister also appoints an Attorney General(首席检赛官，校 )who is not a member of the Government,but acts as legal adviser of the Government and may attend Cabinet meetings 3)Parliament(立法机关)一hraw-naking branch The Parliament of Ireland has2 houses:the Dail(众i议and Scanad参议院)or the Senate. Government poliey and administration may be excamined and criticized in both houses.but under the Consitution the Government is responsible to the Duil alone At present Irish Parliament has 166 directly elected members Called Teachtai Dala (TDs)and the Senate has 60 members Dail elections are held every 5 years. The electorall system is a calibrated system of voting.sensitive to electoral preferences It is called proportional representation(比闲代表钩爱尔兰的选举度是一种标准的选率制度，对选民的顿向 性很敏感。 3.Checks and balances(制约与平衡) The Irish system of government is based on the American principle of'checks and balances"that is. the power of the executive hranch of govermment can be checked by the legisature (the two houses of parliament)and by the judiciary()through courts which interpret the law Enforcement is also part of the role of the courts of law,and is actually carried out by the police force.Both the legal system and the police are concerved of'as independent of political influence. 4.Civil Services(公务员制度) The civil service in Ireland is divided into 16 Government Departments.each headed by a Minister appointed by the Prime Minister.Ministers have final responsibility for these areas The civil service is politically independent in the performance of its duties and has no involvement in party politics.In fact, party political activity is strictly forbidden for all middle and high-ranking civil servants.Recruitment to the civil service is by publie competitive exams administered by the independent Civil Service Commission and is open to every citizen of the Republic.At present.there are some 30.000 people employed in the civil service. 5 The Irish legal)stem(爱尔兰法律制度) The courts are arranged in a hicrarchy,in sch a way that the judgment of one may be appealed to aother oourt which has greater power.At the boom of this ladder is the District Court地区法院The next rung is represented by the Circuit Court逗回法院，which tries more serious cases..The next rung on the ladder is called the High Court最高法跪U高等法院The High Court has full jurisdiction and determining power in all matters of law or fact civil or criminal.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.Judges e appointed b可y the President on the advice of the Governmer城（法官由总统根据政府的提议任）.Al residents of Ireland are qulified to vote at local elections regardless of citizership. 6.Economy 2
2 not members of the Government). The Prime Minister also appoints an Attorney General(首席检察官，检 查总长), who is not a member of the Government, but acts as legal adviser of the Government and may attend Cabinet meetings. 3) Parliament (立法机关)---the law-making branch The Parliament of Ireland has 2 houses: the Dail (众议院) and Seanad(参议院) or the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticized in both houses; but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Dail alone. At present Irish Parliament has 166 directly elected members Called Teachtai Dala (TDs) and the Senate has 60 members. Dail elections are held every 5 years. The electoral system is a calibrated system of voting, sensitive to electoral preferences. It is called proportional representation(比例代表制). 爱尔兰的选举制度是一种标准的选举制度，对选民的倾向 性很敏感。 3. Checks and balances (制约与平衡) The Irish system of government is based on the American principle of ‘checks and balances”: that is, the power of the executive branch of government can be checked by the legislature (the two houses of parliament) and by the judiciary(司法部), through courts which interpret the law. Enforcement is also part of the role of the courts of law, and is actually carried out by the police force. Both the legal system and the police are conceived of as independent of political influence. 4. Civil Services (公务员制度) The civil service in Ireland is divided into 16 Government Departments, each headed by a Minister appointed by the Prime Minister. Ministers have final responsibility for these areas. The civil service is politically independent in the performance of its duties and has no involvement in party politics. In fact, party political activity is strictly forbidden for all middle and high-ranking civil servants. Recruitment to the civil service is by public competitive exams administered by the independent Civil Service Commission and is open to every citizen of the Republic. At present, there are some 30,000 people employed in the civil service. 5. The Irish legal system (爱尔兰法律制度) The courts are arranged in a hierarchy, in such a way that the judgment of one may be appealed to another court which has greater power. At the bottom of this ladder is the District Court 地区法院. The next rung is represented by the Circuit Court 巡回法院, which tries more serious cases. The next rung on the ladder is called the High Court 最高法院/高等法院. The High Court has full jurisdiction and determining power in all matters of law or fact, civil or criminal. The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal. Judges are appointed by the President on the advice of the Government. (法官由总统根据政府的提议任命). All residents of Ireland are qualified to vote at local elections, regardless of citizenship. 6. Economy
Up till1970 's the Irish economy was inwar-lkig(内向里的.But now Ireland is a smal,open trade-dependent economy(小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济)and the Irish economy has been transformed from being agrarian and having a traditonal manufacturing base to one increasingly based on the hi-tech and internationally traded services.The services sector acoounted for about 2/3 of employment( 型 7.Ireland's accession to the EU as a watershed(爱尔兰加入欧盟是一个分水岭) Ireland's accession to EU in 1971 has provided the following benefits to Ireland: 1)EU's funds for agriculture,infrastructure,education,ctc: 2)Mobality of Irish people to the ocher EU countries. 3)Further opening up of the Ireland market and its accession to the EU market; 4)Faster economic development. 5)Growing wealth of the Irish people 8.Social change(社会变迁) Ireland's accession to EU has brought many socisl changes 1)a change in the status of women 2)a change in Ireland's labour market Now all Irish citizens were entitled to an EU passport,which allows them to work legally in any member country.In turn,any other citizen of an EU country could work legally in Ireland 9.New prosperit的y(新的繁荣) I)Ireland has one of the highest rates of home-ownership(自置居所率)in Europe 2)Ireland is now the most car-dependent society in the world.(Problem:fatal car accidents in Ireland are among the highest in Europe.) But new inequalities(新的不平等)appear along with the new prosperity.Over the last decade. Ireland's living standards have increased dramatically.But the wealth has not been shared cqually
3 Up till 1970’s the Irish economy was inward-looking (内向型的). But now Ireland is a small, open, trade-dependent economy (小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济) and the Irish economy has been transformed from being agrarian and having a traditional manufacturing base to one increasingly based on the hi-tech and internationally traded services. The services sector accounted for about 2/3 of employment. (经济转 型). 7. Ireland’s accession to the EU as a watershed (爱尔兰加入欧盟是一个分水岭) Ireland’s accession to EU in 1971 has provided the following benefits to Ireland: 1) EU’s funds for agriculture, infrastructure, education, etc.; 2) Mobility of Irish people to the other EU countries; 3) Further opening up of the Ireland market and its accession to the EU market; 4) Faster economic development; 5) Growing wealth of the Irish people. 8. Social change (社会变迁) Ireland’s accession to EU has brought many social changes: 1) a change in the status of women 2) a change in Ireland’s labour market. Now all Irish citizens were entitled to an EU passport, which allows them to work legally in any member country. In turn, any other citizen of an EU country could work legally in Ireland. 9. New prosperity (新的繁荣) 1) Ireland has one of the highest rates of home-ownership (自置居所率) in Europe. 2) Ireland is now the most car-dependent society in the world. (Problem: fatal car accidents in Ireland are among the highest in Europe.) But new inequalities (新的不平等) appear along with the new prosperity. Over the last decade, Ireland’s living standards have increased dramatically. But the wealth has not been shared equally