Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society (澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会) 一、本单元重点内容 1.Difference as the central value of the Australian socicty(差异性是澳大利重社会的中心价值厦) 2.The Washinter form of polity(英美或治体制相结合的政治制度) 3.Three-tier习em of government(三级政府) 4.Two houses of Parliament(议会的两个院) 5.The Governo-General(总督) 6.Politicall parties(政党) 7.Ad小antages of the pluralis过o曲of8 overment(多元形式的政释的优劳) &.Australian government's role in the national economy(淡大利亚或府在国民经济中的角色) 9.Interventionis过government(政府干预and Economic rationalism(经济理性主义) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 L,Difference as the central value of the Australian society(差异性是澳大利亚社 会的中心价值观) Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to difference.澳大利亚人在生活 中和对生活的理解是以承认相互差异为基础的。 2.The Washminster form of polity(英美政治体制相结合的政治制度) The 'Washminster"form of polty is adopled by the Australian government It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of gowernment. However,the chief executive is a Prime Minister,instead ofa President as in the US system 3.Three-tier system of government(三级政府) The Australian federation has three tiers in its government system:at the foderal level,there are the Australian Parliament and the Government.In the sccond tier are the state governments and their legislatures In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city,town and shire levels.The Prime Minister (and his eabimet is the center of Australian parliamentary power.Laws of the State should be changed if they don't ngre年with the federal laws.(澳大利亚现任总理凯文·拉德(Kevin Rudd),中 文名陆克文，工党领柏) ·Shadew Cabinet is made up of the members of the major party in opposition影子内阁由主要在野 党的成员组成) 4.Two houses of Parliament(议会的两个院) 1
1 Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society (澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Difference as the central value of the Australian society (差异性是澳大利亚社会的中心价值观) 2. The Washminster form of polity （英美政治体制相结合的政治制度） 3. Three-tier system of government （三级政府） 4. Two houses of Parliament (议会的两个院) 5. The Governor-General (总督) 6. Political parties (政党) 7. Advantages of the pluralist form of government (多元形式的政府的优势) 8. Australian government’s role in the national economy (澳大利亚政府在国民经济中的角色) 9. Interventionist government (政府干预) and Economic rationalism (经济理性主义) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Difference as the central value of the Australian society (差异性是澳大利亚社 会的中心价值观) Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to difference. 澳大利亚人在生活 中和对生活的理解是以承认相互差异为基础的。 2. The Washminster form of polity （英美政治体制相结合的政治制度） The "Washminster" form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system. 3. Three-tier system of government （三级政府） The Australian federation has three tiers in its government system: at the federal level, there are the Australian Parliament and the Government. In the second tier are the state governments and their legislatures. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire levels. The Prime Minister (总理) and his cabinet is the center of Australian parliamentary power. Laws of the State should be changed if they don’t agree with the federal laws. (*澳大利亚现任总理凯文·拉德（Kevin Rudd），中 文名陆克文，工党领袖) * Shadow Cabinet is made up of the members of the major party in opposition(影子内阁由主要在野 党的成员组成). 4. Two houses of Parliament (议会的两个院)
The House of Representatives or the Lower House,and the Senate or the Upper House.The Lower House is responsible for initi减ing the bils法案，方案)nd enacting legislation.while the Upper House considers and proposes amendments(修正案)to the Bills 5 The Governor--General(总餐) The Gowernor-General is the formal head of the executive branch of the government He is the representative of the Queen in Australia.However,as the British monarch has no real power in Australia the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Executive Council,which is made up of himself and eCaM总督只能依黑执行委员会的建议行事，执行委员会由总督和政府内厨组成).（◆现任总督迈 克尔杰弗里(Michael Jeffery) The only exception to this rule was the 1975 dismissal of Gough Whitlam who was then the Laboe Prime Minister of Australia(l975年，工党总理高夫·惠特拉蚪政府被总督解) The constitutional crisis of 1975 was caused by the dismissal by the Governor-Gencral of the Whitlam government,which was elected by people.When the Senate refused to pass the Supply Bill 草案)ranting money for the opera减tion of the governmer%,Sir John Ker(釣南·克尔的士.the Governor-General dismissed the Whitlam goverment.This dismissal was generally interpreted as a flouting of the uncodifiod comventions of goverrment and caused political and popular animosity( 为，解散政府这一举动是对不成文的政府行为准则的啼弄，导致无或危机) 6.Two Political parties(政党) The Australia Labor Party(P)(澳大利亚工党)and the Coalition(离大利亚联盟党)or Liberal-National coalitio是自由党和民陕党的联里) 7,Advantages of the pl加ralist form of government(多元形式的政府的优势】 The advantages of the pluralist form of government are:it enables the citizers to exercise their political right to choose their own government;it secures transparency and accountability of the government保证了政府的透明度和政将官员问责制：it provides fo每r an alterrative government which can competent山y take over the state affairs should any government collapse(年果出现政府不能动作的情 况，它保证了可替补政府随时可管国家事务，.he citizens can exert their power through major interes groups 我.Australian government's role in the national economy(德大利亚攻府在国民经 济中的角色) By the last few decades of the 19 century the government was playing a very large part in the cconomy.It was a major employer. The federal government pursued a White Australian Policy of labour immigation in the Immigration Restriction Act of190L.(I901年的《移民限制法案》以法律的形式确立了白澳政第，限制非欧洲移 民进入澳大利亚。973年该法案数废豫。) The Government continued to play a large part in the economy in the post World War II period.The
2 The House of Representatives or the Lower House, and the Senate or the Upper House. The Lower House is responsible for initiating the bills(法案，方案) and enacting legislation, while the Upper House considers and proposes amendments (修正案) to the Bills. 5. The Governor-General (总督) The Governor-General is the formal head of the executive branch of the government. He is the representative of the Queen in Australia. However, as the British monarch has no real power in Australia, the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Executive Council, which is made up of himself and the Cabinet(总督只能依照执行委员会的建议行事，执行委员会由总督和政府内阁组成). (*现任总督迈 克尔·杰弗里 (Michael Jeffery)) *The only exception to this rule was the 1975 dismissal of Gough Whitlam who was then the Labor Prime Minister of Australia. (1975 年，工党总理高夫·惠特拉姆政府被总督解散) The constitutional crisis of 1975 was caused by the dismissal by the Governor-General of the Whitlam government, which was elected by people. When the Senate refused to pass the Supply Bill (拨款 草案) granting money for the operation of the government, Sir John Kerr(约翰·克尔爵士), the Governor-General dismissed the Whitlam government. This dismissal was generally interpreted as a flouting of the uncodified conventions of government and caused political and popular animosity(普遍认 为，解散政府这一举动是对不成文的政府行为准则的嘲弄，导致宪政危机). 6. Two Political parties (政党) The Australian Labor Party (ALP) (澳大利亚工党) and the Coalition(澳大利亚联盟党) or Liberal-National coalition(是自由党和民族党的联盟) 7. Advantages of the pluralist form of government (多元形式的政府的优势) The advantages of the pluralist form of government are: it enables the citizens to exercise their political right to choose their own government; it secures transparency and accountability of the government(保证了政府的透明度和政府官员问责制); it provides for an alternative government which can competently take over the state affairs should any government collapse(如果出现政府不能动作的情 况，它保证了可替补政府随时可管国家事务); the citizens can exert their power through major interest groups. 8. Australian government’s role in the national economy (澳大利亚政府在国民经 济中的角色) By the last few decades of the 19th century the government was playing a very large part in the economy. It was a major employer. The federal government pursued a White Australian Policy of labour immigration in the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. (1901 年的《移民限制法案》以法律的形式确立了白澳政策，限制非欧洲移 民进入澳大利亚。1973 年该法案被废除。) The Government continued to play a large part in the economy in the post World War II period. The
late 1940s to the mid 1970s was a boom period in the Australian econommy.In the massive post-World War l immigration programmed(二战后，大线模t移民计划.Australia favoured the migrantsro Britain and thoee fromn Southern and Eastern Europe. In the 1970s,the lowering of the tariff system wiped out some major manufacturing industries. causing the rise of unemployment ra关税的降低导致一线主要的制造产业创闭，从而引起失业率的上 升) Many migrants poured into Australia during the 1850s gold rush.As a result,the Australian popullation doubled in that decade. From the 1840s to 1970s,the agriculture exports made up 75%of Australia's total. 9,Interventionist government(政府干预)and Economic rationalism(经济理性主 义) For most of its history the Australian political cconomy has been characterized by a relatively interventionis8 overnment.But economic rationalism has been the ma可or policy orientation(政策导间 There have been significant shifts awmy from government involvement in communication,banking and in the provision of water and sewerage services
3 late 1940s to the mid 1970s was a boom period in the Australian economy. In the massive post-World War II immigration programmed (二战后，大规模移民计划), Australia favoured the migrants from Britain, and those from Southern and Eastern Europe. In the 1970s, the lowering of the tariff system wiped out some major manufacturing industries, causing the rise of unemployment rate(关税的降低导致一些主要的制造产业倒闭，从而引起失业率的上 升). * Many migrants poured into Australia during the 1850s gold rush. As a result, the Australian population doubled in that decade. * From the 1840s to 1970s, the agriculture exports made up 75% of Australia’s total. 9. Interventionist government (政府干预) and Economic rationalism (经济理性主 义) For most of its history the Australian political economy has been characterized by a relatively interventionist government. But economic rationalism has been the major policy orientation(政策导向). There have been significant shifts away from government involvement in communication, banking, and in the provision of water and sewerage services